The declensions for nouns, nominal pronouns, and nominalized adjectives can be split by gender, as gender and declension pattern coincide. The dual and plural are not distinguished in the genitive and locative cases of nouns; the plural form is used for the dual as well. For neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative forms are always the same, in all numbers. Nominal and nominalized pronouns also follow this inflection patterns, however most of them are irregular. For irregularities among pronouns, see the
pronouns section.
First Masculine declension First masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is -a ( ), -u (mọ̑st mostȗ), and the noun
dan (dȃn dnẹ̑). The vast majority of masculine nouns are declined following this inflection pattern. It is so common that masculine nouns following the second (and some following the third and the fourth) can be declined following the pattern of the first. Masculine nouns are further divided between
animate and
inanimate nouns. This difference is only significant for the accusative singular. • For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the
nominative singular. For example, 'chair', genitive singular , accusative singular . • For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the
genitive singular. For example, 'boy', genitive singular , accusative singular .
Masculine o-/e-stem declension The standard declension of first masculine declension is the o-stem declension. O-stem nouns are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, see the main
Slovene grammar article for the meaning of these terms.
Masculine t-stem declension Proper names ending in normally follow this declension like the noun 'kid', adding the infix before the endings. For example, (a male name). This declension also follow some other nouns ending in if it represents hypocoristicity ( 'boy, immature man'). The noun 'father' also follows this declension. Some historic Greek names, such as '
Xenophon' and '
Ajax the Great', also follow this inflection pattern, however, it is also common to already have a t-stem in nominative singular (/ , / ). In speech or in writing of lower register, nouns that have the ending in nominative singular, such as (a male name) and 'little son' also follow this inflection pattern ( , ). In dialectal speeches this also happens to proper nouns ending in , such as and , and the is in some dialects changed to ( /, /), although in some dialects these words can be lengthened with another consonant, for example, with in
Carinthian dialects ( , ).
Masculine n-stem declension A few nouns ending in have a stem ending in rather than dropping the fill vowel. For example, '
carnation' and (a male name). These nouns can be also declined normally ( , ), however, that is less common. Some Latin names ending in can also follow this inflection pattern, such as '
Cato', but the can be already added in nominative singular ( ).
Masculine j-stem declension Nouns with a stem whose pronunciation ends in or a vowel (not to be confused with a noun having a vowel ending in nominative singular) have an added when an ending is attached, such as 'taxi' and 'security guard at a public event'. There are exceptions, though. Monosyllabic words follow the o-stem declension ( 'peace'), except '
tsar', and similarly also (old way of measuring cereal), '
bolete, 1000 units of currency', and 'priest'. Nouns derived from verbs, such as 'speech', 'source', and 'penetration' also follow o-stem declension. The same is true for nouns that have a fill vowel followed by , such as 'wind' and 'well-being'. Compound nouns that contain a non-j-stem noun (such as 'dialogue' and 'subcommittee') are also excluded, except for names that end in , such as (a male name) and , which can be declined either way ( /, /). Some nouns that end in and silent can also be declined either way ( '
Tesnière' / , / ) '
Shakespeare. Some nouns, such as 'Hungar', 'north', and '
Algiers', also follow the o-stem declension. Note that in loanwords, the vowel can be written differently than expected, such as '
Disney' (but '
Broadway'). Note that Latin and Greek words can have an ending that ends with a consonant in nominative singular, but they are still j-stem nouns ( '
Ovid'). Nouns ending in non-silent or a vowel plus a silent consonant also follow this declension, but the is only pronounced and not written: ( ) '
Dumas'.
