Ancient era and early Middle Ages Excavations and artifacts provide evidence of a settlement on the Michelsberg (Untergrombach) as early as
4000 BC during the
Neolithic. In the core of Bruchsal the oldest settlement discovered was dated back to AD 640. It is located near today's Saint Peter's Church. The first mention of Bruchsal in official documents occurred in 976, when the king came to town. In October 980,
Otto II and his court stayed at the king's palace in Bruchsal for several days.
Middle Ages Henry II of Germany became ruler of Bruchsal in 1002 following the subjugation of his rival
Herrmann of Swabia. In 1056
Henry III of Germany presented the settlement to the
bishop of Speyer (Konrad I) as a gift. The city remained part the diocese until the
German Mediatisation in 1802. It also was the seat of an administrative district that originally only consisted of the core of Bruchsal (i.e., the city as it existed prior to the various district reforms). In 1067
Henry IV resided in Bruchsal from time to time. 1248 was the first time Bruchsal was referred to as a city, and in 1278 Saint Peter's Church was mentioned for the first time. After extensive damage to both, the Palace and Saint Peter's Church were reconstructed in 1320. The Bergfried (an outlook and defensive tower bastion) was erected in 1358, and the city wall was completed in 1452. In 1460 the first coin was minted in Bruchsal.
1501–1750 In 1502 the first peasant revolt (
Bundschuh), led by Joß Fritz of Untergrombach, chose Bruchsal as its target. Traitors to the rebellion allowed the authorities to take the revolt's leaders into custody. Ten were decapitated in the Bruchsal Palace courtyard. Joß Fritz got away and went into hiding in the Southern
Black Forest. In 1525 the peasant revolts peaked. Inflation, hunger and the
Plague added to the desperation, and the revolts were forcibly put down by the Prince. The known peasant leaders Hall, Wurm and the Minister Eisenhut were captured and decapitated in the Palace courtyard. During the
30 Years War in 1622 Bruchsal was completely destroyed, and in 1644 the French garrison in Philippsburg raided the city. In 1676 the French again destroyed parts of Bruchsal, and on August 10, 1689 the city was bombarded by the French general Duras and was completely destroyed. After that Bruchsal counted only 130 residents. By April 24, 1711 Bruchsal had recovered sufficiently to play host to
Prince Eugene of Savoy of the
Habsburg Court in
Vienna. Then in 1716 the Bishop of Speyer, Heinrich von Rollingen, moved his residence into the Bruchsal Palace. This move elevated the city's status to that of an official residence of the
Diocese of Speyer. At the same time, Bruchsal became the seat of the "Vizedomamt", the most important office held by the Diocese on the West bank of the Rhine. In 1719 Cardinal
Damian Hugo von Schönborn became the new Bishop, and after settling in he commissioned in (1722), among others, the new
baroque château and the new Saint Peter's Church (from 1742). Both were built and, in part, designed by
Balthasar Neumann. In the Bishop's honor, the Southern gate out of the château grounds is referred to as Damian's Gate to this day. In 1743 Franz Christof von Hutten, Schönborn's successor, completed the extensive construction of the baroque city of Bruchsal, by adding Damian's Gate, the military barracks and the Water Château (home to one of the city's two regional, college track high schools, the Schönborn Gymnasium).
