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Antoine Watteau

Jean-Antoine Watteau was a French painter and draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre of fêtes galantes, scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with a theatrical air. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

Early life and training
Jean-Antoine Watteau was born in October 1684 in Valenciennes, once an important town in the County of Hainaut which became sequently part of the Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands until its secession to France following the Franco-Dutch War. He was the second of four sons born to Jean-Philippe Watteau (1660–1720) and Michelle Lardenois (1653–1727), and was presumed to be of Walloon descent. The Watteaus were a quite well-to-do family, although Jean-Philippe, a roofer in second generation, was said to be given to brawling. Showing an early interest in painting, Jean-Antoine may have been apprenticed to Jacques-Albert Gérin, a local painter, and his first artistic subjects were charlatans selling quack remedies on the streets of Valenciennes. In Gillot's studio, Watteau became acquainted with the characters of the ''commedia dell'arte (which moved onto the théâtre de la foire'' following the Comédie-Italienne's departure in 1697), a favorite subject of Gillot's that would become one of Watteau's lifelong passions. After a quarrel with Gillot, Watteau moved to the workshop of Claude Audran III, an interior decorator, under whose influence he began to make drawings admired for their consummate elegance. Audran was the curator of the Palais du Luxembourg, and from him Watteau acquired his knowledge of decorative art and ornamental design. At the palace, Watteau was able to see the series of canvases painted by Peter Paul Rubens for Queen Marie de Medici. The Flemish painter would become one of his major influences, together with the Venetian masters that he would later study in the collection of his patron and friend, the banker Pierre Crozat. During this period Watteau painted The Departing Regiment, the first picture in his second and more personal manner, showing influence of Rubens, and the first of a long series of camp pictures. He showed the painting to Audran, who made light of it, and advised him not to waste his time and gifts on such subjects. Watteau determined to leave him, advancing as excuse his desire to return to Valenciennes. He found a purchaser, at the modest price of 60 livres, in a man called Sirois, the father-in-law of his later friend and patron Edme-François Gersaint, and was thus enabled to return to the home of his childhood. In Valenciennes he painted a number of the small camp-pieces, notably the Camp-Fire, which was again bought by Sirois, the price this time being raised to 200 livres. ==Later career==
Later career
, 1717, Louvre. Many commentators note that it depicts a departure'' from the island of Cythera, the birthplace of Venus, thus symbolizing the brevity of love. In 1709, Watteau tried to obtain a one-year stay in Rome by winning the Prix de Rome from the Academy, but managed only to get awarded with the second prize. In 1712 he tried again and was persuaded by Charles de La Fosse that he had nothing to learn from going to Rome; thanks to Fosse he was accepted as an associate member of the Academy in 1712 and a full member in 1717. He took those five years to deliver the required "reception piece", one of his masterpieces: the Pilgrimage to Cythera, also called the Embarkation for Cythera. Watteau then went to live with the collector Pierre Crozat, who eventually on his death in 1740 left around 400 paintings and 19,000 drawings by the masters. Thus Watteau was able to spend even more time becoming familiar with the works of Rubens and the Venetian masters. He lacked aristocratic patrons; his buyers were bourgeois such as bankers and dealers. Among his most famous paintings, beside the two versions of the Pilgrimage to Cythera, one in the Louvre, the other in the Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin, are Pierrot (long identified as "Gilles"), Fêtes venitiennes, Love in the Italian Theater, Love in the French Theater, "Voulez-vous triompher des belles?" and Mezzetin. The subject of his hallmark painting, Pierrot (Gilles), is an actor in a white satin costume who stands isolated from his four companions, staring ahead with an enigmatic expression on his face. Watteau's final masterpiece, the Shop-sign of Gersaint, exits the pastoral forest locale for a mundane urban set of encounters. Painted at Watteau's own insistence, "in eight days, working only in the mornings ... in order to warm up his fingers", this sign for the shop in Paris of the paintings dealer Edme François Gersaint is effectively the final curtain of Watteau's theatre. It has been compared with Las Meninas as a meditation on art and illusion. Watteau alarmed his friends by a carelessness about his future and financial security, as if foreseeing he would not live for long. In fact he had been sickly and physically fragile since childhood. In 1720, he travelled to London, England, to consult Dr. Richard Mead, one of the most fashionable physicians of his time and an admirer of Watteau's work. However, London's damp and smoky air offset any benefits of Dr. Mead's wholesome food and medicines. Watteau returned to France, spending six months with Gersaint, and then spent his last few months on the estate of his patron, Abbé Haranger, where he died in 1721, perhaps from tuberculous laryngitis, at the age of 36. The Abbé said Watteau was semi-conscious and mute during his final days, clutching a paint brush and painting imaginary paintings in the air. His nephew, Louis Joseph Watteau, son of Antoine's brother Noël Joseph Watteau (1689–1756), and grand nephew, François-Louis-Joseph Watteau, son of Louis, followed Antoine into painting. ==Critical assessment and legacy==
Critical assessment and legacy