Alternations and other exceptions of the first masculine declension First masculine declension has many alternations: • A relatively small number of masculine nouns have a nominative (and accusative, if inanimate) singular an ending ( (mostly the nouns that can also follow second masculine declination) 'servant'), ( 'final'), ( (a male name), or ( '
Enescu'). Sometimes, but not always, the suffixes in Latin loanwords , , , , , and are considered an ending. Examples of this include '
Leonidas', 'Augeas', '
Aristotle', '
Juvenal', '
Archilochus', '
Tacitus, and '
Taranto'. These suffixes can be omitted (, , etc.), but if we do so, the stems that end with a vowel must be lengthened with a j, even in nominative case ( '
Augeas', '
Menelaus', '
Livius', etc.). The lengthening of the stem is also present in other cases if one does not decide to omit the suffix. Other times, the suffix is considered as a part of the stem, such as '
Rhodes', and some can be declined both ways, such as / '
Obol' and / '
Alpine botanical garden'. Modern Greek names are considered not to have an ending in nominative ( '
Macarios'). • The surname
Nepos can have alternatively a stem Nepot- in other cases ( ). • some monosyllabic nouns have an ending in genitive singular ( 'bridge', 'lineage'). • Many nouns have the stem shortened in cases where the ending is not a null ending (as it is nominative singular), mainly because they have a fill vowel, which is there to ease the pronunciation. The change can be evident in writing, pronunciation, or both: • In writing, at the end of the stem is omitted in some loanwords '
Wilde' and '
Laforgue', but not in cases where that would affect the pronunciation of preceding letters, such as in / '
Wallace' and '
George', except if it is preventing the nasalisation of the consonant + / that precede it, such as '
Lamartine'. If is followed by other letters, it is kept in all cases, whether it is pronounced or not ( '
Holmes' and '
Jacques'). • In pronunciation, when the sound is not written with an or , such as in and . • In both when the sound is written by its own letter, usually with an , but also with or , such as 'business' and 'fair'. In loanwords from other Slavic languages, fill vowels are preserved if the removal would break other grammatical rules. Examples include '
Muromets', '
Dudok', '
Čapek', '
Kragujevac', and '
Zadar', but not 'Leo', because would violate other grammatical rules, so it is declined as . The omission of the sound is also present in some non-Slavic loanwords, such as / '
Munich', '
raster', but sometimes the sound is preserved in all cases, where it is transformed into or , such as '
Andersen' and '
Ólafsson'. • In the 19th century the ending was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of . For example, nominative 'father', dative/locative . Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal. • Nouns ending in (such as / 'radio') usually follow the soft inflection pattern instrumental singular . • Names ending in a vowel and consonant that is not pronounced are j-stem nouns, and can be written following hard or soft declension, but always pronounced as in soft declension. The added -j- is not written, only pronounced ( instrumental singular / '
Marat'). Same happens to those ending in and a silent consonant ( instrumental singular / '
Macquart'). • Some nouns have the stem lengthened with in dual and plural, except in genitive case (for example nominative dual 'castle', nominative dual grobȏva "grave"). These are usually monosyllabic nouns. • Some nouns have the ending in the nominative plural instead of . This is a remnant of the Common Slavic masculine i-stem inflection, which was mostly lost in Slovene except for this ending. For example: 'student', nominative plural , 'sir, lord', nominative plural , 'farmer', nominative plural , etc. Usually, the regular form is also allowed, but rarely preferred. • Some nouns (mostly those that have an ending in genitive singular) have a null ending in genitive dual/plural (, genitive plural 'hair', genitive plural 'tooth'). Some can be declined either way (, genitive plural /). • About special stressed endings in plural, see mixed accent nouns. • Few nouns show the effects of the
Slavic second palatalisation in some of the plural forms: • : nominative plural , locative dual/plural 'child'. • : nominative plural 'wolf'. But this form is rare, the usual nominative plural is . • Many forms of the noun 'day' have two stems, a shorter one with only the consonants , and a longer one . The longer stem declines as a regular o-stem, while the shorter one has a unique set of endings not shared with any other noun. The formal, most appropriate declension, is a mix of both (the forms in brackets are
colloquial): • The masculine noun 'human, person' is
suppletive. In the plural, the stem is used, which follows the mobile-accent o-stem declension:
Fixed accent nouns Circumflex nouns have circumflex accent in all cases, however, the
acute accent changes considerably. • Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative and genitive singular have long circumflex accent in all cases, except the nouns where the stressed vowel changes (e. g. , ); these follow mixed accent changes. Nouns that can also have mixed accent also follow the same rules, except if they have a null ending in genitive dual/plural; then they have all plural forms except vocative acute, but change to circumflex if used as an adverb and preceded by a preposition: 'hair', nominative plural , genitive plural , locative plural . • Nouns that have long acute accent in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in vocative and allow both in genitive, locative and instrumental plural, and locative dual. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural (e. g. / 'on a mountain (lit. in mountains)'): • Nouns that have short acute accent in nominative and genitive singular follow the same rules as long acute accented words, but all accents are short: • Nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular allow both forms in locative and dative singular when preceded by a preposition. The only exception are words in which
open-mid vowel changes into a
close-mid vowel. In these cases, it further depends which ending does it have in genitive plural. In collocations which are used as an adverb, and where the word lost the original meaning, the noun is only allowed to have circumflex accent in accusative and locative plural. (Note that due to simplicity, only the forms that are affected by this rule are shown; for example, can also be declined without the change into close-mid vowel.)
