Ralph Abernathy

Abernathy, the 10th of William L. and Louivery Valentine Abernathy ( Bell)'s 12 children, was born on March 11, 1926, on their family farm in Linden, Alabama. William was the first African-American to vote in Marengo County, Alabama, and the first to serve on a grand jury there. During World War II, Abernathy enlisted in the United States Army advancing in rank becoming platoon sergeant before being discharged. Afterwards, he enrolled at Alabama State University using the benefits from the G.I. Bill, which he earned with his service. As a sophomore, Abernathy was elected president of the student council, and led a successful hunger strike to raise the quality of the food served on the campus. In the fall, Abernathy went to Atlanta University earning a Master of Arts degree in sociology with high honors in 1951. Later that year, Abernathy became the senior pastor of the First Baptist Church, the largest black church in Montgomery; he held the position for 10 years. Abernathy married Juanita Odessa Jones of Uniontown, Alabama, on August 31, 1952. Their first child, Ralph Jr., died suddenly on August 18, 1953, less than two days after his birth on August 16, while their other children lived on to adulthood. In 1954, Abernathy met Martin Luther King Jr., who was at that time becoming a pastor himself at a nearby church. Abernathy mentored King and they eventually became close friends. ==Civil rights activism==

Montgomery bus boycott {{external media After the arrest of Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955, for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, Abernathy, then a member of the Montgomery NAACP, collaborated with King to create the Montgomery Improvement Association, which organized the Montgomery bus boycott. Along with fellow English professor Jo Ann Robinson, they called for and distributed flyers asking the black citizens of Montgomery to stay off the buses. The boycott attracted national attention, and a federal court case that ended on December 17, 1956, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in Browder v. Gayle, upheld an earlier District Court decision that the bus segregation was unconstitutional. The 381-day transit boycott, challenging the "Jim Crow" segregation laws, had been successful. And on December 20, 1956, the boycott came to an end. After the boycotts, Abernathy's home and church were bombed. His family were barely able to escape their home, but they were unharmed. Abernathy's church, Mt. Olive Church, Bell Street Church, and the home of Robert Graetz were also bombed on that evening, while King, Abernathy, and 58 other black leaders from the south were meeting at the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, in Atlanta. On February 14, 1957, the conference convened again in New Orleans. During that meeting, they changed the group's name to the Southern Leadership Conference and appointed the following executive board: King, president; Charles Kenzie Steele, vice president; Abernathy, financial secretary-treasurer; T. J. Jemison, secretary; I. M. Augustine, general counsel. On August 8, 1957, the Southern Leadership Conference held its first convention, in Montgomery. They changed the conference's name a final time to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and decided to start voter registration drives for black people across the south. On May 20, 1961, the Freedom Riders stopped in Montgomery while on their way from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans to protest the still segregated buses across the south. Many of the Freedom Riders were beaten by a white mob once they arrived at the Montgomery bus station, causing several of the riders to be hospitalized. More than 1,500 people came to the event that night. The church was soon surrounded by a mob of white segregationists who laid siege on the church. King, from inside the church, called the Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, and pleaded for help from the federal government. Reinforcements with riot experience, from the Marshals service, were sent in to help defend the perimeter. The following day, April 4, 1968, Abernathy was with King in the room (Room 306) they shared at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. At 6:01 p.m. while Abernathy was inside the room getting cologne, King was shot while standing outside on the balcony. Once the shot was fired, Abernathy ran out to the balcony and cradled King in his arms as he lay unconscious. Abernathy accompanied King to St. Joseph's Hospital within 15 minutes of the shooting. The doctors performed an emergency surgery, but King never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. at age 39. ==Leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference==

