List of kingdoms and empires in African history

Only polities that were once independent and described as kingdoms or empires by reliable sources are included. The intercontinental Islamic empires that covered parts of North and Northeast Africa are not included, and should be discussed as part of the Muslim world, however the residual fragments that had their capital on the continent of Africa are. Oral traditions rarely incorporate chronological devices, and dates in this list are often estimates based on lists of rulers. Dates have [one date for loss of independence] / [one date for loss of nominal rule]. Additional information such as notable articles may accompany entries. ==Comparison between kingdoms==

Historian Jan Vansina (1962) discusses the classification of Sub–Saharan African Kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) Kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power: • Despotic Kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king controlled the internal and external affairs directly and personally appointed overseers. The king kept a monopoly on the use of force. Examples include Rwanda, Nkore/Ankole, and Kongo of the 16th century. • Regal Kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king controlled the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers where most local chiefs kept their positions but not their autonomy after conquest. The king and most of his administration belonged to the same religion, group and/or family. • Incorporative Kingdoms: Kingdoms where the king only controlled the external affairs and the nucleus with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The local chiefs of the provinces were left largely undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Luba and the Lozi. • Aristocratic Kingdoms: The only link between central authority and the provinces was payment of tribute which symbolised subordination. These kingdoms were kept together by the superior military strength of the nucleus. This type is rather common in Africa, examples include Kongo of the 17th century, Kazembe, Kuba, the Ha, and Chagga states of the 18th century. • Federations: Kingdoms where the external affairs were regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply primus inter pares, such as in the Ashanti Union. (Confederations are not included; see "List of confederations") == North Africa ==

A non-exhaustive list of kingdoms and empires in North Africa that we have record of: 4th millennium BCE – 6th century CE • Protodynastic period in Egypt: (preceded by various cultures in which it is unclear if the institution of kingship existed) (preceded by nomes and nomarchs) • Lower Egypt Kingdom (3500–3100 BCE) • Upper Egypt Kingdom (3400–3150 BCE) • Early Dynastic Egypt (3150–2686 BCE) • Old Kingdom of Egypt (2686–2181 BCE) • Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BCE) • First Intermediate Period in Egypt: (2181–2055 BCE) • Heracleopolis • Thebes • Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2055–1650 BCE) • Second Intermediate Period in Egypt (1700–1550 BCE) • 14th dynasty at Xois (1700–1650 BCE) • 15th dynasty and the Hyksos (1650–1550 BCE) • Abydos dynasty (1640–1620 BCE) • 16th dynasty (1650–1580 BCE) • 17th dynasty (1571–1540 BCE) • New Kingdom of Egypt (1550–1077 BCE) • Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: (1077–664 BCE) • 21st dynasty (1077–943 BCE) • 22nd dynasty (943–716 BCE) • 23rd dynasty (837–728 BCE) • 24th dynasty (732–720 BCE) • Kingdom of Kush (1070 BCE – 350 CE) and the 25th dynasty of Egypt/Kushite Empire (754–656 BCE) • Ancient Carthage (814–146 BCE) • Late Dynastic Egypt (664–525 BCE, 404–343 BCE) • Battiadae Kingdom (631–440 BCE) (List of kings of Cyrene) • Garamantes Kingdom (pre 5th century BCE – 7th century CE) • Kingdom of Blemmyes (600 BCE – 3rd century CE) • Ptolemaic Kingdom (305–30 