Early history Sources on the early history of habitation in the area is limited. It is sometimes claimed that
the Romans called the settlement
Caletum and that it was the departure point for
Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain. However, the name
Caletum does not appear in Caesar's accounts of the invasion. Caesar describes his departure point as
Portus Itius, which is believed to have been near
Boulogne. At that time Calais was an island in the North Sea. Calais was an English outpost for many centuries while it was an island surrounded by marshes, and difficult to attack from the mainland. At some time before the 10th century, it would have been a
Dutch-speaking fishing village on a sandy beach backed by pebbles and a creek, with a natural harbour at the west edge of the early medieval estuary of the river
Aa. As the pebble and sand ridge extended eastward from Calais, the haven behind it developed into
fen, as the estuary progressively filled with silt and peat. Afterwards, canals were cut between
Saint-Omer, the trading centre formerly at the head of the estuary, and three places to the west, centre and east on the newly formed coast: respectively Calais,
Gravelines and
Dunkirk. Calais was improved by the
Count of Flanders in 997 and fortified by the
Count of Boulogne in 1224. In 1189,
Richard the Lionheart is documented to have landed at Calais on his journey to the
Third Crusade. followed by Edward's siege and capture of Calais, in 1347. Angered, the English king demanded reprisals against the town's citizens for holding out for so long ("obstinate defence") and ordered that the town's population be killed
en masse. He agreed, however, to spare them, on condition that six of the principal citizens would come to him, bareheaded and barefooted and with ropes around their necks, and give themselves up to death. On their arrival, he ordered their execution, but
pardoned them when his queen,
Philippa of Hainault, begged him to spare their lives. This event is commemorated in
The Burghers of Calais (
Les Bourgeois de Calais), one of the most famous sculptures by
Auguste Rodin, erected in the city in 1895. Though sparing the lives of the delegation members, King Edward drove out most of the French inhabitants, and settled the town with English. The municipal charter of Calais, previously granted by the
Countess of Artois, was reconfirmed by Edward that year (1347). In 1360, the
Treaty of Brétigny assigned
Guînes,
Marck and Calais—collectively the "
Pale of Calais"—to English rule in perpetuity, but this assignment was informally and only partially implemented. On 9 February 1363 the town was made an
English staple port. It remained part of the
Diocese of Thérouanne from 1379, keeping an ecclesiastical tie with France. The town came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" owing to its great importance as a gateway port for the
tin,
lead,
cloth and
wool trades (or "staples"). Its customs revenues amounted at times to a third of the English government's revenue, with wool being the most important element by far. Of its population of about 12,000 people, as many as 5,400 were recorded as having been connected with the wool trade. The governorship or
Captaincy of Calais was a lucrative and highly prized public office; the famous
Dick Whittington was simultaneously
Lord Mayor of the City of London and
Mayor of the Calais Staple in 1407. ", bottom left "
Graveling", bottom right "
Sand Gat" Calais was an integral part of the English trading economy, though not regarded as being a part of the
Kingdom of England until the days of
King Henry VIII, from which time the Pale of Calais sent two members to the English
Parliament. The continued English hold on Calais however depended on expensively maintained fortifications, as the town lacked any natural defences. Maintaining Calais was a costly business that was frequently tested by the forces of France and the
Duchy of Burgundy, with the Franco-Burgundian border running nearby. The British historian
Geoffrey Elton once remarked "Calais—expensive and useless—was better lost than kept". The duration of the English hold over Calais was, to a large extent, the result of the feud between Burgundy and France: both sides coveted the town, but preferred to see England control it rather than their domestic rivals. The stalemate was broken by the victory of the French crown over Burgundy following
Joan of Arc's final battle in the
siege of Compiègne in 1430, and the later incorporation of the duchy into France.
16th century In 1532, the English King
Henry VIII visited Calais and his men calculated that the town had about 2,400 beds and stabling to keep some 2,000 horses. Following the royal visit, the town's governance was reformed in 1536, aiming to strengthen ties with England. As part of this move, Calais became a
parliamentary borough sending
burgesses to the
House of Commons of the
Parliament of England. However, despite these attempts to ingratiate Calais within the kingdom, the historian David Potter states that Calais was "never totally anglicised". In September 1552, the English adventurer
Thomas Stukley, who had been for some time in the French service, betrayed to the authorities in London some French plans for the capture of Calais, to be followed by a descent upon England. Stukley himself might have been the author of these plans. On 7 January 1558, King
Henry II of France sent forces led by
Francis, Duke of Guise, who laid
siege to Calais. When the French attacked, they were able to surprise the English at the critical strongpoint of Fort Nieulay and the sluice gates, which could have flooded the attackers, remained unopened. The loss was regarded by Queen
Mary I of England as a dreadful misfortune. When she heard the news, she reportedly said, "When I am dead and opened, you shall find '
Philip' [her husband] and 'Calais' lying in my heart." In the 1564 Treaty of Troyes, Queen
Elizabeth I agreed to a final acknowledgement that the French would retain Calais, with the English receiving a payment of 120,000 crowns. The historian David J. Wildman describes the loss of Calais as a 'Tudor Brexit', and that it had the unintended consequence of forcing the English to look to the New World for economic opportunities. The region around Calais, then-known as the
Calaisis, was renamed the
Pays Reconquis ("Reconquered Country") in commemoration of its recovery by the French. Use of the term is reminiscent of the Spanish
Reconquista, with which the French were certainly familiar—and, since it occurred in the context of a war with Spain (
Philip II of Spain was at the time Queen Mary's consort), might have been intended as a deliberate snub. The town was
captured by the Spanish on 24 April 1596 in an invasion mounted from the nearby
Spanish Netherlands by Archduke
Albert of Austria, but it was returned to France under the
Treaty of Vervins in May 1598.
