Many artifacts have been found, at various locations, which date to European pre-history, and appear to have been associated with ruling or priestly elites. (For one example, see
Golden hat.) The oldest European crown jewels of monarchs are the
Iron Crown of Lombardy (9th century, now in
Monza), the
Imperial Regalia (10th century, now in
Vienna), the
Holy Crown of Hungary (10th–11th century, now in
Budapest) and the
Bohemian crown jewels (1347, now in
Prague).
Albania of the Albanian warrior king,
Skanderbeg, made in 1460. The crown of
Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, believed to have been created for the
medieval king in the 15th century, was smuggled out of Albania by members of the
Kastrioti noble family following the occupation of Albania by the
Ottoman Empire. Skanderbeg's helmet is made of white metal, adorned with a strip dressed in
gold. On its top lies the head of a
horned goat made of bronze, also dressed in gold. The bottom part bears a
copper strip adorned with a
monogram separated by rosettes ✽ IN ✽ PE ✽ RA ✽ TO ✽ RE ✽ BT ✽, which means: Iesus Nazarenus ✽ Principi Emathie ✽ Regi Albaniae ✽ Terrori Osmanorum ✽ Regi Epirotarum ✽ Benedictat Te (
Jesus of Nazareth blesses thee,
Prince of
Emathia (the central region of Albania called Mat), King of Albania, Terror of the
Ottomans,
King of
Epirus). Skanderbeg never held any other title but “Lord of Albania” () and strongly pretended the title
King of Albania and Epirus. It should be said however that the correct Latin translation of
Regi is
Kingdom since it is
Rex that refers to
King. Thus the inscriptions on the helmet may refer to the unsettled name by which
Albania was known at the time, as a means to identify Skanderbeg's leadership over all Albanians across regional denominative identifications. The crown eventually found its way into the collections of the
Habsburg dynasty (via an Italian noble family) and currently resides in the
Imperial Treasury in
Vienna, Austria. In 1931,
King Zog I of Albania made a rare foreign tour and visited Vienna in an unsuccessful attempt to repatriate the crown, presumably for a future coronation (he considered giving himself the regnal name "Skanderbeg III"). Several replicas exist in Albania, most notably at
Kruja Castle.
Austria . Like most regalia, they include a crown, an orb and a sceptre. The Austrian Crown Jewels () are kept at the
Imperial Treasury (the ) located in the
Hofburg Palace. They are a collection of imperial regalia and jewels dating from the 10th century to the 19th. They are one of the biggest and most important
collection of royal objects still today, and reflect more than a thousand years of European history. The treasury can be quantified into six important parts: • The Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage • The
Austrian Empire • The
Habsburg-Lorraine Household Treasure • The
Holy Roman Empire • The Burgundian Inheritance and the
Order of the Golden Fleece • The
Ecclesiastical Treasury The most outstanding objects are the ancient crown of the Holy Roman Emperors and also the insignia of the much later hereditary
Austrian emperors. They consist of the 10th-century
Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the associated Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance, the
Imperial Crown, the
Imperial Orb and the mantle of the
Austrian Empire, and the Coronation Robes of the
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. • The archducal hat is kept today at the
Augustinian Abbey of
Klosterneuburg, in
Lower Austria.
See archducal hat for further information. • The
ducal hat of Styria is kept at the
Landesmuseum Joanneum in
Graz,
Styria.
Bohemia The
Bohemian crown jewels (), and the
Crown of Saint Wenceslas of
Bohemia () are kept in
Prague Castle () and are displayed to the public about once every eight years. Made of 22-carat gold and set with precious rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and pearls, the crown weighs 2475 grams. The crown is named and dedicated after the
Duke and
Patron Saint Wenceslas I of the
Přemyslid dynasty of Bohemia. The crown has an unusual design, with vertical
fleurs-de-lis standing at the front, back and sides. It was made for King
Charles IV in 1346. Since 1867 it has been stored in
St. Vitus Cathedral of Prague Castle. The jewels have always played an important role as a symbol of Bohemian
statehood. The oldest Czech surviving crown of
Ottokar II was made in 1296 probably in
Břevnov Monastery. The sovereign's orb of the jewels is not the original. It was commissioned during the Habsburg era to better fit with the other jewels. The original, plain gold, is kept in the Vienna treasury.
Bulgaria The location of the regalia of the
First and
Second Bulgarian Empire is currently unknown. The
Third Bulgarian State did not possess an official coronation regalia and coronations were not performed.