Mobile accent nouns Mobile accent nouns transfer the stress to the following syllable in all cases but nominative, vocative, and accusative (if the same as nominative) singular. • Nouns that have circumflex accent in genitive singular, although rare, have circumflex accent in all forms: • Nouns that have acute accent in genitive singular change the accent the same way as fixed accent nouns with circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular when the stress is on the latter syllable and have acute accent when the stress in on the original syllable:
Ending accent nouns Short ending vowels are always circumflex while long ending ones follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns that have circumflex accent in nominative singular and when the accent is on the stem, the accent is long and acute. There is a slight difference between soft and hard stems in genitive dual/plural, because soft declension only allows short circumflex accent whereas hard declension allows long acute and short circumflex.
Mixed accent nouns For the mixed accent nouns with long accent, many different factors determine the accent. The accent is usually circumflex, except in these cases: • Genitive dual/plural, locative dual/plural and instrumental is acute if the accent is on the last syllable: 'human', genitive plural , 'gift', genitive plural , 'hair', genitive plural (but 'castle', locative plural ). This happens in genitive case in all words, no matter the ending, and in words that do not have lengthening in locative and instrumental. Those without the infix do not have an ending in genitive plural, dative plural ending is instead of / , accusative plural is still , locative dual/plural ending instead of , instrumental plural instead of , and dative and instrumental dual ending is instead of / . This rule does not necessarily apply to irregular nouns. • Stressed vowel in nominative plural ending is close-mid (): 'hair', nominative plural , 'man', nominative plural . • Dative and locative singular is acute if the stressed vowel is open-mid (e or o): '
manure' . • When used as an adverb, uncountable nouns or nouns that have ending in locative dual/plural (those that do not lengthen the stem) allow both accents in locative singular. Words that can also have a form with open-mid vowel in locative singular. • Nouns that allow both the stem or the ending to be accented usually have the stem accented when preceded by a preposition and have the ending accented when they are not. • Dative and instrumental dual can have the accent either on the ending or the stem. If the accent is on the stem, it is long. • Nouns that switch accent only in plural on in only one case follow fixed accent changes when the accent does not shift. • Nouns can also colloquially have fixed accent. See fixed accent for that. Here are declensions for some mixed accent nouns, but keep in mind that they have several different changes and only relevant forms are written: Mixed accent nouns with short accent follow the same pattern as ending accent nouns (including the difference bətween soft and hard stems), except in nominative and vocative (and accusative if the same as nominative) singular, and dative and instrumental dual, where the accent is on the stem and acute if long:
Second masculine declension (masculine a-stem declension) Second masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is ( ), except the noun ( ). Second masculine declension has the same endings as first feminine declension, however, not all alterations apply here. Animate and inanimate nouns are not declined differently, but the words that modify the noun still have those distinctions. All nouns following the second masculine declension can also follow first masculine declension, but keeping the ending in nominative singular. They can also be feminized in dual and plural, following first feminine declension (essentially, the endings do not change).
Alternations and other exceptions of the second masculine declension • In nominative singular, some words, such as '
kamikaze', have an ending. • In genitive dual and genitive plural, nouns ending in consonant + , have an inserted between, such as genitive plural .
Accent Second masculine declension follow only fixed accent nouns. These can be circumflex or acute. • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex: • Acute accent changes into circumflex in genitive dual/plural and
vocative case and is either acute or circumflex in instrumental singular:
Third masculine declension (masculine declension without endings) Third masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (). This includes all letters, as well as some other words, such as 'menace', / 'oh', and '
Cha-cha-cha'. There are, however, only a handful of words that feel natural to be declined this way; for many of them, it is preferred to be declined following the first masculine declension. Alternations of the first declension must then be applied, and since all consonant letters are usually pronounced as consonant + , all letters, except for and must follow the j-stem version of the first declension ( ). Exceptions are , , , , , , and , which can also be pronounced , , , , , , and , respectively and can therefore follow the o-stem version ( /), and the pronunciacion changes accordingly. Although there is a hyphen between the letter and , keep in mind that ist still part of the stem, not the ending.