BCE) • Kingdom of Numidia (202–46 BCE) (preceded by Massylii Confederation) • Kingdom of Mauretania (202 BCE – 25 BCE/44 CE) • Kingdom of Nobatia (350–650 CE) (absorbed into Makuria) • Kingdom of Ouarsenis (430–735 CE) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (435–534 CE) • Kingdom of the Moors and Romans (477–599 CE) • Kingdom of the Aurès (484–703 CE) (Kahina) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Kingdom of Makuria (5th century–1518 CE) (Dongola as an interchangeable name prior to 1365? "" and Qalidurut, in which there are contrasting titles for the same king) (its rump state after the 1365 civil war is often conflated as Dotawo and it is unknown whether the other polity in the civil war continued to hold Dongola prior to Funj conquest) • Kingdom of Hodna (5th century–7th century CE) (Hodna) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Kingdom of Capsus (5th century–6th/7th century CE) (Gafsa) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Ucutumani Kingdom (??) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Nemencha Kingdom (5th century–7th century CE) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Lagautan/Tripolis/Cabaon Kingdom (5th century–7th century CE) (Cabaon) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Kingdom of the Dorsale (510–7th century CE) (Romano-Berber kingdoms) • Kingdom of Altava (578–708 CE) (Kusaila of Awraba) (Roman–Berber kingdoms) • Principality of Tingitana (744–1058 CE) (Salih ibn Tarif) • al–Rahman's Ifriqiya (745–755 CE) • Ifranid Emirate of Tlemcen (757–790 CE) (Algeria) • Emirate of Sijilmassa (759–976 CE) • Rustamid Imamate of Tahert (767–909 CE) (Algeria) (Tahert) • Idrisid dynasty (789–974 CE) (Morocco) • Imamate of Nafusa (8th century–911 CE) • Aghlabid dynasty (800–909 CE) (Tunisia) • Sulaymanid dynasty (814–922 CE) (Algeria) • Tulunid dynasty (868–905 CE) (Egypt) • Fatimid Caliphate (910–1171 CE) (born from Danhāǧa Confederation) • Banu Khattab dynasty (918–1172/1177 CE) (Zawila) (Libya) • Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969 CE) (Egypt) (Abu al–Misk Kafur) • Banu Kanz dynasty (948–1365 CE) (Egypt/Sudan) • Maghrawa dynasty (988–1069 CE) (Morocco) • Banu Khazrun dynasty (1001–1146 CE) (Libya) • M'zab (1012–16th century/1882 CE) • Hammadid dynasty (1014–1152 CE) (Algeria) (born from Danhāǧa Confederation) • Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147 CE) (Morocco and Western Sahara) (born from Aznag Confederation) • Zirid dynasty (1048–1148 CE) (Algeria) (born from Danhāǧa Confederation) • Khurasanid dynasty (1059–1128 CE, 1148–1158 CE) (Tunisia) • Banu Ghaniya dynasty (1180–1212 CE) (Tunisia) • Almohad dynasty (1121–1269 CE) (Morocco) (born from Masmuda Confederation) (Tinmel) • Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1254 CE) (Egypt) • Guanches Guanartematos: (pre–15th century CE) (Gran Canaria) • Telde • Gáldar • Daju kingdom (12th century–15th century CE) preceded by Tora (overthrown by Tunjur) 13th century – 18th century CE • Emirate of Banu Talis (1228–1551 CE) • Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574 CE) (Tunisia) (born from Masmuda Confederation) • Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556 CE) (Algeria) (born from Zenata Confederation) • Marinid dynasty (1248–1465 CE) (Morocco) (born from Zenata Confederation) • Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517 CE) • Bahri dynasty (1250–1382 CE) • Burji dynasty (1382–1517 CE) • Banu Makki dynasty (1282–1394 CE) (Tunisia) • Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa/Bougie (1285–1510 CE) • Kingdom of al–Abwab (13th century–15th/16th century CE) • Hafsid Emirate of Qusantina/Constantine (CE 13th/14th century–1528) (Constantine) • Banu Thabit dynasty (1324–1401 CE) (Libya) • Zab Emirate (mid 14th century–1402 CE) • Sultanate of Tuggurt (1414–1854/1871 CE) (vassal of Algiers (CE 