Croatia The 11th-century
Crown of Zvonimir was a papal gift to King Zvonimir of
Croatia. It is thought likely to have been lost during the
Ottoman invasions of the
Balkans in the 16th century. The distinctive crown adorns several local flags in
Croatia.
Denmark The crown jewels and other royal regalia of Denmark are kept in
Rosenborg Castle in
Copenhagen.
Finland In 1918 a crown was designed in Finland for the proposed "
King of Finland and
Karelia, Duke of
Åland,
Grand Prince of
Lapland, Lord of
Kaleva and the North" (
Suomen ja Karjalan kuningas, Ahvenanmaan herttua, Lapinmaan suuriruhtinas, Kalevan ja Pohjolan isäntä). However, the political situation changed before the new crown could be used in the coronation ceremony of Finland's first independent monarch. By the end of 1918, the uncrowned monarch had abdicated and Finland had adopted a new republican constitution. The crown which exists today was made by goldsmith Teuvo Ypyä in the 1990s, based on the original drawings, and is kept in a museum in
Kemi where it can be seen today. The crown, which is made of gilt silver, consists of a circlet and cap decorated with the
arms of the realm's provinces, in
enamel. Above the
circlet are two arches. Topping the arches is not a globus cruciger like in most European crowns, but a lion rampant as on the
coat of arms of Finland. The inner circumference of the crown is approximately 58 centimeters and it weighs about 2 kilograms.
France , 1722,
Louvre. The surviving French crown jewels and main
regalia including a set of historic crowns are principally on display in the Galerie d'Apollon of the
Louvre, France's premier museum and former royal palace, and scattered in different museums like the
National Library of France, the
Basilica of Saint Denis the
Natural history museum, the
École des Mines or in
Reims.
Brittany The
Dukes of Brittany were crowned with a royal crown said to be that of the former kings of Brittany in a ceremony designed to emphasise the royal ancestry and sovereignty of the reigning duke. After the marriage of
Anne of Brittany to
Charles VIII of France in 1513 Breton independence began to slip away. The last person known to have been crowned in Brittany with their royal crown was
Francis III, Duke of Brittany in 1524. He was a member of the ruling dynasty of France and heir to the French throne. He died in 1536 and was succeeded as
dauphin by his brother Henry. Henry became King
Henry II of France in 1547 when his father,
Francis I, died. Neither Henry nor any of his successors bothered to get crowned separately as Duke of Brittany but did use the title. The location of the Breton crown is unknown but it is thought to have been moved to Paris at some point. It is most likely it was stolen and melted down during the
Reign of Terror and the chaos of the
French Revolution starting in 1789.
Burgundy The
Dukes of Burgundy had a jewelled "Ducal Hat" rather than a formal crown which they wore for ceremonial occasions. This hat was lost by
Charles the Bold at the
Battle of Grandson in 1476 when his army was routed and his baggage train was captured by the
Swiss. After the battle it came into the hands of the canton of
Basel, which hid it. Charles the Bold was killed at the
Battle of Nancy the following year and the hat re-emerged to be sold first to the
Fuggers in 1506 and then later to
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. What happened to the hat after this is not known. Presumably, after this it was kept for a while by successive emperors (particularly Emperor
Charles V who was also the Duke of Burgundy) but at some point it was lost or broken up.
Georgia Kartli-Kakheti File:Crown of George XII of Georgia.jpeg|Crown of
George XII of Georgia. File:ქართული გვირგვინი.jpg|Georgian crown of the 16th century There is no information about any crown for
Kartli-Kakheti predating 1798 although presumably there was one. It is likely that the ancient crown or crowns, traditionally kept at
Mtskheta, were lost in 1795 when Shah
Agha Mohammed Khan of
Persia invaded Kartli and ravaged the kingdom. A replacement crown was commissioned by
George XII of Georgia for his coronation in 1798. It was made in Russia and deviated from the traditional Georgian design. It was a closed crown or "corona clausa" made of gold and decorated with 145 diamonds, 58 rubies, 24 emeralds and 16 amethysts. It took the form of a circlet surmounted by ornaments and eight arches. A globe surmounted by a cross rested on the top of the crown. Following the death of George XII in 1800 the crown was sent to Moscow and deposited in the Kremlin to prevent the coronation of any of his successors. In 1923 it was presented to the
National Museum of Georgia in
Tbilisi but in 1930 it was once again sent back to Moscow where this time it was broken up or sold abroad.