Alternations and other exceptions of the third masculine declension • Most of the time, nouns 'menace' and 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of two nouns that only have a singular and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix is changed to in dual and plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun 'he' in genitive case, but the dual form is still , and not with an infix as would be expected:
Accent Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.
Fourth masculine declension (masculine i-/e-stem declension) Fourth masculine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is . The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. They are derived from the definite forms of the adjective, hence the ending in nominative singular. This declension also differentiates between animate and inanimate nouns in the same way as the first one. The declension is the same as declension for masculine adjectives. Some masculine nominalized adjectives, mostly proper nouns, are declined using first male declension. In addition, most of them have a null ending in nominative singular, only rarely do they have an ending . Examples include '
Meden', '
Raztresen', 'April, May' etc. Names in other languages ending in (or similarly look like definite adjectives) that are from non-Slavic languages are declined using the first declension ( '
Tedeschi, '
McClosky', / '
Kreisky') and those from Slavic languages are declined using the fourth declension ( '
Vranitzky', '
Hradetzky' etc.
Alternations and other exceptions of the fourth masculine declension • The sound in nominative singular and plural is in some loanwords written with , but not in other cases (, nominative plural , instrumental singular ). • Vast majority nouns are declined as animate (, accusative singular 'a Sunday issue of the newspaper
Dnevnik'). • Other irregularities that adjectives and adjectival pronouns possess also apply here. • For the different endings in nominative singular, see
first adjective declension.
Accent These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see
§ Accent of nominalized adjectives.
First feminine declension First feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is ( ), except if genitive plural has an ending ( genitive plural ), those follow the fourth feminine declension. Those ending in and nouns 'mother' and 'daughter' also follow this declension. In plural, genitive case has a null ending ( 'pitchfork'). The first feminine declension is the most common pattern for feminine nouns. There is no distinction between hard and soft stems (the declension used in modern Slovene was historically the soft one and the merge happened in Alpine Slavic).
Feminine a-stem declension The standard declension of first feminine declension is the a-stem declension.
Feminine r-stem declension This declension subtype follow only the nouns 'mother' and 'daughter'. They have a different stem in nominative singular than in other cases and numbers. ( , ). There are also minor changes to the endings in singular.
Feminine v-stem declension A small number of feminine nouns belongs to the feminine v-stem declension, with the ending (in which the is a fill vowel). These inflect as r-stems, but with the i-stem instrumental singular ending and have a null ending in nominative singular. Many nouns in this group can colloquially also inflect as regular a-stems, with the nominative singular ending in and accusative and instrumental singular in .
Feminine n-stem declension Only few nouns have their stems lengthend with , except in nominative singular. The most common example is ( ), which can also be declined following the third feminine declension ( '
Juno') or as an a-stem noun ( ). The endings are the same as for a-stem nouns. N-stem declension did not exist in
Proto-Slavic (at least not for feminine nouns) and it evolved later.
Alternations and other exceptions of the first feminine declension • Some nouns have ending ( '
Melpomene'), silent ( '
Marguerite'), ( '
Clio'), or a null ending ( '
Artemis'), but most of them also have regularvernacular versions (, , ). The non-vernacular versions can also be declined following the third feminine declension. • Latin and Greek names can change the stem from to ( ) '
Artemis', ( '
Salamis'), or ( '
Ceres'). These also have vernacular versions for nominative singular (, , ). • Mixed accent nouns have in nominative dual (along with the usual ending ) ending that is accented ( /, nominative dual /). • Some mixed accent nouns can in gentitive dual/plural also have ending ( genitive dual/plural / 'stream, lake', genitive dual/plural / 'church') or ( genitive dual/plural 'word') • Nouns ending in a
sonorant have an added fill vowel in genitive dual/plural. The fill vowel is usually , except before , where the fill vowel is . In some words, the fill vowel is not written, only pronounced (note that and represent only one sound when not followed by a vowel): genitive dual/plural 'maidservant', genitive dual/plural 'ship', genitive dual/plural 'soil'. • Nouns of which the stem ends in a vowel also have an added in genitive dual/plural if without an ending: genitive dual/plural etc. • The noun 'lady, madam' is irregular and has acute accent on all the endings except in vocative.