1552–1812/1827)) (List of rulers of Tuggurt) • Wattasid dynasty (1470–1554 CE) (Morocco) (born from Zenata Confederation) • Tunjur kingdom (15th century–mid 17th century CE) (overthrown by Darfur) • Abdallabi Kingdom (15th century–1504/1821 CE) • Kingdom of Fazughli (1500–1685 CE) • Sultanate of Sennar/Funj (1504–1821 CE) • Saadi Principality of Sus and Tagmadert (1509–1554 CE) (Sous) (at times ruled separately from Saadi Sultanate) • Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1872 CE) • Kingdom of Kuku (1515–1638 CE) • Regency of Algiers (1516/1659–1830 CE) (Odjak of Algiers Revolution) • Fezzan Sultanate (1556–1804/1912 CE) • Saadi dynasty (1554–1659 CE) (Morocco) • Regency of Tunis (1574/1591/1613–1705 CE) (Muradid dynasty) succeeded by Beylik of Tunis (1705–1881 CE) (Husainid dynasty) • Naqsid Principality of Tetouan (1597–1673 CE) • Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874 CE, 1898–1916 CE) (Keira dynasty) • Republic of Bou Regreg (1627–1668 CE) (Elective monarchy?) • Dila'iya Sultanate (1637–1668 CE) • Alaouite dynasty (1666 CE–current) (SM of Morocco) (Makhzen) • Dar Tama Sultanate (1850–?/1945 CE) (mentioned in Sultan#West Asia and North Africa) • Mahdist State (1885–1889 CE) • Dar Masalit Sultanate (19th century–early 20th century CE) • Muhammad Ali dynasty (1914–1951 CE) (Egypt) • Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951 CE) • Senussi dynasty (1951–1969 CE) (Libya) preceded by Senusiyya (1837 CE–present) • Kingdom of Tunisia (1956–1957 CE) == East Africa ==

A non-exhaustive list of kingdoms and empires in East Africa that we have record of: 4th millennium BCE – 6th century CE • Kingdom of Punt (2500–980 BCE) • Ancient Somali city–states (1000 BCE – various CE) • Opone, Mundus, Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Mudun, Damo, Miandi, Qandala, Botiala, Essina, Bosaso, Gondershe, Hannassa, Salweyn, Bulhar and Merca • Macrobian Kingdom (1000–500 BCE) • Kingdom of Dʿmt (980–650 BCE) • Azania (?–1st century CE) (Rhapta) (Southern Cushitic people and the Bantu expansion) • Aksumite/Axumite Empire (50–960 CE) (List of kings of Axum) (preceded by various city-states) • Harla Kingdom (501–1500 CE) 7th century – 12th century CE • Sultanate of Dahlak (7th century–16th century CE) • Swahili city states (8th century–various CE) (Bantu expansion and Zanj) (List of historic Swahili coast settlements) • Kilwa, Kunduchi, Mbuamaji, Tongoni, Kimbiji, Kaole, Malindi, Gedi, Pemba sultanates (Hadimu), Tumbatu, and Mombasa • Sultanate of Shewa/Shoa (896–1286 CE) (List of rulers of Shewa) • Hubat (9th century–14th century CE) • Gidaya (9th century–14th century CE) • Hargaya (9th century–14th century CE) • Mora (9th century–14th century CE) • Giddim (?–17th century CE) • Beja Kingdoms: • Bazin (9th century–15th century CE) • Belgin (9th century–15th century CE) • Jarin (9th century–15th century CE) • Qita'a (9th century–15th century CE) • Nagash (9th century–15th century CE) • Tankish (9th century–15th century CE) • Mezega/Belew/Bellou/Kelew (15th century CE–?) (Balaw) • Tunni Sultanate (9th century – 13th century CE) • Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century CE) • Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513 CE) • Shirazi dynasty (957–1277 CE) • Mahdali dynasty (1277–1495 CE) succeeded by 3 Portuguese coups until 1513 CE • Kingdom of Semien/Falasha (960–1137 CE) (Beta Israel) (only according to legend) • Kingdom of Damot (10th/13th century–1317 CE) (possibly same as Wolaita) neighbouring Bizamo • Empire of Kitara (10th century–15th century CE) preceded by Bugangaizi (Tembuzi dynasty/Batembuzi followed by Chwezi dynasty/Bachwezi) • Fatagar Sultanate (11th century–14th century CE) • Wäj (?