1751–1815 In 1753 the Schönborn Gymnasium was founded by Bishop von Hutten. In 1770 the new Bishop, Count
August von Limburg-Stirum, took up office. Bruchsal now counted 6,000 residents. In 1796 French troops occupied the city. German Mediatisation turned all property owned by the Diocese of Speyer over to the House of
Baden, and Bruchsal became the seat of the district court. The district then was divided and reunited several times through 1819. In 1806 the Marquess Amalie of Baden, widowed since 1801, took up residence in Bruchsal's baroque château and lived there until 1823. She had 8 children of whom 6 were daughters, and she was known as Europe's mother-in-law. Amalie's son, the later
Grand Duke Karl, was married to
Stéphanie de Beauharnais, a niece of
Napoleon's wife
Josephine per orders given by Napoleon himself. In 1812 Stephanie gave birth to a son, who died after 14 days. This was the origin of the legend of
Kaspar Hauser's nobility. Amalie's daughter Louise was married to
Alexander I of Russia and became the Russian
Tsarina Elisabeth Alexeievna. Amalie's daughter
Friedericke wed
Gustaf IV Adolf to become Queen of Sweden (though she asked for and received asylum in Bruchsal after 1807 due to the
coup d'état of her husband's government). Amalie's daughter Maria was married to the Duke of Braunschweig, and two other daughters were married to the regents of
Bavaria and of
Hessen-Darmstadt. In 1815, after Napoleon's reign was over, Bruchsal and Amalie entertained the following company in the baroque château at Bruchsal until the dust settled: The Russian
Tsar,
Prince Metternich, the
King of Prussia, as well as his son, the later
Emperor of Germany.
1816–1880 In 1841 the
Rhine Valley Railway was completed between
Heidelberg, Bruchsal, and
Karlsruhe. In 1848/1849 the
Baden Revolution did manage to stray into Bruchsal a bit. While the revolutionaries (
Gustav Struve, Lorenz Brentano, Amand Goegg and others) met in the château, the commoners freed prisoners from the just-completed prison. This prison, the Old Palace, was the scene of executions well into World War II and even later. On June 23, 1849, the revolution was quelled by Crown Prince Wilhelm at the battle of Ubstadt. 1856 brought
gas lighting to Bruchsal, and the city received Baden's
Guillotine. In 1864 the district of Philippsburg was merged WITH the Bruchsal district, which now belonged to the newly formed "Greater Karlsruhe." On June 1, 1869 the first German
railway signal factory, Schnabel-Henning, was founded in Bruchsal. Later it was merged with
Siemens AG, and the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and 1871 made Bruchsal an important
rail hub for the provisioning of German troops.
1881–1945 In 1881 a
synagogue was built. The
Industrial Revolution brought economic growth, mostly with the help of the railway and the area's
tobacco and
hops production. 1889 gave residents in Bruchsal their first
telephones, and in 1906 the Prince-Styrum Hospital was built. The city's
slaughterhouse opened in 1908, and World War I again turned Bruchsal into a major hub on the supply line for the troops. Immediately after the war, in 1919 and 1920 the city was wired for
electricity. In 1934 the
Autobahn was built between
Heidelberg and Bruchsal, and in 1936 the
Bretten district was merged with the Bruchsal district. In 1938 the Nazis destroyed the synagogue (in its place stands a fire station today) and the Jewish population were deported. In 1939 the District Bruchsal became the district of
Bruchsal, which included 38 towns and cities, until it was merged into Karlsruhe (district) during the district reform of 1970. On the afternoon of March 1, 1945, Bruchsal was bombed by the Allies. At the time of the attack, the war was essentially over, with the front line only 20 km from the city limits and nearly no one left to defend it. To this day, that particular attack upsets residents as the consensus is that it was unnecessary and inconsequential to the outcome of the war. There are allegations that the attack by U.S. bombers was conducted in retaliation for the killing of a parachuted pilot by farmers. In addition to the 1,000 lives that perished that day, the entire inner city and the baroque château were destroyed. On April 2, 1945, allied forces took Bruchsal without resistance.
1946 to the present Starting from 1 April 1956 Bruchsal was awarded the
Große Kreisstadt status, as its population had passed the 20,000 mark in 1955. Between 1971 and 1974 the local government reform incorporated 5 neighbouring communities into the city of Bruchsal, including the cities of Heidelsheim and Obergrombach. Under a further reform in 1973, Bruchsal was incorporated into the district of
Karlsruhe. Thus Bruchsal lost its district seat status, though it still remains a major economic centre of the region.
Local government reform In the local government reform in the early 1970s the following cities and towns became part of the city of Bruchsal. Before the district reform they were all part of
Bruchsal district. • July 1, 1971: Obergrombach and Untergrombach • July 1, 1972: Büchenau and Helmsheim • October 1, 1974: Heidelsheim ==Demographics==