Fixed accent nouns • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex: • Acute nouns have circumflex accent in vocative, genitive dual/plural and instrumental singular. When used as an adverb, accusative and instrumental singular can only be circumflex, and nouns that can also have mixed accent also have accusative plural circumflex: • Acute nouns allow both tones in instrumental singular if the stressed vowel is open-mid: • r-stem and v-stem nouns change the accent a bit differently; circumflex nouns are still circumflex in all cases, but acute ones change to circumflex in vocative, instrumental singular and genitive dual/plural. If the nouns also allow mixed accent, then the mixed accent declension follows the same rules:
Mobile accent nouns Mobile accent nouns are very rare and are always circumflex:
Ending accent nouns These nouns are short and circumflex, except if the accent is long; then they follow the same pattern as mixed accent nouns, but genitive dual/plural is circumflex if there is a null ending. The pattern is the same for words of which stems do not have a vowel and words which have the optional stress before the → shift.
Mixed accent nouns These nouns can only be acute in nominative singular, but the stressed endings are acute, except genitive case, where both forms are allowed and in instrumental singular, where it is acute. In genitive dual/plural, they usually have an ending or , but if they do not, the vowel is acute, or acute or circumflex if it is a fill vowel . All words can also have fixed accent, but nouns that in genitive dual/plural have a null ending have the same form as in the mixed accent.
Second feminine declension (feminine i-stem declension) The second feminine declension is less common. It is used primarily by the widely-productive abstract-noun suffix , but a fair number of other nouns (mostly of Common Slavic origin) also follow it. The endings, however, are different if the noun follows the mixed or ending-accentual type or if the accent is always on the stem.
Alternations and other exceptions of the second feminine declension • Nouns with stems that end in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant have a fill vowel inserted between them in nominative and accusative singular and add at the end of their stem in cases when the ending does not begin with a vowel (instrumental in all numbers and dative dual), such as , instrumental singular , dative/instrumental dual , instrumental plural 'thought' and dative plural 'hayloft'. • Nouns with stems ending in have an ending in instrumental singular ( instrumental singular 'bed' (archaic)). • When used as an adverb, some also change the accent, e.g., 'in the spring', / '[to move something] out of the way'. • The feminine noun 'blood' follows the mixed-accent type, but replaces the final with in the nominative and accusative singular.
Fixed accent nouns • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative and genitive singular have circumflex accent in all cases, and the short accent becomes long: • Nouns that are acute in nominative and genitive singular follow two patterns, depending on whether the stress falls (in that case) on the second-to-last syllable or comes before, which in regular nouns translates into whether the stress is on the penultimate or the last syllable in nominative singular: • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive singular change the accent in a very similar way to acute nouns. Vocative and Instrumental singular are circumflex, genitive dual/plural allows both accents, and locative dual/plural, instrumental dual and plural, and dative dual also allow both accents if the penultimate syllable is stressed.
Mobile accent nouns These nouns can be either circumflex or acute in nominative singular, but all of them are circumflex in all other forms:
Ending accent nouns There are two subtypes. The first one is not purely ending accent as it has accent on the stem in dative and locative singular and appears if a long fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular. In that case, the e and o accented on the stem are open-mid. The other form is present if the short fill vowel is stressed in nominative singular.
Mixed accent nouns These nouns can only be circumflex and follow the same pattern as ending-accent nouns with long as a fill vowel. If the accent is on or in dative singular, the vowels are open-mid.
Third feminine declension (feminine declension without endings) Third feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (). This declension follow surnames of women (but those ending in can also follow first feminine declension), female names, which do not have an ending or in nominative singular (except most of the Latin and Greek names), such as , , and , acronyms that keep the feminine gender of the word(s) they represent and do not end in an unstressed ( '
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts' and ) 'US', diminutives of female names and common nouns ending in ( (a female name), (a female name), 'mommy', 'granny'), and some other words, such as .
Alternations and other exceptions of the third feminine declension • Some names can also follow first feminine declension ( / '
Ruth') • Sometimes, nouns 'menace', 'two menaces', and 'menaces' are considered one irregular noun instead of three nouns that only have a singular, dual, and a plural form, respectively. In that case, the infix is changed to in dual and to in plural. The infix is actually a personal pronoun 'she' in genitive case:
Accent Words declined this way always have fixed accent, which is the same throughout, no matter if it is circumflex or acute, long or short. The only exception is vocative, where the accent is circumflex.