17th century to World War I of the United Kingdom meets French and Belgian officers in Calais in 1918. Calais remained an important maritime city and smuggling centre throughout the 17th century. However, during the next century, the port of Calais began to stagnate gradually, as the nearby ports of
Boulogne and
Dunkirk began to rise and compete. The French revolution at the end of the 18th century did not disturb Calais and no executions took place. In 1805, Calais hosted part of Napoleon's army and invasion fleet for several months before his
aborted invasion of Britain. From October to December 1818, the British army used Calais as their departing port to return home after occupying post-Waterloo France.
General Murray appointed Sir
Manley Power to oversee the evacuation of British troops from France. Cordial relations had been restored by that time and on 3 December, the mayor of Calais wrote a letter to Power to express thanks for his "considerate treatment of the French and of the town of Calais during the embarkation." The population in 1847 was 12,580, many of whom were English. It was one of the main ports for British travellers to Europe. In
World War I the
British Expeditionary Force or BEF arrived in Calais on its way to the nearby frontline cutting through
Nord-Pas-de-Calais and
Flanders. Calais was a key port for the supply of arms and reinforcements to the
Western Front. In the 1930s, the town was known for being a politically socialist stronghold.
World War II Calais was virtually razed to the ground during
World War II. In May 1940, it was a key objective of the invading
German forces and became the scene of a last-ditch defence—the
siege of Calais—which diverted a sizable amount of German forces for several days immediately prior to the
Battle of Dunkirk. A total of 3,000 British and 800 French troops, assisted by
Royal Navy warships, held out from 22 to 27 May 1940 against the
10th Panzer Division. The town was flattened by artillery and precision
dive bombing and only 30 of the 3800-strong defending force were evacuated before the town fell. This may have helped
Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk, as 10th Panzer would have been involved on the Dunkirk perimeter had it not been busy at Calais. Between 26 May and 4 June 1940, some 330,000 Allied troops escaped from the Germans at Dunkirk. During the ensuing German occupation, it became the command post for German forces in the Pas-de-Calais/Flanders region and was very heavily fortified, as the Germans generally believed that the Allies would invade there. It was also used as a launch site for
V1 flying bombs and for much of the war, the Germans used the region as the site for
railway guns to bombard the south-eastern corner of England. In 1943 they built massive bunkers along the coast in preparation for launching missiles on the southeast of England. Despite heavy preparations for defence against an amphibious assault, the Allied invasion took place well to the west in
Normandy on
D-Day. Calais was very heavily bombed and shelled in a successful effort to disrupt German communications and persuade them that the Allies would target the Pas-de-Calais for invasion (rather than Normandy). The town, by then largely in ruins, was
laid siege to and liberated by
General Daniel Spry's
3rd Canadian Infantry Division between 25 September and 1 October 1944. On 27 February 1945 Calais experienced its last bombing raid—this time by
Royal Air Force bombers who mistook the town for Dunkirk, which was at that time still occupied by German forces. After the war there was little rebuilding of the historic city and most buildings were modern ones.
21st century – migration issues Since 1999 or earlier, an increasingly large number of
illegal immigrants and
asylum seekers started to arrive in the vicinity of Calais, living in the
Calais jungle, the nickname given to a series of
makeshift camps. The people lived there while attempting to enter the
United Kingdom by
stowing away on lorries, ferries, cars, or trains travelling through the
Port of Calais or the
Eurotunnel Calais Terminal, or while waiting for their
French asylum claims to be processed. The people were a mix of
asylum seekers and
economic migrants from
Darfur,
Afghanistan,
Syria,
Iraq,
Eritrea and other
underdeveloped or conflict-stricken regions in Africa and Asia. The
Calais migrant crisis led to escalating tension between the UK and France in the summer of 2015. The UK blamed France for not doing enough to stop migrants from entering the Channel Tunnel or attempting to scale fences built along the border. The
British Prime Minister David Cameron released a statement saying that illegal immigrants would be removed from the UK even if they reached the island. To discourage migrants and refugees from jumping on train shuttles at Calais, the UK government supplied fencing to be installed around the Eurotunnel complex, where the vehicles are loaded onto train shuttles in Calais. On 26 October 2016, French authorities announced that the camp had been cleared. By January 2017, 500–1,000 migrants, mostly
unaccompanied minors, had returned and were
living rough in Calais and there has been a presence ever since. ==Geography and climate==