–? CE) • (11th century–1854 CE) (Gesera clan), splintered into Busozo and Bushiru • Zagwe dynasty (1137–1270 CE) • Sultanate of Arababni (12th century–16th century CE) • Wanga Kingdom (12th century–1895/present CE) (NSM of Kenya) (List of rulers of Wanga) 13th century – 18th century CE • Pate Sultanate (1203–1895 CE) (List of rulers of Pate) subordinate sultanates?: • Lamu • Siyu • Manda • Kingdom of Wolaita/Welayta (1251–1896 CE) (possibly same as Damot) (13th century–15th century/1881/1962 CE) (Shana dynasty followed by Suya dynasty) (Pare people) • Hadiya Sultanate (13th century–15th century CE, 17th century–19th century CE) • Sultanate of Dara (?–? CE) • Sultanate of Sara/Sarha (13th century–16th century CE) • Dobe'a (?–? CE) • Kingdom of Rwanda (?–? CE) • Konch kingdom (9 states by 1750 CE) • Tekedi Kingdom • Pawir Kingdom (14th century–1899/present CE) (NSM in Uganda) (Omukama of Bunyoro) (not to be confused with Empire of Kitara, its predecessor) • Busongora Kingdom (14th century/1725–1906/present CE) (NSM in Uganda) (Songora people) (incorporated into Ankole) • Adal Sultanate (1415–1555 CE) • Kingdom of Karagwe (1450–1890s/1963 CE) • Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–? CE) • Kingdom of Buganda (1500–1832/1835 CE) (List of sultans of Maore) • Ndzuwani Sultanate (pre-16th century CE) (Ga'ewa) (conquered by Ethiopia) • Busoga kingdoms (16th century CE–?) (Teso people) • Kayonza Kingdom (16th century CE–?) • Kingizi Kingdom (1614–1835/present CE) {Antankarana) • Bara/Zafamanely Kingdom (1640–1800 CE) (Bara people) (fractured into 3 major kingdoms and 24 minor kingdoms) • Emirate of Harar (1526/1647–1875/1884 CE) • Majeerteen Sultanate (1648–1889/1927 CE) (NSM in Somalia) • Mahafaly Kingdoms (pre 17th century CE–?) (NSM in Democratic Republic of the Congo) • Rusubi/Ussuwi Kingdom (pre 17th century CE–?, ?–early 19th century CE) (seceded from Buzinza) (pre 17th century CE–?) (seceded from Buzinza) (near Biharamulo, so not the Mwani people?) (pre 17th century CE–?) • Betsileo Kingdoms: (Betsileo people) • Lalangina • Isandra • Fandriana • Fisakana • Manandriana (1750–1800 CE) • Antaisaka/Tesaka Kingdom (17th century–1896/present CE) (Sakalava people) (fractured into NSMs in Madagascar) • Sultanate of the Geledi (late 17th century–1902/1908 CE) • Milansi (17th century–1700) succeeded by Nkansi and Lyangalile (19th century CE) • Kingdom of Siha/Kibongoto • Kingdom of Machame • Kingdom of Masama • Kingdom of Marangu • Kingdom of Mamba • Kingdom of Mwika • Kingdom of Old Moshi • Kingdom of Kirua • Kingdom of Kibosho (Battle of Kibosho) • others: Uru, Mbokomu, Mochi, Kilema, Arusha Chini, Kahe • Betsimisaraka Kingdom (18th century–late 19th century CE): (Ha people) • Heru (called Oha initially by outside traders) • Nkalinzi/Manyovu • Bushingo/Ushingo • Muhambwe • Buyungu • Luguru/Ruguru • Bujiji/Ujiji (Jiji people) • Bushubi (early 18th century–1790/? CE) (Antandroy) (same as/separate from the Anosy Kingdom?) • Habr Awal Sultanate (18th century–1884/present CE) (NSM in Somaliland) • Antaifasy Kingdom (18th century CE) (Tanala) (split into Manambondro and Sandrananta) • (18th century–? CE) • Benzanozano Kingdom (1800 CE–?/present) • Tumbuka Kingdom (1805–1891/present CE) (NSM of Malawi) (Tumbuka people) • Wituland (1810–1885/1923 CE) (List of rulers of Witu) • Ibanda Kingdom (1814–1902 CE) (incorporated into Ankole) • Kingdom of Gomma (early 19th century–1886 CE) (List of rulers of Gomma) • Tooro Kingdom (1830–1876/present CE) (NSM in Uganda) • Mwali Sultanate (19th century CE) • Sultanate of Asosa • Sheikhdom of Bambasi • Sheikhdom of Beni Shangul • Sheikhdom of Fadasi • Sheikhdom of Gizen • Sultanate of Gubba • Sheikhdom of Komosha • Leqa Neqemte (19th century CE) • Leqa Qellem (19th century–1898 CE) (Hehe people) • Usangi Kingdom (19th century–?/1962 CE) • Uvinza/Buvinza (19th century CE) (Vinza people) • Nyamwezi Kingdoms: (19th century CE) (Nyamwezi people) • Unyanyembe • Ulyankulu • Usukuma (?–early 20th century CE) (Bidu (woreda)) (Afar people#Aussa states) == West Africa ==