Fourth feminine declension (feminine i-/e-stem declension) Fourth feminine declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is and genitive dual/plural is . The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for definite feminine adjectives. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Accent These nouns decline the same way as definite masculine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension. Therefore, only fixed- and ending-accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see
§ Accent of nominalized adjectives.
First neuter declension The vast majority of neuter nouns follow the first neuter declension. This declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is . These can have in nominative singular ending (following hard o-stem declension), (following soft o-stem declension), or a null ending (following one of the other declension subtypes), but in these cases, the stem ends in or .
Neuter o-/e-stem declension The neuter o-stem declension closely resembles its masculine counterpart. The nominative and accusative always have the same form, however, with endings that differ from the masculine nouns. The genitive dual/plural has no ending like in the feminine a-stems. The neuter o-stems are divided between "hard" and "soft" stems, like the masculines.
Neuter n-, s- and t-stem declensions A small group of neuter nouns follow the neuter n-stem, neuter s-stem or neuter t-stem declensions. These use the same endings as the o-stems (except in nominative and accusative singular), but there is an additional consonant infix (, , ) that is present in all forms except the nominative/accusative singular. The n-stem and t-stem are soft in nominative/accusative singular, while in most s-stem nouns, the stem before the infix changes into . Since these nouns in nominative/accusative singular already end in /, there is a null ending.
Alternations and other exceptions of the first neuter declension • In mixed accentual types, unstressed and can either become or , or , or both ( dative singular / 'silver', dative singular / 'meat'). • In the 19th century the ending was often used in the dative/locative singular instead of . For example, nominative 'sea', dative/locative . Nowadays this ending is considered archaic or dialectal. • Some nouns with a stressed or can also have dual and plural forms with or , such as 'window', nominative plural // and 'rib', nominative plural ///. • Nouns ending in a non-sonorant consonant and a sonorant or a sonorant followed by , , or , have a fill vowel or , if the stem ends in , when there is a null ending ( genitive plural 'window', genitive plural 'building') • A few neuter s-stem nouns show the effects of the
Slavic first palatalisation in the forms with the infix : • The noun 'eye' has the stem . It also has a shorter plural stem when referring to human eyes. This stem is feminine rather than neuter, and follows the mixed i-stem declension. • The noun 'ear' has the stem , with a change in accent type. The genitive plural allows both accents. • The noun 'yoke' has the stem . • Nouns without a vowel in the stem add a fill vowel in genitive dual/plural. Noun 'bottom' has an ending or, as , has a fill vowel ( /, /), but the version is preferred. Noun is also irregular in locative where it is either or ( is preferred) and noun is also irregular in locative and instrumental (nominative plural locative plural instrumental plural /). • Noun 'firewood' is also irregular, having two forms for locative and instrumental: nominative plural locative plural /, instrumental plural /. The irregular forms are preferred. • Some nouns, such as 'intestine' (stem ) lose the infix in the plural: .
