Officer training On mobilisation at the outbreak of
World War II in September 1939, the Westminster Dragoons became an Officer Cadet Training Unit, with over 90 per cent of pre-war Westminster Dragoons gaining their commissions and transferring into units throughout the British Army before the Regiment reverted to an armoured role in 1940. Among them was
Captain Philip John Gardner VC MC, who had joined as a trooper before the war, commissioned and then transferred to the RTR, going on to win the
Victoria Cross for saving the life of a badly wounded officer of the
King's Dragoon Guards whose armoured car was out of action and under heavy fire.
Specialist armour The regiment regained its combat status on 11 November 1940, when it became
2nd County of London Yeomanry (Westminster Dragoons) in the
Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) – always known as simply the Westminster Dragoons. The Germans planted over four million mines along the French coast to hinder the Allied landings in 1944. To break through these defences at the start of the
Normandy Invasion, the British produced a number of novel armoured fighting vehicles under Hobart's ingenious direction, including the
Sherman Crab. The Crab bore a rotating drum with dozens of chains attached; these detonated mines in its path to produce a beaten passage through the thickest of minefields. On 1 January 1944, then under the command of Lt-Col W.Y.K. Blair-Oliphant, the regiment moved to
Thorpeness in
Suffolk to begin flail training, though no flail tanks had yet arrived. In the meantime it received a draft of men who had experience with the
Scorpion flail, and some tanks equipped with
anti-mine rollers. By February the regiment had a mixed roster of tanks for training: 19
Sherman V, 17
Centaur 1, 4
Cromwell, 6
Valentine II Scorpions, but only 3 of the Sherman Crabs that they would take into action. The slow, unsafe Scorpions were too unlike the Crab to be much use for training. The regiment practised driving on and off a concrete mock-up of a
tank landing craft (LCT), the entrance of which was only wider than the rotor of the Crab. It also practised indirect gunfire techniques controlled by a Forward Observation Officer (FOO). In March the regiment received its orders to mobilise, and training intensified. The last major exercise ('
Fabius') was held in early May, but there were still too few Crabs: the regiment collected more Sherman V 'Quick Fix' gun tanks that could be fitted as 'pilot' roller tanks, but in the event these were used as command tanks. Later in the month the regiment concentrated in camp at Stanswood in
Hampshire, ready to embark for Normandy with 56 Crabs, 26 Shermans, 3
Armoured recovery vehicles (ARVs) and 13
Scout cars; it still had 6 Scorpions on charge, but these were left behind, as were the 'Rollers'. • Part of A Sqn, WD, and 80 Sqn, 5 Assault Regiment,
Royal Engineers (RE)) with
8 Canadian Brigade (Nan Beach) • W and Y Breaching Sqns (13 Crabs of B Sqn, WD, and 82 Sqn, 6 Assault Regiment, RE) with
231 Bde (Jig Beach) • X and Z Breaching Sqns (13 Crabs of C Sqn, WD, and 81 Sqn, 6 Assault Regiment, RE) with
69 Bde (King Beach) The LCTs were supposed to be preceded by
Sherman DD 'swimming' tanks, but in Gold sector the surf was too bad and they were not launched, so the breaching teams were the first vehicles ashore at H-Hour (07.25). They then got to work. For example, Lt Pear leading two Crabs with No 1 Breaching Team of X Breaching Sqn drove off the LCT and waded to the beach, where his rear tank got bogged in clay. Pear flailed a lane across the beach up to the lateral road and turned left as planned. His role now was to remain in reserve, giving covering fire. However, the team at No 3 Lane had failed, and Pear was ordered to carry on inland. He crossed a stream and an anti-tank ditch, finding to his surprise that the bridges had not been blown by the enemy. He was then stopped by a large crater (probably from a British shell or bomb), but this was quickly bridged by an AVRE and Pear continued to flail a lane up the hill so that the DD tanks go move inland. No 2 Team was held up beyond the lateral road by boggy ground and craters, despite making a 'sporting effort to get past'. Both Crabs of No 3 Team got to the beach but were hit in the rotor by a German