A non-exhaustive list of kingdoms and empires in West Africa that we have record of: 4th millennium BCE – 6th century CE • Ghana Empire/Wagadu (350–1240/15th century CE) (Kaya Magan Cissé) (institution of kingship was very likely to exist in Mali at this time, and in West Africa well before, due to large tumuli) • Takrur Kingdom (6th century–1456/1526 CE) 7th century – 12th century CE • Gao/Kaw Kaw Empire (7th century–1430 CE) (Za dynasty) • Bainuk kingdom (7th century–13th century CE) (Bainuk people) • Dô (pre-11th century–pre-18th century CE) • Malel/Kiri/Mande (1348–1807/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Maradi, Niger (19th century CE) • Bastard states: • Zamfara (11th century–1804 CE) • Kwararafa (1500–1840 CE) (kingdom or tribal confederation) (Jukun people) • Nupe/Kede (?–15th/16th century CE) (possibly Yoruba) • Igbo kingdoms: (Igbo people) • Kingdom of Nri (948 – 1911/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Nri) (Igbo–Ukwu) • Nnewi Kingdom (1498–1904/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of Nnewi monarchs) • Aguleri Kingdom • Arochukwu and the Aro Confederacy (1690–1902 CE): Arondizuogu, Ajalli, and Ndikelionwu • Onitsha (NSM in Nigeria) • Agbor (NSM in Nigeria) (Ika people) • Aboh • Oguta • Eri Kingdom (Eri (king)) • Aoudaghost Kingdom (?–12th century/17th century CE) • Maranda Kingdom (10th century CE) (Ibn al–Faqih's account) • Takedda Kingdom (10th century–14th century CE) • Tadmekka Kingdom (Oduduwa) (Yoruba Civil Wars and Kiriji War) • Owo (1019–1893/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Ilesa/Ijesha (1150 CE–?/present) (NSM in Nigeria) • Ila Yara (12th century–15th century CE) split in two • Ife Empire (1200–1420 CE, ?–present) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Ife) ("mother city") • Ìsèdó (13th/14th century CE–?) • Owu Kingdom (?–? CE) • Ugbo Kingdom (NSM in Nigeria) (Emergence of the Ugbo) • Oyo Empire (1300–1898/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Oyo) • Ijebu (1400–1892/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Ado Kingdom (15th century–1891 CE) • Iwo (1415 CE–?/present) • Ondo (1510–1899/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Dassa–Zoumé (1600–1889/present CE) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Dassa) • Lagos (1600–1862/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) (Oba of Lagos) • Ogbomosho (1659–?/present CE) • Bussa (pre 1730–19th century CE) (Rulers of Bussa) • Savè/Sabe (1738–1894/present CE) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Sabe) • Ketu/Ketou (1795–1880s/present CE) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Ketu) (Amedzofe (history)) • Egbaland (1829 CE–1914/present) (Abeokuta) (NSM in Nigeria) • Alake/Ake (NSM in Nigeria) (List of Alakes of Egbaland) • Oke Ona • Gbagura • Ijaiye (1836–1861 CE) • Yewa (pre–1840s CE, 1890–1914 CE) • Ibadan (?–1893/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Akure (?–?, 1818–1854/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Badagry (1821–1863 CE) • Others: Igbomina (Ila Orangun), Offa, Idoani Confederacy, Ipokia, Isinkan, Agbowa–Ikosi, Osogbo and Ede • Kingdom of Diarra/Jara/Zara/Diafunu (1076–1860 CE) (at times vassal of Ghana, Mali and Kaarta) • Sosso Empire (1076–1235 CE) (at the same time as other Ghana successors such as Diarra, Yaresna, Ghiryu, and Sama) • Namandirou (11th century–1460 CE) • (?–present) • Kingdom of Benin (1170–1897/present CE) (NSM in Nigeria) (Oba of Benin) • Mossi Kingdoms: (used agnatic succession and hereditary elective monarchy) • Wagadugu Empire (1182–1896/present CE) (NSM in Burkina Faso) (List of rulers of Wogodogo) preceded by Wubritenga Gurunsi, Bongandini, Con, Macakoali, Piela, (Ratenga, Zitenga), (1235–1670 CE) (Kouroukan Fouga) preceded by Manden/Kangaba (1050–1237 CE) (History of the Mali Empire) (Twelve Doors of Mali) (NSM in Mali) • Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844/present CE) (NSM in Ghana) (capital of First Fante Confederacy) • Kombo Kingdom (1271–1875 CE) (Kombo Civil War (1850–1856)) • Waalo Kingdom (1287–1855 CE) • Begho/Bron/Banda (13th century–1680 CE) succeeded by Asante Empire • Kingdom of Ugu (13th century–?