By place Europe •
July 10 – King
Ladislaus IV of Hungary ("the Cuman") is assassinated at the castle of
Körösszeg (modern
Romania). He is succeeded by
Andrew III ("the Venetian"), after an election by Hungarian nobles, who is crowned by Archbishop
Lodomer as new ruler of
Hungary and
Croatia in
Székesfehérvár on
July 23. •
December 18 – King
Magnus Birgersson of
Sweden dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son
Birger Magnusson.
Britain •
July 18 –
Edict of Expulsion: King
Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by
November 1 (
All Saints' Day). The edict was decreed on
Tisha B'Av on the
Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many calamities. They are eventually allowed back in 1656. • September – The 7-year-old
Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate and heir to the crown of
Scotland, dies en route to the
British Isles in
Orkney, leading to thirteen
competitors for the crown of Scotland, a succession crisis. •
November 28 –
Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I, dies while traveling in the North. She has been suffering from illness for some time, and the cold and dampness of the winter months probably aggravate her condition. • December – Edward I travels with the body of Queen Eleanor from
Lincoln to
London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests overnight. These are known as the twelve
Eleanor crosses. • Winter – The second of the
Statutes of Mortmain passed during the reign of Edward I prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church. •
Quia Emptores, a statute passed by Edward I, puts an end to the practice of
subinfeudations. The statute allows land to be sold according to royal approval, as long as the new owner answers directly to his lord or the king.
Levant •
June –
Genoa concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King
James II of Aragon ("the Just") join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to
Acre. On board the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal
Jean I de Grailly, who have fought for the
Papal States in the so-called Italian Crusades. •
August – Italian Crusaders massacre Muslim merchants and peasants, and some local Christians in Acre. Some claim it began at a drunken party – others that a European husband found his wife making love to a Muslim. The barons and local knights try to rescue a few Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle, while some ringleaders are arrested. •
August 30 – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan
Qalawun ("the Victorious") in
Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial, but the nobles refuse to send them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with
Crusader states. •
October – Qalawun orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, it is decided that a peace delegation be sent to
Cairo under
Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the
Knights Templar. However, Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of
Palestine, near
Caesarea. •
November 10 – Qalawun ("the Victorious") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son
Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the
Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in
Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.
Asia •
June 13 –
Shamsuddin Kayumars, Mamluk ruler of the
Delhi Sultanate, is murdered and succeeded by
Jalal-ud-din Khalji (or Firuz Shah I), founder of the
Khalji dynasty, ending Mamluk rule and instigating the Khalji Revolution. •
September 27 – The 6.8
Zhili earthquake affects the province of
Zhili in
China, with a maximum
Mercalli intensity of IX (
Violent), killing 7,270–100,000 people.
By topic Art and Culture •
June 8 –
Beatrice Portinari, muse of the Italian poet
Dante Alighieri, dies in Florence. In his
Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia), he transforms his memory of Beatrice into an allegory of divine love.
Climate and Weather • "Year without winter" – An exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition, from autumn to the following spring, in
England and the mainland of
Western Europe.
Education •
March 1 – The
University of Coimbra is founded in
Lisbon by Denis I ("the Poet King"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of
Portugal, replacing
classical Latin in that capacity.
Literature • The
Dnyaneshwari is written in
India. This holy book is a commentary on the
Bhagvad Gita and is narrated by
Dnyaneshwar. == Births ==