88 mm gun on the sea wall at La Rivière. The squadron commander ordered the AVRE bridgelayer to reverse and go to help No 2 Team. B Squadron Westminster Dragoons had similar experiences. The breaching team for Lane 1 could not be landed because the LCT was hit on the run in, and the team for Lane 2 was landed at Lane 3. Lieutenant Townsend-Green's Crab flailed for before it got bogged, so he took over Cpl Barton's Crab and took a different route towards the vital ramp near
La Hamel. However, he was then bogged and the Crab hit three times by a German field gun at La Hamel. The Lane 3 team was more or less in the right place and Serjeant Lindsay flailed a path onto the mainland. He then turned to support the attack by 1st Battalion
Hampshire Regiment on La Hamel but the Crab was destroyed by anti-tank fire in the town. Although wounded, Lindsay evacuated his crew. Captain Taylor in the second flail cleared a lane before his Crab was destroyed by a double mine, but the lane provided a clear exit. The team in Lane 4 was completely bogged, but Lanes 5 and 6 were successfully cleared within 15–22 minutes of landing, despite the breach commander's Crab being hit by shellfire on the landing craft ramp and burning out. Major Stanyon therefore took to his feet to direct the mass of Crabs, AVREs and DD tanks, despite heavy machine gun fire: he was awarded a
Military Cross (MC). The Lane 5 team then flailed paths through the inland minefield for the infantry,
self-propelled (SP) artillery and anti-aircraft gunners. The landings on Juno beach began at 07.50, those at Sword at 07.25. Both were successful, and the Crabs flailed routes through the minefields. Once Sword was secure, the remaining 2 and 4 Trps of A Sqn were landed there at H + 3 hours to work with A Sqn 22nd Dragoons and 629 Assault Sqn, RE, to help in a thrust towards
Caen (they were a late addition to the plan, and had not practised landing from LCTs). The mobile battlegroup was to consist of the tanks of the
Staffordshire Yeomanry carrying infantry of 2nd Battalion
King's Shropshire Light Infantry, supported by SP guns of 7th Field Regiment,
Royal Artillery. Congestion on the beach was so bad that the Staffordshire Yeomanry only linked up at 13.00; the RE squadron was ineffective after heavy casualties in the landing and B Trp 22nd Dragoons had just two flails left to join the WDs in preparing the route. The infantry had been ready since 11.00 and set off on foot at 12.30, leaving the armour and their heavy weapons to catch up. The armoured column made slow progress, restricted to a single road by bad going on one side and a deep minefield on the other. It overtook the infantry at the
Périers-sur-le-Dan ridge and reached
Beuville by 14.30, but the flails had to wait while the mobile column fought off a large-scale counter-attack by
21st Panzer Division from Caen. Four WD Crabs were knocked out in this engagement, which stopped 3rd British Division from achieving its ambitious objective of taking Caen that day. Lt-Col Blair-Oliphant had landed an hour after H-Hour (aboard C Sqn's ARV, because his command tank was not due to arrive until later). By the time the regiment 'harboured' that night, B Sqn's ARV and C Sqn's
M14 half-track had landed with four ammunition and petrol lorries. By D+2 (8 June), B and C Sqns were at
Saint-Gabriel-Brécy, with nine fit Crabs: seven were damaged beyond repair and 10 were repairable. The Westminster Dragoons continued to serve as part of 79th Armoured Division throughout the campaign in Normandy and North West Europe, usually detached to assist other formations of
21st Army Group as required.
