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Attacks on humanitarian workers

Attacks on humanitarian workers are a leading cause of death among aid workers. Under international humanitarian law, deliberate violence is prohibited against protected persons, including humanitarian aid workers belonging to United Nations agencies, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Attacks have become increasingly more frequent since 1997 when the Aid Worker Security Database (AWSD) began tracking them. This article contains a list of major attacks on humanitarian workers, primarily drawn from the AWSD. A full downloadable list, from 1997–present, can be found on their website.

Background
Recording attacks on humanitarian workers According to The New York Times, the Aid Worker Security Database is "widely regarded as an authoritative reference for aid organisations and governments in assessing trends in security threats." A project of Humanitarian Outcomes, it receives funding from USAID. Since 1997, it has tracked incidents of violence such as abduction, killing, serious injury, and sexual assault but not safety incidents like vehicle crashes or accidental detonations during mine clearing projects. Aid workers are defined as employees and other staff of non-profit aid organizations providing humanitarian relief, such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, non-governmental organizations, UNDP, UNRWA, WHO, UNICEF, and other UN agencies. The database does not track attacks on UN peacekeepers, election monitors, or employees of advocacy organizations. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) is another database that includes attacks on humanitarian workers in addition to other conflict-related incidents. Insecurity Insight produces monthly Aid in Danger reports that highlight attacks during the month from news media, the AWSD and ACLED. Legal basis for the protection of humanitarian workers The legal basis for the protection of humanitarian workers in armed conflicts is contained in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the related Protocols I and II of 1977. These treaties outline the rights and obligations of non-combatants who fulfill the criteria of protected persons during armed conflicts. These rights include the right to be treated humanely; to have access to food, water, shelter, medical treatment, and communications; to be free from violence to life and person, hostage taking, and humiliating or degrading treatment; and the prohibition against collective punishment or imprisonment. Protected persons include citizens and nationals of countries that are not a party to the conflict, except if such persons happen to be in the territory of a belligerent power, which maintains diplomatic relations with their home states. While the Geneva Conventions guarantee protection for humanitarian workers, they do not guarantee access of humanitarian workers to affected areas: governments or occupying forces may, if they wish, ban a relief agency from working in their area. Médecins Sans Frontières was created in 1971 with the express purpose of ignoring this restriction, by providing assistance to populations affected by the Biafran civil war despite the prohibitions of the government of Nigeria. In addition, the Geneva Conventions do not require that parties to the conflict guarantee the safety of humanitarian workers. The Conventions prohibit combatants from attacking protected persons, and they require occupying forces to maintain general order. However, the Conventions do not require that combating parties provide security escorts, for example, when other factions threaten the safety of protected persons operating in their area. In 2003, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1502 giving greater protection to humanitarian workers and treating attacks on them as a war crime. ICRC promotes a framework for Neutral Independent Humanitarian Action (NIHA) to enable differentiated role understanding. Trends Accidents and illnesses contribute only a minority of reported aid worker deaths; most are caused by deliberate violence, most often shootings and air strikes. Road travel is by far the most dangerous context for aid workers, who can be attacked via ambushes, IEDs, or fake checkpoints. Others include raids and individual attacks. In 2008, 260 aid workers were attacked, the highest since the AWSD began in 1997. The record increased in 2011 when 308 aid workers were attacked. In 2023, 595 aid workers were attacked. 280 aid workers were killed in 33 countries, 163 of which died in Gaza during the first three months of the Gaza War. The countries with the next highest number of deaths were South Sudan with 34 deaths and Sudan with 25. By November 2024, 281 aid workers had been killed, making 2024 the deadliest year for aid workers on record. 175 of the deaths occurred in Gaza. Additionally the UN stated that 333 aid workers had been killed thus far in the Gaza War, the highest number recorded in a single crisis. Motives It is often hard to ascertain a motive for attacks on aid workers; for instance, in 55% of the incidents recorded by the AWSD in 2008, the motive was described as "undetermined". == Afghanistan ==