/present) (split from Igodomigodo) • Ahanta Kingdom (13th century–1656/19th century CE) • Jolof Empire (13th/14th century–1549 CE) succeeded by Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1890 CE) • Kingdom/Imamate of Wala (1317 CE–?) • Adansi Kingdom (14th century–18th century CE) (Adansi) (List of rulers of Adansi) constituent states seceded after Ashanti conquest, (all conquered by Denkyira in 1680s?): (14th century CE–?) (Urhobo people) • Agbon • Olomu • Ughelli (Ughelli South) • Okpe • Songhai Empire (14th century–1591 CE) • Sonni dynasty (14th century–1493 CE) • Askiya dynasty (1493–1591 CE) succeeded by Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901 CE) • Massina Sultanate (1450 CE–?/present) (Mamprusi) (NSM in Burkina Faso) • Brass kingdom (1495 CE–1713/present) (NSM in Ghana) (Yagbongwura) (Yagbum) (1892 Sack of Salaga) (Gonja people) • Empire of Great Fulo (1513–1776 CE) succeeded by Imamate of Futa Toro (1776–1877 CE) (List of rulers of Futa Toro), all preceded by Futa Kingui (1464–1490 CE) and Dia Ogo dynasty (pre–1861 CE) (Central Baddibu and Lower Baddibu in Gambia) • Walata Kingdom (pre 15th century CE–?) • Bariba kingdoms: (pre–16th century, 1783–19th century CE) (Bariba people) (Borgu) • Nikki (NSM in Benin) • Illo • Busa • Others: Kandi, Kaiama, Kwande (List of rulers of Kwande), Parakou, Djougou • Kingdom of Niumi/Barra (15th century–1897/1911 CE) (Barra War) • Kasa/Kasanga Kingdom (15th century–1830 CE) • Nanumba Kingdom (15th century CE–?) (Nanumba people) (Bimbilla) • Asebu Kingdom (15th century CE–?) (Asebu Amanfi) • Simpa/Fetu/Winneba Kingdom (15th century–1720/? CE) (Efutu people) (Winneba) (King Ghartey IV) • Eguafo/Aguafo Kingdom (1591–1833 CE) (Arma people) • Djenné, Gao and either Bamba, Mopti or Bamba, Gao Region were very autonomous with only nominal Timbuktu rule • Tougana Kingdom (1591 CE–?) and Gorouol Kingdom • Kingdom of Bissau (pre 16th century–1915/present CE) (NSM in Guinea–Bissau) • Kingdom of the Sapes (CE pre–16th century) (mentioned in Mane people) (exonym, not sure of alternative/native name as they were multiethnic) succeeded by: (History of Sierra Leone) • Bullom • Loko (Loko people) • Bureh/Bure • Sherbro (Sherbro people) • Baté Empire (16th century–19th century CE) • Idoma Kingdom (?–? CE) (Idoma people) • Huba/Kilba Kingdom (16th century–1904 CE) (Kilba people) • Wassa kingdoms (16th/17th century–?) (Wasa people) • Kwahu (17th century–19th century CE) (mentioned in Trarza) • Kénédougou Kingdom (1650–1898 CE) • Gyaman/Jamang/Abron Kingdom (1650–1888/1897 CE) (List of rulers of Gyaman) • Kingdom of Kaarta (1610–1870/1904 CE) • Asante/Ashanti Empire (pre 17th century CE–?) (Sefwi people) • Assini • Abripiquem • Ankobra • Nzima Kingdom (1600–1818 CE) • Ghezo dynasty (1818–1900 CE) • Hogbonu Kingdom (17th century–1863/1908/present CE) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Hogbonu (Porto–Novo)) • Kingdom of Savalou kingdom of the Mahi (1557–1769/1894/present CE) (NSM in Benin) • Peda/Popo kingdom/s: • Grand Popo/Pla/Hulagan Kingdom (pre 17th century CE–?) and Djanglanmey • Little Popo/Gen/Glidji/Aného Kingdom (1750–1883/1885 CE) (NSM in Togo) • Aghwey/Agoué (19th century CE) (NSM in Benin) • Wémè Kingdom (17th century–18th century CE) (Ouémé Department of Benin) • Asen (17th century CE) • (17th century–19th century CE) • Imamate of Futa Jallon (1700–1881/1912 CE) (Fugumba) • Keana (1710–1893/present CE) (Baoulé people) (NSM in Côte d'Ivoire) • Bamana Empire of Segu/Segou (1600–1861 CE) • Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1890/1915 CE) • Bethio Principality (1724 CE–?