Operation Constellation and The Netherlands during the advance east of Beringe, 22 November 1944 For example, during Operation Constellation to capture
Overloon and
Venray, the Crabs of A and C Sqns deployed with the AVREs
617 Assault Sqn, RE, to support 3rd British Division and
6th Guards Tank Brigade. At noon on 12 October 4th (Tank) Bn
Coldstream Guards advanced to Overloon, where it encountered a minefield and A Sqn was ordered up to flail a path. One Crab (Lt Sutton) was disabled by a mine, and Sjt Harmston flailed a diversion round the wreck; other Crabs flailed two other lanes, and the Guards' Churchills advanced to take the town. Next day the Crabs continued flailing in front of the Coldstreamers, without finding any mines, but Lt Hall's tank engaged an enemy
Panther tank. On 14 October the Crabs flailed a path where RE mine-lifting parties had previously come under fire, but the advance was halted by a
Tiger I that 'brewed up' seven Coldstream Churchills before starting on Lt Cooper's partly
Hull-down Crab, which was subjected to a hail of fire. Inexplicably, the Tiger withdrew before destroying the Crab. 15 October was spent on maintenance, then on 16 October the squadron advanced again, in pouring rain, mud and a flooded brook (the Molen Beek). Although four crossings were attempted on 3rd Division's front, only Lance-Sjt Carter was successful, his Crab covered by smoke fired by the rest of his troop. The Churchills followed over what for the next 24 hours was the only crossing. On 17 October the Crabs were at work again, losing two to mines, and rapidly wearing out their flail chains when repeatedly requested to flail along roads. (6th Guards Tank Bde noted that the concentrations of minefields in Operation Constellation were the heaviest they had yet encountered, including a new mine powerful enough to disable their heavy Churchill tanks.) By 18 October the squadron was down to five serviceable tanks, but Cooper and Carter pushed on into Venray, flailing the town's main street and piles of rubble ahead of the Guards' Churchills. Meanwhile, C Sqn had been operating with 4th (Tank) Bn
Grenadier Guards since 12 October. Fifteen minutes before H-hour a minefield was discovered just short of the start line, and the Crabs had to deal with this despite badly broken ground. That attack went in successfully. Next day Lt Pear's 3 Trp had to flail a path followed by another of so the Grenadiers could reach their objective, followed by another of almost in the afternoon. On 16 October the squadron got badly bogged in full view of the enemy while trying to cross the Molen Beek and the attempt had to be abandoned. Next day a composite troop, comprising the fittest tanks and least tired crews was sent to help
29th Armoured Brigade, losing some tanks but carrying on and engaging anti-tank guns and capturing prisoners. The rest of C Sqn (three Crabs under Capt Bell, Lt Pear and Sjt Birch) helped 1st Bn
Herefordshire Regiment in an attack north-east of
Deurne on 17 October, under heavy fire. On 20 October A and C Sqns were pulled out to rejoin the regiment, receiving many compliments for their work. B Squadron had been operating miles away with
7th Armoured Division and
53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division against
's-Hertogenbosch. 1 Troop operated so closely with A Sqn
1st Royal Tank Regiment that it was dubbed '5th Trp, A Sqn'. Small actions continued through early November. Lieutenant Michael Sutton won an MC on 2 November when he was supporting
23rd Hussars with two flails. A Hussars tanks was blown up on a mine, but the heavy fire prevented the crew from bailing out or sappers from clearing a path to it. Sutton flailed a path up to and round the disabled tank, then carried on flailing the road until an anti-tank gun disabled two Hussars' tanks and shot off his flail gear. Ordered to withdraw he had to do so slowly in reverse. While doing so he spotted a wounded man in a ditch: calling for smoke he got out of his tank and ran to bring the wounded man back to the tank, where another crew member dismounted to help get him aboard, all under heavy machine gun fire. Lieutenant Brian Pear was killed the following day while supporting
15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in an attack on
Meijel: when Sjt Birch's Crab was hit and the crew unable to bale out he placed his tank between them and the enemy. Both Crabs were destroyed by anti-tank fire and only one man survived to be taken prisoner. The volume of fire was so great that 15th (Scottish) postponed all operations for 48 hours. C Squadron then flailed a path for 6th Guards Tank Bde, though 23 Churchills and one Crab were lost in an hour. In a further small action at the end of November 1944, 12 flail tanks of A Squadron assisted units of the
11th Armoured Division in clearing a path through a minefield at the
Battle of Broekhuizen. Several of the tanks got bogged down and one – that of Lieutenant Sam Hall of 4 Troop – was knocked out by a Panzerfaust. Today it stands in the
Overloon War Museum.
Germany The Westminster Dragoons were once more with 15th (Scottish) Division for the assault crossing of the
Rhine (
Operation Plunder) in March 1945, but were not called forward until bridges had been built. The regiment was surprised to learn from
BBC radio reports that they had crossed a day before they actually did so. Once across the river barrier the campaign moved swiftly, with fewer prepared defensive positions to overcome, so there was little call for flail tanks. In early April RHQ and A Sqn were assigned to
VIII Corps' Reserve, B Sqn to
1st Assault Bde in 21st Army Group Reserve, and C Sqn to
52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. By now the Crabs were being used as normal gun tanks: on 15 April C Sqn provided armoured support to 3rd Division at
Wildeshausen, where they repelled a number of enemy counter-attacks as well as carrying out a minor offensive operation of their own. The Westminster Dragoons' war ended with the
German surrender at Lüneburg Heath on 4 May 1945. ==Postwar to present==