Fixed accent nouns Note that all these nouns have the same accent on dative and locative forms with ending in . • Circumflex nouns are always circumflex, except in plural, where the ones that lose the infix are acute in nominative/accusative plural and follow acute accentuation in other cases: • Nouns that are circumflex in nominative singular and acute in genitive plural allow both accents in locative and dative singular after preposition and in dual. They are circumflex in plural and acute in other forms in singular. The exception is the word , which is acute in other forms, except in vocative, where it is circumflex and genitive dual/plural, where it can also be circumflex: • Most acute nouns have circumflex accent in plural and allow both accents in dual, except in vocative, where it is always circumflex: Acute nouns that are stressed on an open-mid vowel in nominative singular, diminutives ending in in nominative singular,
plurale tantum, and noun are, if composed of two syllables, acute in nominative/genitive plural or allow both if the stressed vowel is open-mid. If the noun is composed of more than three syllables, then they allow both accents no matter the stressed vowel. Those that are acute or open-mid vowel in nominative/accusative plural (except close-mid vowel in nouns that can also be declined with an open-mid vowel) are circumflex or acute in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural, except if the stressed vowel is open-mid (in that case the accent is circumflex in genitive dual/plural) or if the stem ends in or followed or preceded by at least one other consonant; these are circumflex in genitive and locative dual/plural, and instrumental plural. Dative plural is in all nouns accented the same as nominative plural. The accent in dual is either that of the singular or that of the plural form: • Plurale tantum can additionally follow one of these two accent changes: • Nouns and change the accent irregularly. is circumflex in plural with close-mid vowel (alongside the regular open-mid vowel), even though it would be expected to be acute, and can only be acute in nominative and accusative plural:
Mobile accent nouns These nouns are always acute in nominative singular, but can either be circumflex or acute in genitive singular. The circumflex stay circumflex in all other cases while acute ones further decline as fixed accent nouns which have short circumflex accent in nominative singular and are acute in genitive singular:
Ending accent nouns These nouns always have short accent, except in dative and instrumental singular, where the accent is the same (but acute if long) as their fixed accent counterparts (if the stem has a fill vowel, then the noun can also be declined as a fixed accent noun), or is long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) open-mid or long circumflex (acute according to Slovenski pravopis) closed-mid if the stem does not have a vowel. Long vowel is also the fill vowel in genitive dual/plural and if nouns have special ending in plural and some dual cases. These are dative plural ending is instead of / , locative dual/plural ending instead of , instrumental plural / instead of , and dative and instrumental dual ending is instead of / . Nouns, where the accent is not on the last syllable in genitive dual/plural, allow both accents in that case.
Mixed accent nouns Mixed accent nouns are always circumflex, except open-mid and allow both accents. Slovenski pravopis dictates that also closed-mid and allow both accents, but the Dictionary of Slovene written language does not. The same rules also apply to dative and genitive forms ending in , not written below due to simplicity.
Second neuter declension (neuter a-stem declension) Second neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is . In modern Slovene, only pronouns 'I', 'you', and , which is a reflexive personal pronoun are considered to follow this declension. Therefore, for the accent, endings, and alternations, see those three pronouns in the pronouns section.
Third neuter declension (neuter declension without endings) Third neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular (or in any other case) ending is a null ending (). This declension follow all nominalized cardinal numerals (when expressed with a number or a word) and verbs that are used as a noun ( 'eat well', but only a handful of other words, such as in the phrase 'home sweet home'. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Accent These accents can only have fixed accent, which does not change, except the acute accent changes into circumflex in vocative.
Fourth neuter declension (neuter i-/e-stem declension) Fourth neuter declension follow nouns whose genitive singular ending is . The nouns following this declension were derived from an adjective, and are therefore nominalized adjectives. The declension is the same as declension for neuter adjectives. Most of these nouns are geographical names and only have a singular form. This declension also differentiates between hard and soft stems, but only in nominative and accusative singular. This declension does not seem to have any alterations.
Accent These nouns decline the same way as definite feminine forms of adjectives following the first adjectival declension do. Therefore, only fixed and ending accentual types exist. For accent changes when nominalizing, see
§ Accent of nomnalized adjectives.
Nouns that switch gender • Some masculine nouns of Latin origin can be apart from being declined regularly in plural declined following the first neuter declension, such as 'fricative', nominative plural , genitive plural . The normal declension is usually preferred. • Some neuter geographical names einding in or (, ) follow neuter declension in some cases and feminine in other. Neuter declension is mostly present only in locative after preposition . These nouns however, are commonly split into two versions, one following the feminine declension and one following neuter declension: • Some mixed-accented neuter nouns can become masculine (along with the usual declension) in dual and plural, having an infix and following first masculine declension. • Nouns following second masculine declension can be feminine or masculine in dual and plural, but in either case they decline the same, as described above. • Noun when meaning 'eye' has plural , which further declines as a regular feminine i-stem noun with mixed accent. • Noun has a stylistically marked plural and dual forms following neuter o-stem declension: and . • Noun is in vast majority of examples neuter, but can also dialectally or archaically be feminine, but still following the same declension.
Nouns composed of two or more words When a noun composed of two or more words, sometimes all words are declined as they would be if alone, but there are additional rules.
