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Xingxiulong

Xingxiulong is a genus of bipedal massopodan sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic of China. It contains two species; the type species is X. chengi, described by Wang et al. in 2017 from three specimens, two adults and an immature individual, that collectively constitute a mostly complete skeleton. Adults of this species measured 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) long and 1–1.5 metres (3.3–4.9 ft) tall. A second species, X. yueorum, was described by Chen et al. in 2025 based on a partial articulated postcranial skeleton of an adult individual larger than X. chengi.

Discovery and naming
of the type locality of Xingxiulong chengi LFGT-D0002, the mature holotype specimen of Xingxiulong chengi, consists of a partial skull with jaws; the seventh to ninth cervical vertebrae, the eighth to fourteenth dorsal vertebrae, the entire sacrum, and 35 caudal vertebrae; rib and chevron fragments; the left ilium, and parts of both pubes and ischia; both femora and tibiae, parts of the fibula, the left ankle, and both feet (nearly complete). ==Description==
Description
Size Xingxiulong was a medium- to large-sized sauropodomorph. Adults of X. chengi are estimated at long and tall at the hip. The two larger specimens, LFGT-D0002 and LFGT-D0003, are adults judging by the complete fusion in their skull; the third specimen, LFGT-D0001, is 14% smaller and probably represents a subadult judging by the incomplete fusion in the vertebrae. The holotype of X. yueorum is larger than adult specimens of X. chengi and is estimated to have been long in life; the longest femur of X. chengi is about long, while the femur of X. yueorum is long. Xingxiulong does not have a ridge on the side of its maxilla. Eleven tooth sockets are preserved along the length of the maxilla. Further back, in front of the eye socket, the lacrimal bears a prominent projection near the top of its front end, which is also seen in Lufengosaurus, and Riojasaurus, but not Yunnanosaurus, Jingshanosaurus, or subsequent sauropodiforms. The contact surface between the jugal bone and postorbital bone is fairly long, like Lufengosaurus but not Yunnanosaurus. Among the three branches of the jugal, the backwards-directed branch forms an angle of 80° with the upwards-projecting branch, which is similar to Plateosaurus and Thecodontosaurus but much larger than other sauropodomorphs. At the base of the skull, the quadratojugal bears two branches, one pointing forwards and one upwards; they are roughly perpendicular to each other, unlike Lufengosaurus (angle of 45°), Yunnanosaurus (angle of 60°), and Jingshanosaurus (angle of 110°). Above the quadratojugal, the quadrate has two articulating condyles, a subtriangular one facing outward and a more rounded one facing inwards; the latter condyle is placed closer to the bottom, like Lufengosaurus and Yunnanosaurus but not Plateosaurus. At the back of the skull, between the parietals and supraoccipitals, there is a prominently developed postparietal fenestra; the supraoccipital itself slopes forwards at its bottom end so as to round off the base of the skull. The basipterygoid processes are long, slender, and project downwards and outwards like Plateosaurus and unlike Lufengosaurus and Jingshanosaurus, forming an angle of 80° with each other. The articular bears an inward-projecting and pyramidal process as an extension of the jaw joint; at its back end, it also possesses an upward-directed and tab-like process, which is also seen in Coloradisaurus, Jingshanosaurus, and an as-of-yet unnamed sauropodomorph. including Jingshanosaurus, have cervical vertebrae that are generally 3 to 4 times as long as they are tall. On the bottom of the centra of cervical vertebrae 4-9, there is a prominent keel as in Lufengosaurus, Jingshanosaurus, and other basal sauropodomorphs. Near the back of the neck, the neural spines become somewhat table-like. Barapasaurus, and Shunosaurus. The first of these sacral vertebrae, the dorsosacral, is not very well-fused to the next sacral vertebra; neither is it entirely fused to the corresponding sacral rib on the transverse processes. Collectively, the dorsosacral and first pair of sacral ribs extend forward to contact the ilium. The second and third sacral vertebrae, the two primordial sacrals, are about the same length, and are well-fused to each other. Like other basal sauropodomorphs, the transverse processes of the third sacral vertebra project backwards and outwards. The same is true of the transverse process and sacral ribs for the fourth sacral vertebra, which contact the ilium again at the back. All of the neural spines are plate-like, like the last few dorsal vertebrae. and Lessemsaurus have similarly robust scapulae, but the top end is more expanded in these two taxa. As with Jingshanosaurus, the maximum width of the robust shaft of the scapula is 19-20% the length of the overall bone; Antetonitrus although Antetonitrus may have a similarly expanded metatarsal. Below the metatarsals, the five digits have a phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-5-1. ==Classification==
Classification
A 2017 phylogenetic analysis conducted based on the dataset of McPhee et al., published in 2015 with the description of Pulanesaura, found that Xingxiulong was a basal member of the group Sauropodiformes once Blikanasaurus was removed from the dataset. Within this group, it is closest to the contemporary Jingshanosaurus. Traits that are shared by Xingxiulong and Jingshanosaurus include the infratemporal fenestra being placed entirely behind the eye socket; the scapula being at least 20% as wide as it is long; the pubic apron, or the bottom of the pubis, having a concave outer face; the expansion at the bottom of the apron being at least 15% the length of the entire bone; and the angle between the femoral head and the cross-sectional axis of the femoral shaft being about 30°. The topology recovered by this analysis is reproduced below. the long pubic plate, or top portion of the pubis, which occupies 40% of the length of the bone (this figure is 25% in most other basal sauropodomorphs, and 45-50% in the Camarasauromorpha); and the relative robustness of the femoral shaft, top end of the fifth metatarsal, and scapula. These unique characteristics are probably the product of convergent evolution rather than common ancestry. In their 2025 description of X. yueorum, Chen et al. tested the phylogenetic position of this second species. They recovered Xingxiulong as a monophyletic genus outside of the Sauropodiformes. Both species possess a sacrum with four sacral vertebrae, a robust scapula with greatly expanded proximal and distal ends, an ilium with a strongly concave ventral margin of postacetabular process, and the absence of an astragalar pyramidal dorsal process. The results of their reduced consensus analyses are displayed in the cladogram below: ==Paleobiology==
Paleobiology
The overall robustness of the skeleton of Xingxiulong, especially in the hip, femur, and foot, are convergent upon sauropods, and collectively suggest that it had a relatively large gut and overall high body mass. However, unlike sauropods, Xingxiulong would have been bipedal; it lacks sauropodan adaptations to quadrupedalism including relatively longer forelimbs, the ulna bearing a prominent process on the front of its side, and the femur having a relatively straight shaft. Instead, its ulna and femur are overall more reminiscent of the typical basal sauropodomorph. The large and robust scapulae of Xingxiulong, Jingshanosaurus, and Yunnanosaurus may have increased the mobility of the forelimb during bipedal browsing, but this trait was later adopted as an adaptation to quadrupedality in sauropods. ==Paleoecology==
Paleoecology
The Lufeng Formation contains mudstones and siltstones from lakes, rivers, and overbank deposits. and Pachysuchus imperfectus. Also present are the theropods Sinosaurus triassicus, Lukousaurus yini, and Eshanosaurus deguchiianus; the ornithischians Tatisaurus oehleri ==See also==
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