/present) (NSM in Senegal) • Akropong–Akuapem Kingdom (1730 CE–?/present) (NSM in Ghana) (List of rulers of Akuapem) • Gumel (1790–1857/present CE) (Lebu people) • Kingdom of Jakin (pre-18th century–? CE) • Anyi kingdoms: (18th century–?) • Kunaari (18th century–19th century CE) • Kotokolia (18th century CE–?/present) (NSM in Togo) • Sankaran Kingdom (List of rulers of Fitta) • Savalu kingdom (List of rulers of Savalu) 19th century CE – present • Manya Krobo (?–19th century CE) (List of rulers of Manya Krobo) • Adrar (1867–1903/present CE) (NSM in the Gambia) • Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898 CE) preceded by Wasulu (mid 17th century CE–?) • Dubreka Kingdom (pre–1885/1906 CE) • Solimana (19th century CE) • Kissi Kingdom (19th century CE) (Kissi Kaba Keita) • Kiang Kingdom (19th century CE) • Jimara Kingdom (19th century CE) • Tomani Kingdom (19th century CE) • Foni Kingdom (19th century CE) • Eropina Kingdom (19th century CE) • Opobo (19th century CE) (Jaja of Opobo) == Central Africa ==

A non-exhaustive list of kingdoms and empires in Central Africa that we have record of: 7th century – 12th century CE • Kanem Empire (692–1380 CE) succeeded by Bornu Empire (1380–1893 CE) (NSM in Nigeria) • Duguwa/Zaghawa dynasty (700–1085 CE) • Sayfawa dynasty (1085–1846 CE) succeeded by Rabih az–Zubayr • Buffer states against the Tuareg: Damagram, Muniyo, Machina, Gaskeru, Tunbi (1100/1400–15th century CE) • Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza (pre 13th century-16th century CE) included the kingdoms of Mbata, Mpangu, and Nsundi • Vungu (pre 13th century–?) • Mpemba (pre 13th century-14th century) included the kingdoms of Mpemba Kasi and Vunda • Kakongo (pre 13th century–1885 CE) • Ngoyo (pre 13th century–1885 CE) • Kibunga (1390/pre 18th century CE–?/present) (Tikar people) (preceded by Nganha and the Mbum people (Mbum language)) • Tinkala • Bamkin • Ngambè–Tikar • First wave: • Bamum (1390–1884/present CE) (NSM in Cameroon) (List of rulers of the Bamum) • Nditam/Bandam • Ngoumé • Gâ (not to be confused with Ga–Adangbe) • Nso (NSM in Cameroon) • Second wave: • Kong (not Kong Empire) • Kom (NSM in Cameroon) • Ndu (Second degree NSM in Cameroon) • Bankim • Bamileke Fondoms: (pre 14th century CE–?) (over 100 in total) • Bafoussam (pre 14th century CE–?/present) (Second degree NSM in Cameroon) • Bandjoun (16th century CE–?/present) (NSM in Cameroon) • Bafang • Bafam (NSM in Cameroon) • Bangangté (NSM in Cameroon) • Batoufam (second degree NSM in Cameroon) • Bawaju • Dschang • Mbouda • Luba Empire (14th/15th/16th century–1885/present CE) (NSM in Democratic Republic of the Congo) (List of rulers of Luba) (Luba-Katanga language) • Mwene Muji (17th century–1909 CE) (Bilala people) (Yao) • Nsanga (pre-1550–?) (confederation composed of 15 states) • Kisama (pre-16th century–? CE) (buffer state between Luba and Lunda) • Duala Kingdom (16th century–1879 CE) (Duala people) (Douala) (Monneba) (List of rulers of the Duala) • Nzakara Kingdom (16th century–? CE) (Nzakara language) (Ngbandi people) • Kalundwe (?–? CE) • Humbe Kingdom (16th century CE–?) • Libolo kingdom (early 16th century–?) (Mbondo broke away in the 16th century) (Ovimbundu) (missing one) • Kulembe/Kalembe ka Njanja (16th century CE–?) (near Libolo) (16th century–1615/present CE) • (16th century–1926 CE) • Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910/present CE) (NSM in Angola) preceded by Imbangala • Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884/present CE) (NSM in Democratic Republic of the Congo) • Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744 CE) • Wadai Empire (1635–1912/present CE) (NSM in Chad) (List of rulers of Wadai) • Dar Runga as a vassal • Soyo Kingdom (1650 CE–?) • Empire of Lunda (17th century–1795 CE) • Bemba/Buddu