Little known during his lifetime beyond a small circle of his devotees, Watteau "was mentioned but seldom in contemporary art criticism and then usually reprovingly". Sir Michael Levey once noted that Watteau "created, unwittingly, the concept of the individualistic artist loyal to himself, and himself alone". If his immediate followers, Lancret and Pater, would depict the unabashed frillery of aristocratic romantic pursuits, Watteau in a few masterpieces anticipates an art about art, the world of art as seen through the eyes of an artist. In contrast to the Rococo whimsicality and licentiousness cultivated by Boucher and Fragonard in the later part of Louis XV's reign, Watteau's theatrical panache is usually tinged with a note of sympathy, wistfulness, and sadness at the transience of love and other earthly delights. Famously, the Victorian essayist Walter Pater wrote of Watteau: "He was always a seeker after something in the world, that is there in no satisfying measure, or not at all." Watteau was a prolific draftsman. His drawings, typically executed in trois crayons technique, were collected and admired even by those, such as count de Caylus or Gersaint, who found fault with his paintings. A revived vogue for Watteau began in England during the British Regency, and was later encapsulated by the Goncourt brothers in France (Edmond de Goncourt having published a in 1875) and the World of Art union in Russia. In 1984 Watteau societies were created in Paris, by Jean Ferré, and London, by Dr. Selby Whittingham. A major exhibition in Paris, Washington and Berlin commemorated the 1984 tercentenary of his birth. Since 2000 a Watteau centre has been established at Valenciennes by Professor Chris Rauseo. A catalogue raisonné of Watteau's drawings has been compiled by Pierre Rosenberg and Louis-Antoine Prat, replacing the one by Sir Karl Parker and Jacques Mathey; similar projects on his paintings are undertaken by Alan Wintermute and Martin Eidelberg, respectively. From September 22–November 29, 2009, the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibited Watteau, Music, and Theater in honor of Director Emeritus Philippe de Montebello. The exhibit displayed Watteau's paintings and drawings of the opera-ballet and theater, as well as musical instruments and porcelains. A catalog accompanied the exhibit. From July 12, 2016 to October 2, 2016, the Frick Collection exhibited ''Watteau's Soldiers: Scenes of Military Life in Eighteenth-Century France''. The exhibit shows Watteau's focus “on the most prosaic aspects of war — marches, halts, and encampments. The resulting works show the quiet moments between the fighting, when soldiers could rest and daydream, smoke pipes and play cards.” The catalog was written by Aaron Wile From November 23, 2021–February 20, 2022, The J. Paul Getty Museum exhibited The Surprise: Watteau in the J. Paul Getty Museum, marking the 300th anniversary of Watteau's death and celebrating the Getty's acquisition of The Surprise. From 16 October 2024–3 February 2025, the Louvre exhibited A new look at Watteau An actor with no lines: Pierrot, known as Gilles. The exhibit examined Gilles and the painting's influence on other artists. A catalog, Pierrot, dit Le Gilles, de Watteau. Un comédien sans réplique, by Guillaume Faroult (in French) accompanied the exhibit. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Antoine Watteau - Pierrot Content - WGA25440.jpg|Pierrot Content, c. 1711–1712, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid. File:Capitulaciones de boda y baile campestre (Watteau).jpg|Marriage Contract and Country Dancing, c. 1711, Prado Museum, Madrid. File:Antoine Watteau - La Perspective (View through the Trees in the Park of Pierre Crozat) - WGA25444.jpg|La Perspective (View through the Trees in the Park of Pierre Crozat), c. 1715, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston File:Antoine Watteau, Le Savoyard et la marmotte (1716).jpg|Savoyard with a Marmot, c. 1716, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg File:Jean-Antoine Watteau - Mezzetin.JPG|Mezzetino, c. 1717–1720, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York File:Pierrot - Antoine Watteau - Musée du Louvre Peintures MI 1121 - après restauration 2024.jpg|Pierrot, c. 1718–1719, Louvre, Paris File:Watteau, Antoine - Quellnymphe - 1708.jpg|Quellnymphe, c. 1718, private collection File:Jean-Antoine Watteau - The Love Song.JPG|The Love Song, c. 1717, National Gallery, London File:Antoine Watteau 012.jpg|''The Robber of the Sparrow's Nest'', c. 1712, National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh File:Antoine Watteau - The Dance - WGA25477.jpg|The Dance, c. 1716–1718, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin File:Antoine Watteau 062.jpg|Actors of the Comédie-Française, between 1711 and 1718, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg File:WatteauLes Fetesvenitiennes.jpg|Fêtes Vénitiennes, c. 1718–1719, National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh File:Antoine Watteau - The Love Lesson - Google Art Project.jpg|The Love Lesson, c. 1716–1717, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm File:Antoine Watteau 001.jpg|Les Plaisirs du Bal, c. 1717, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London File:Jean-Antoine Watteau La Surprise, oil on panel.jpg|La Surprise, c. 1718, Getty Center, Los Angeles File:Antoine Watteau 030.jpg|La Boudeuse, c. 1715–1718, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg File:Antoine Watteau - L'imbarco per Citera.jpg|Pilgrimage to Cythera, c. 1718–1719, Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin File:Antoine Watteau - The Italian Comedians - Google Art Project.jpg|The Italian Comedians, c. 1719–1721, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. File:Gersaint.jpg|''L'Enseigne de Gersaint'', c. 1720–1721, Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin File:Antoine Watteau, Ceres (Summer), c. 1717-1718, NGA 46149.jpg|Ceres (Summer), c. 1717–1718, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. ==Notes==
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