Afghanistan
=== War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) === 2000s • November 2001 – Eight foreign aid workers were rescued after the Taliban imprisoned them on charges of spreading Christianity. • November 2003 – UNHCR staff person Bettina Goislard was shot dead by a motorcycle-borne gunman while travelling by car in Ghazni. • March 2003 – ICRC staff member Ricardo Munguia was shot and killed in an ambush north of Kandahar. He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleague when their car was stopped by unknown armed men. He was killed execution-style at point-blank range while his colleagues were allowed to escape. The killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend operations across Afghanistan. • February 2004 – Five Afghans working for the Sanayee Development Foundation were killed when their vehicle was ambushed northeast of Kabul. • June 2004 – Five staff working for Médecins Sans Frontières were killed on the road between Khairkhana and Qala e Naw in Badghis Province, resulting in the complete withdrawal of MSF from Afghanistan. The names of the murdered staff were: Hélène de Beir, Willem Kwint, Egil Tynaes, Fasil Ahmad and Besmillah. • May 2006 — Two Malteser International workers were killed and one UNICEF worker was injured while driving back from a mission in a UN vehicle near Herat. • May 2006 — Three female Afghan employees of Action Aid and their driver were killed by Taliban in the northern province of Jowzjan. • January 2008– Six people, including at least one aid worker from the USA named Thor Hesla, were killed in the Kabul Serena Hotel attack. • January 2008 – Cyd Mizell, an aid worker with the Asian Rural Life Foundation, and her Afghan driver were kidnapped in Kandahar. They were presumed dead. The FBI recovered Mizell's skeletal remains in 2023 after offering a $5 million reward for information. • August 2008 – Three female International Rescue Committee (IRC) workers and their local driver were killed in an ambush as they drove back to Kabul from Logar Province. One was an American national. • October 2008 – Gayle Williams, an aid worker with SERVE Afghanistan, was killed as she walked to work in Kabul. • October 2009 – Five United Nations staff, two Afghan security personnel, and an Afghan civilian were killed by three Taliban attackers in an assault on the Bekhtar Guesthouse in Kabul. Nine other UN staff, also there working for the presidential election, were wounded. 2010s • March 2010 — Said Anwar was shot and killed by gunmen. • August 2010 – On their way back to Kabul after a three week optometry expedition, ten International Assistance Mission aid workers were ambushed, robbed, and executed one by one in Badakhshan. Initially, the Taliban claimed responsibility, but as of 2011, the perpetrator was unknown. The team lead, optometrist Tom Little, was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. • September 2010 — British aid worker Linda Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues were kidnapped by the Taliban. Norgrove died after sustaining injuries from a grenade thrown by US forces attempting to rescue her. • December 2010 — A German aid worker was killed and an Afghan colleague was injured on their way to Mazar-i-Sharif by the Taliban. • May 2013 – An ICRC compound in Jalalabad was attacked by a suicide bomber and gunmen, resulting in the death of a guard and injuries to an employee. • July 2014 – Two Finnish aid workers with the International Assistance Mission, a Christian medical charity, were shot and killed in Herat by two men on motorbikes. The women were in a taxi when shot. • October 2015 – The Kunduz hospital airstrike by the United States military killed 42 Médecins Sans Frontières staff and patients. • February 2017 – Six Red Cross members were killed and two were kidnapped by suspected members of the Islamic State in the northern province of Jowzjan. The kidnapped members were later released. • September 2017 – A Spanish Red Cross physiotherapist, Lorena Enebral Perez, was killed by one of her patients in Mazar-e Sharif. • November 2019 – United Nations Development Programme aid workers were attacked and one, Anil Raj, was killed in Kabul. • December 2019 – Dr. Tetsu Nakamura and five other staff from Peace Japan Medical Services were shot and killed on their way to work in Jalalabad. Nakamura had agreed to travel with security guards after he was warned of a potential attack. 