kingdom (17th century–19th century CE) (Yaka people) • Boma Kingdom/Ibar (17th century–19th century CE) • Bozanga Kingdom (17th century–? CE) • Zaghawa kingdoms: (17th century–18th century/?) (Zaghawa people) • Dar Kimr • Kobe • Pende kingdom (18th century CE?) • Kingdom of Orungu (1700–1873/1927/present CE) (NSM in Gabon) (List of rulers of Orungu) • Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1899 CE) (NSM of Niger) (buffer state between Kanem-Bornu and the Tuareg) • Kazembe Kingdom (1740–1894/present CE) (NSM in Zambia) (Eastern Lunda) • Mangbetu kingdom (1750–1895 CE) (Mangbetu people) • Fondom of Bafut (?–1907/present CE) (NSM in Cameroon) • Mankon Fondom (1799–1901/present CE) (NSM in Cameroon) • Bangassou Sultanate (pre 18th century CE–?/present) (NSM in Central African Republic) • Azande Kingdom (18th century CE–1905/present) (NSM in South Sudan) 19th century CE – present • Zande sultanates: (19th century CE) • Sultanate of Zemio (1823–?/1923 CE) • Sultanate of Rafaï • Dar al Kuti Sultanate (1830–1911 CE) (NSM in Central African Republic) • Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891 CE) • Sultanate of Utetera (1860–1887 CE) (Tippu Tip) • Kingdom of Rabih az–Zubayr (1880s–1900 CE) (conquered the Bornu Empire) • Lusinga's kingdom (1880s CE) • (19th century CE) (Wang Doré) • South Kasai (1960–1962 CE) (monarchy proclaimed in 1961) • Central African Empire (1976–1979 CE) == Southern Africa ==

A non-exhaustive list of kingdoms and empires in Southern Africa that we have record of: 7th century – 12th century CE • Toutswe (10th century13th century CE) • Mapela (1055–1400 CE) 13th century – 18th century CE • Kingdom of Mapungubwe (1220–1300 CE) preceded by Leopard's Kopje and K2 (Shona and Venda) • Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe (11th/13th century–16th/17th century CE) • Kingdom of Tonge (13th century–17th century CE) • Nambya state (14th century–? CE) (Nambya people) • Empire of Mutapa/Mwenemutapa (1330/15th century–1888 CE) • Kingdom of Butua (1450–1683 CE) (Torwa dynasty) • Rozwi Empire (1480–1866 CE) • Empire of Maravi (15th century–?) (possibly preceded by a larger kingdom from the 10th century) • Madanda (pre-16th century–19th century CE) (Manyika people) • Mutasa dynasty • Ngulube Kingdoms: (16th century CE–?) • Ulambya Kingdom (Lambya people) • Ngonde Kingdom (1600 CE–?) (NSM in Malawi) (southern Nyakyusa people) • Chifungwe Kingdom (Fungwe people in Mafinga District) (16th century–late 19th/early 20th century CE) (Ovambo people) • Ondonga (1650 CE–?/present) (NSM in Namibia) (split into Oshitambi and Onamayongo during civil war (1885–1908 CE)) (NSM in Namibia) (Battle of the Cunene) (Mandume ya Ndemufayo) • Ongandjera (?–?/present) (NSM in Namibia) • Uukwaluudhi (pre 1850 CE–?/present) (NSM in Namibia) (List of Uukwaluudhi kings) • Uukwambi (NSM in Namibia) • Uukolonkadhi/Uukolonkathi (NSM in Namibia) • Ombadja (NSM in Namibia) (Mbadja people) • Evale (16th century–1885 CE) (Maputsu split away c. 1800 to form his own kingdom) (?–? CE) • Mabhudu Kingdom (?–? CE) • Singo state (17th century–late 18th century CE) succeeded by several Venda kingdoms • Maungwe (17th century–1889/1896 CE) • Swaziland/Eswatini (1745 CE–present) (SM of Eswatini) (List of monarchs of Eswatini) • Tswana kingdoms: (dynasties going back to the 15th century) (1775–1879/present CE) (NSM in South Africa) (List of Xhosa kings) • Thembu kingdom • Mpondo kingdom (1780 CE–1867/present) (Mpondo people) (NSM in South Africa) • Kavango kingdoms: (Kavango people) • Okavango (1816–1897/present CE) (NSM in South Africa) • Lesotho (1822 CE–present) (SM of Lesotho) (List of monarchs of Lesotho) • Gaza Empire (1824–1895 CE) • Adam Kok's land (?–1837 CE) • Kololo Kingdom (1838–1864 CE) (conquered the Lozi Empire) (Kololo people) • Kingdom of Mthwakazi/Ndebele (1840–1895 CE) (Northern Ndebele people) ==See also==