, oil, 1974 Until King's assassination, Abernathy had served as Southern Christian Leadership Conference's first Financial Secretary/Treasurer and Vice President At-Large. After King's death, Abernathy assumed the presidency of the SCLC. In May 1968, Abernathy led the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. Protest at NASA On the eve of the launch of Apollo 11, on July 15, 1969, Abernathy arrived at Cape Kennedy with several hundred members of the poor people campaign to protest against the spending by government on space exploration, while many Americans remained poor. He was met by Thomas O. Paine, the administrator of NASA, whom he told that in the face of such suffering, space flight represented an inhuman priority and funds should be spent instead to "feed the hungry, clothe the naked, tend the sick, and house the homeless". Paine told Abernathy that the advances in space exploration were "child's play" compared to the "tremendously difficult human problems" of society Abernathy was discussing. Charleston hospital workers movement In 1969, Abernathy also took part in a labor struggle in Charleston, South Carolina, on behalf of the hospital workers of the local union 1199B, which led to a living wage increase and improved working conditions for thousands of hospital workers. Wounded Knee In 1973, Abernathy helped negotiate a peace settlement at the Wounded Knee uprising between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the leaders of the American Indian Movement, Russell Means and Dennis Banks. Abernathy remained president of the SCLC for nine years following King's death in 1968. By the time Abernathy left the organization, the SCLC had become indebted, and critics stated that it was not as imaginative as the SCLC led by Dr. King. In 1977, Abernathy resigned from his leadership role at the SCLC, and was bestowed the title president emeritus. ==Political career and later activism==

, featuring Abernathy, advertising a march on Wall Street planned for April 5, 1971 Abernathy addressed the United Nations in 1971; he spoke about world peace. Abernathy was also a member of the board of directors of the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. In 1977, he ran unsuccessfully for Georgia's 5th congressional district seat, losing to Congressman Wyche Fowler. Abernathy founded the nonprofit organization Foundation for Economic Enterprises Development (FEED), which offered managerial and technical training, creating jobs, income, business and trade opportunities for underemployed and unemployed workers for underprivileged blacks. However, Abernathy shocked critics a few weeks before the 1980 November election, when he endorsed the front-runner, Ronald Reagan, over the struggling presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter. Abernathy stated of his endorsement: "The Republican Party has too long ignored us and the Democratic Party has taken us for granted and so since all of my colleagues and the latter in various places across the country were supporting the Democratic Party, I felt that I should support Ronald Reagan." Abernathy withdrew his endorsement of Reagan in 1984, citing his disappointment with the Reagan Administration on civil rights and other areas. In 1982, Abernathy testified—along with his executive associate, James Peterson of Berkeley, California—before the Congressional Hearings calling for the Extension of the Voting Rights Act. Documents declassified in 2017 show that Abernathy was on the National Security Agency watchlist because of FBI leadership's hatred of the civil rights movement. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down In late 1989, HarperCollins published Abernathy's autobiography, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. The book's revelations became the source of much controversy, as did Abernathy. Unification Church In the 1980s, the Unification Church hired Abernathy as a spokesperson to protest the news media's use of the term "Moonies", which they compared with the word "nigger". Abernathy also served as vice president of the Unification Church–affiliated group American Freedom Coalition, and served on two Unification Church boards of directors. ==Death==

Abernathy died at Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital on the morning of April 17, 1990, from two blood clots that traveled to his heart and lungs; Abernathy was only 64 years old. After his death, George H. W. Bush, then the president of the United States, issued the following statement: Barbara and I join with all Americans to mourn the passing of the Rev. Ralph Abernathy, a great leader in the struggle for civil rights for all Americans and a tireless campaigner for justice. At his behest, Abernathy's tomb has the simple inscription: "I TRIED." ==Tributes and portrayals==

in Montgomery During his lifetime, Abernathy was honored with more than 300 awards and citations, including five honorary doctoral degrees. He received a Doctor of Divinity from Morehouse College, a Doctor of Divinity from Kalamazoo College in Michigan, a Doctor of Laws from Allen University of South Carolina, a Doctor of Laws from Long Island University in New York, and a Doctor of Laws from Alabama State University. • Interstate 20 Ralph David Abernathy Freeway, Abernathy Road, and Ralph David Abernathy Boulevard of Atlanta were named in his honor. Abernathy was portrayed by Ernie Lee Banks in the 1978 miniseries King. He was also portrayed by Terrence Howard in the 2001 HBO film Boycott, Colman Domingo in the 2014 film Selma, and Dohn Norwood in the 2016 film All the Way. Hubert Point-Du Jour also portrayed Abernathy in Genius. ==Works==