2020s • May 2020 – In the May 2020 Afghanistan attacks, gunmen targeted the maternity ward of Dasht-e-Barchi hospital in Kabul, run by MSF, killing at least 24 people – including mothers, young children, and an MSF midwife. • June 2021 — Eleven HALO Trust workers were killed and 15 others wounded during an attack by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) in Baghlan. • August 2021 — The United States Central Command attacked a crowded residential area in the August 2021 Kabul drone strike. The strike killed 10 members of an Afghan family, including Zemari Ahmadi, an aid worker for Nutrition & Education International who had applied for refugee status in the US. Initially, the US justified the strike, stating that Ahmadi was an ISIS-K militant planning to attack the airport. After an investigation by The New York Times, the US called the strike a "tragic mistake", stating that Ahmadi had not been a threat. 2025 • January 2025 – Thirty-four humanitarian workers were arrested by the Taliban. == Algeria ==
Algeria
=== Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002 – present) === • December 2007 – Ten United Nations staff died in a double car bombing in the capital, Algiers, which killed at least 26 people and injured 177. The attack was claimed by al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). • October 2011 – Three European aid workers were abducted from a refugee camp near Tindouf. The refugee camp blamed the abductions on AQIM. == Bangladesh ==
Bangladesh
• September 2015– ISIS claimed responsibility for the killing of Italian aid worker Cesare Tavella in Dhaka. == Belgium ==
Belgium
World War I • October 1915 – Edith Cavell was a British Red Cross nurse who was executed for helping 200 Allied soldiers escape German-occupied Belgium. == Bosnia and Herzegovina ==
Bosnia and Herzegovina
=== Bosnian war (1992 – 1995) === • January 1993 – Three British aid workers from Crown Agents/ UNHCR were ambushed in their vehicle in Zenica. One, Paul Goodall, died and the other two were wounded while fleeing. Three of the gunmen were later killed by security forces; another was arrested but escaped. • July 1993 – Christine Witcutt, a Scottish aid worker from Edinburgh Direct Aid, was shot and killed by a sniper after delivering supplies to a Sarajevo hospital. == Burundi ==
Burundi
=== Burundian civil war (1993 – 2005) === • June 1996 – Three Swiss ICRC workers were killed in an attack on two vehicles on the road between the villages of Rugombo and Mugina in Cibitoke Province, resulting in a withdrawal of the ICRC from Burundi. • December 2000 – A British voluntary worker, Charlotte Wilson, was one of 20 people killed by gunmen in the Titanic Express massacre. 2007 • December – An Action Against Hunger vehicle was targeted by shooters in Ruyigi. Five people, including three female expatriate staff of Action Against Hunger, were inside the vehicle. One of them, a French psychologist, died upon arrival at the hospital in Gitega as a result of her injuries. The second victim suffered a gunshot wound. The third expatriate escaped uninjured. == Central African Republic ==
Central African Republic
• June 2007 – An MSF logistician was killed when her car was hit by gunfire during an assessment mission near Paoua • November 2009 – Two French aid workers employed by Triangle Generation Humanitaire were kidnapped in Birao and held for 4 months before being freed in Darfur. == Chad ==
Chad
• May 2008 – The country director of Save the Children UK was shot dead when his car was attacked near Hadjer Hadid. • August 2009 – A logistician working for MSF and his Chadian assistant were kidnapped in Ade. The Chadian was freed soon afterwards while the logistician was released a month later. • June 2010 – A logistician working for Oxfam GB was kidnapped in Abéché. He was rescued 10 days later by security forces near the border with Sudan. == Chechnya ==
Chechnya
• December 1996 – Six ICRC workers were killed in an attack on the Novye Atagi hospital. ICRC withdrew all expatriate staff from Chechnya. • August 2009 – Two Chechen aid workers were kidnapped and murdered. == Dagestan ==
Dagestan
• August 2002 – A Dutch MSF worker, Arjan Erkel, was abducted in Makhachkala. He was released 20 months later. == Democratic Republic of the Congo ==
Democratic Republic of the Congo
=== Congo Crisis (1960 – 1965) === • August 1964 – Two UN officials, Jean Plicque and Francois Preziosi, were killed by rebels. Plicque was a member of the ILO, and Preziosi was the first member of UNHCR to be killed in the line of duty. === Second Congo War (1998 – 2003) === • April 2001 – Six ICRC staff were killed. === Kivu conflict === • November 2023 — A humanitarian convoy of eight vehicles was attacked by armed men in the Fizi territory. Fifteen members from the NGOs Congo Handicap (CH) and Action Communautaire pour le Développement Durable (ACDD), along with two humanitarian workers, were kidnapped, and three of the vehicles were set on fire. The two humanitarian workers were released later that day. • June 2024 – Two aid workers of Tearfund were killed and several injured in an attack on their aid convoy near Butembo. • February 2025 – Three local HEKS/EPER employees were attacked and killed in the Rutshuru Territory of North Kivu. As a result, the Swiss aid organization temporarily suspended all activities in the region. • February 2025 – 49-year-old Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) member Jerry Muhindo Kavali was shot during an attack on his organization's base in Masisi. He died two days later in a hospital in Goma. == Ethiopia ==