Proper and common nouns If all parts of a proper nouns grammatically match then all of them are declined, such as '
Ivan Cankar' and '
Mokro Polje'. The exception are surnames of females, which in most cases follow third declensions and have the same ending in all cases ( '
Majda Vrhovnik'), but surnames following female declensions (usually ending in ) can be also declined following the original declension ( / '
Ana Kopriva'). If both females and males with the same surname are mentioned, the surname is declined following original declension if the last name listed is male and follow the exception if the last name listed is female, but both first names are declined as they would normally: → (last listed first name is female) and → (last listed first name is male). In combination of two names, such as '
Šmarje–Sap' and '
Gozd–Martuljek', both nouns are declined (, ). If a part of the composed noun does not grammatically match, it usually follows third declensions, such as (hotel named "Turist") , except in some rare cases, such as (publishing house named "Lipa") . If the first part of a compound
loanword is considered an adjective or is considered not to be able to stan by itself, then this part also follows third declensions, such as 'Down Street', '
Kon Tiki', '
Monte Carlo', '
U Thant', '
Mao Zedong', but some can be declined following the usual declension or the third, such as / '
Rio de Janeiro'. Some of these names can also be shortened to only the first word, which in that case follows the usual declension 'Rio de Janeiro' and '
Mao'. Compound loanword nouns with unusual endings for their gender or number follow third declensions: '
Pickwhick Papers', '
École des Hautes Études'. Part of nouns, called in Slovene (lit. forenames), part between the name and surname, which was originally usually an article, also follow third declensions: , . Some other common words that fall into this category are also , , , , , , , , and . When a common noun has a proper noun as a modifier, the proper noun in some cases follows the usual declension and sometimes the third: (the city of
Ljubljana), (the
Soča river), as opposed to (the town of
Mostec), (a restaurant named "Gorjanc"). Some can be declined both ways, such as / (
Iskra company).
Vernacular and Vernacularized nouns In those cases, all words are declined as usual, such as 'coal' and , nominative plural 'frogman', except when they are part of the same word written apart where the first part follows third declensions, such as 'holiday cottage' and 'deposit account' . In these cases, writing words together is favored (, )
Non-vernacularized nouns Nouns that are not fully integrated in Slovene (are not fully vernacularized) are split into two categories: quoted () and semi-quoted (), depending on how much they are integrated. All parts of masculine semi-quoted nouns are usually declined following the usual inflection pattern, which is either first, second, or fourth masculine declension, but some that have an unusual ending follow the third masculine declension: Sympathetic nervous system| , but curriculum vitae| . Feminine semi-quoted nouns ending in in nominative singular are declined following the first feminine declension and others follow the third: alma mater| and Smilax aspera| . Quoted nouns are declined as originally in the language they were borrowed from: alma mater| , curriculum vitae| , first lady| , nominative plural . This declension is always stylistically marked.
Masculinization and feminization of neuter nouns Neuter nouns are either masculinized or feminized across a large part of the Slovene-speaking territory. Masculinization occurs in
Upper Carniolan,
Lower Sava Valley,
Central Savinja,
Horjul,
Škofja Loka,
Poljane,
Selca,
Črni Vrh,
Ebriach,
North Pohorje-Remšnik, and
Mežica dialects,
Kranjska Gora subdialect, and in parts of
Rosen Valley,
Juan Valley,
Lower Carniolan,
Central Styrian, and
South Pohorje dialects. It is most commonly present in singular, and less in dual and plural. Masculinization varies from nouns binding with masculine forms of adjectives to completely change the declension, such as in Lower Sava Valley dialect. In that case nouns following the first neuter declension change to following first masculine, those following second neuter to following second masculine declension those following the third neuter to third masculine and those following fourth neuter to fourth masculine. Masculinized nouns following first declension have in genitive dual/plural a null ending, which is also present in some other masculine nouns. Mixed and mobile accentual type generally turns into fixed. Those following fourth declension have a null ending in nominative singular. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the long stem in all cases. Feminization of neuter nouns occurs in eastern
Carinthian, northern
Styrian, and many
Panonian dialects. Feminization is the most common in plural, but is also very common in singular in dual. Similarly to masculinization, nouns following the first neuter declension change to following the first feminine, those following the second neuter to second feminine, those following the third neuter to third feminine and those following fourth neuter to fourth feminine. Mobile and mixed accentual type generally turn into fixed. The t-, s-, and n-stem nouns usually have the short stems in all cases, which is furthermore shortened, without the last o/e. The accent also changes accordingly to one syllable before, if the final o/e was accented. == Adjectives, adjectival pronouns, numerals ==