Ethiopia
=== Somali Civil War === • September 2008 – A nurse and a doctor working for Medecins du Monde were kidnapped in Fadhigaradle village (Somali Region) and taken across the border to Somalia. They were released 4 months later. === War in Amhara (2018 – present) === • August 2024 – Ethiopian Yared Melese, a staff member of ASDEPO (Action for Social Development and Environmental Protection Organization), was kidnapped for ransom and killed by a criminal armed group in Dawunt Woreda. • September 2024 – Plan International member Teklemariam Tarekegn was killed in Debre Mewi, Amhara. === Tigray war (2020 – 2022) === • May 2021 – Ethiopian Negasi Kidane, staff member of CISP (International Committee for the Development of Peoples) was killed by a stray bullet in Tigray. • June 2021 – Three MSF staff were killed while looking for injured people in the Tigray region. According to investigators, they were shot by the Ethiopian military because a commander did not want MSF staff to work in an active combat zone. == Guinea ==
Guinea
• September 2000 – Killing of one UNHCR staff member and the abduction of another in Macenta. == Indonesia ==
Indonesia
=== East Timorese crisis (1999 – 2002) === • September 2000 – Five UNHCR staff members were killed when their office was attacked by militia in Atambua, Belu Regency, West Timor. === Insurgency in Aceh (1976 – 2005) === • December 2000 – Three aid workers were forced out of their vehicle and taken to an abandoned house where they were shot to death. One aid worker escaped and accused Indonesian security forces of carrying out the attack. == Iran ==
Iran
• February 2022 to May 2023 – Belgian aid worker Olivier Vandecasteele was injured while detained on charges of espionage. According to his family and Amnesty International, he was held in "inhumane conditions" equivalent to torture. He was later released in a prisoner exchange. == Iraq ==
Iraq
=== Iraq War (2003–2011) === • August 2003 – The Canal Hotel bombing targeted the UN headquarters and killed at least 24 people including UN Special Representative for Iraq Sérgio Vieira de Mello and aid worker Gillian Clark. • October 2003 – An attack on the ICRC building killed at least 12 people in Baghdad. • April 2005 – Marla Ruzicka, founder of the Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC), and her Iraqi translator, Faiz Ali Salim, were killed by a suicide car bombing on Airport Road in Baghdad. === War in Iraq (2013–2017) === • December 2016 – Four Iraqi aid workers and several civilians were killed by mortar fire during aid distribution in Mosul. == Israel ==
Israel
=== October 7 attacks === • Magen David Adom (MDA) paramedic Amit Mann was a first responder and transported injured people from the Be’eri massacre to the local clinic. She was killed at the clinic. MDA paramedic Aharon Haimov was killed by Hamas gunmen while driving an ambulance responding to emergency calls from the battle of Ofakim. Lior Rudaeff, an Argentinian-Israeli MDA volunteer and part of the Kibbutz' emergency security squad, was killed during the Nir Yitzhak attack. His body was taken to Gaza by Hamas. German-Israeli United Hatzalah member and MDA volunteer Dolev Yehud was killed by Hamas during the Nir Oz massacre. United Hatzalah reported that four of their volunteers were injured, including an Arab doctor who was shot and used as a human shield before being rescued by the IDF. == Kenya ==
Kenya
=== Dadaab Refugee Camp === • October 2011 – Two Spanish women who worked for Médecins sans Frontières were kidnapped by gunmen and released in July 2013. • July 2012 – Two Norwegian Refugee Council vehicles were attacked while traveling. A Kenyan driver was killed, and Steve Dennis and four other international staff were abducted for several days. After their rescue by a militia, Dennis sued Norwegian Refugee Council for negligence and was awarded 4.4 million Norwegian kroner. == Lebanon ==
Lebanon
=== 2006 Lebanon War === • July — The Israeli military struck 2 Lebanese Red Cross ambulances in Qana with 2 missiles, injuring the 6 workers and 3 patients inside. The 2 ambulances were destroyed, and the Lebanese Red Cross stopped operations and demanded that the IDF ensure their safety. === 2007 Lebanon conflict === • June – Two Lebanese Red Cross workers were killed during fighting between the Lebanese army and Fatah al-Islam militants at the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp. The perpetrator and cause of the deaths are disputed. == Lesotho ==
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