Imereti The Crown of
Imereti dating from the 12th century and believed to have been commissioned by
David IV of Georgia was known to have been kept at the monastery at
Gelati after the last king
Solomon II was deposed in 1810 and Imereti occupied by Russia. It is recorded as remaining there until at least 1917 after which it disappears from the record, presumably stolen or destroyed during the
communist revolution, but perhaps hidden. The enamelled plates from the
Monomachus Crown showing, but probably not made for, the Byzantine emperor
Constantine IX Monomachos, r. 1042–1055, survive in
Budapest. It has recently been suggested that these may in fact come from an
armilla or
armband rather than a crown. Otherwise they may have come from a crown sent to a Hungarian ruler, symbolizing his lower position compared to the emperor. Other remnants, or claimed remnants, of the regalia of the former Eastern Roman Empire, or items created in the imperial workshops, can be found among the regalia of various European royal houses; having been dispersed at various times and in various ways. Presumably, the bulk of the Imperial regalia found in Constantinople at the time of its conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, was absorbed into the treasury of the Turkish sultan.
Ancient Greece Examples of ancient-classical Greek regalia have been found among royal burial-goods in tombs at various archaeological sites. The most famous examples of which are probably certain of Heinrich Schleman's finds, artifacts of ancient Crete, and the burials of the Macedonian dynasty.
Hungary (Saint Stephen's Crown), and other pieces of the Hungarian regalia The "Holy Crown of Hungary", also known as the
Crown of Saint Stephen (, , , ), was the
coronation crown used by the
Kingdom of Hungary for most of its existence. The crown was bound to the
Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, (sometimes the
Sacra Corona meant the Land, the Carpathian Basin, but it also meant the coronation body, too). No king of Hungary was regarded as having been truly legitimate without being crowned with it. In the
history of Hungary, more than fifty kings were crowned with it (the two kings who were not so crowned were
John II Sigismund and
Joseph II). The
Hungarian coronation insignia consists of the Holy Crown, the sceptre, the orb, and the mantle. Since the 12th century, kings have been crowned with the still extant crown. The orb has the coat-of-arms of
Charles I of Hungary (1310–1342); the other insignia can be linked to Saint Stephen. It was first called the Holy Crown in 1256. During the 14th century royal power came to be represented not simply by a crown, but by just one specific object: the Holy Crown. This also meant that the
Kingdom of Hungary was a special state: they were not looking for a crown to inaugurate a king, but rather, they were looking for a king for the crown; as written by Crown Guard
Péter Révay. He also depicts that "the Holy Crown is the same for the Hungarians as the
Lost Ark is for the Jewish". Since 2000, the Holy Crown has been on display in the central Domed Hall of the
Hungarian Parliament Building.
Ireland The crown jewels of Ireland were heavily jeweled insignia of the
Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick. They were worn by the sovereign at the installation of knights of that order, the Irish equivalent of the English
Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Scottish
Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle. Older pre-conquest items relevant to the ancient Gaelic dynasties that once ruled Ireland probably also existed. One example of this is an ancient relic called the
Comerford or "Ikerrin" Crown that was discovered in 1692 but may have since been lost.
Italy • Kingdom of Sicily • Kingdom of Naples • Kingdom of two Sicilies • Lombardy , kept in the
Cathedral of Monza. the
Iron Crown of the
Lombard Kingdom, later used as crown of the
medieval Kingdom of Italy and by
Napoleon Bonaparte for its coronation as King of Italy, is kept at the
Cathedral of Monza. The coronation robe is kept in the
Schatzkammer museum in
Vienna, Austria. • Kings of Italy The crown jewels of the
Kingdom of Italy are in the custody of the
Bank of Italy, due to legal controversy between the
Italian Republic and the
House of Savoy. It is not clear who is the legal owner. • Grand Dukes of Tuscany consisting of a gilt rod topped with a red-enameled globe topped in turn by a red-enameled Florentine Lily also formed part of the regalia of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. On being made
Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo I de' Medici was granted the use of an open radial crown with a representation of the red Florentine fleurs-de-lis with its
stamens posed between the petals in place of the ray in the front, completely covered with precious stones, by
Pope Pius V, who specified that the circlet of this crown be engraved with an inscription that the crown had been granted him to wear by the pope. On the actual crown this inscription was placed on the back of the circlet, while the front was actually covered with precious stones like the rest of the crown. A sceptre consisting of a gilt rod topped with a red-enameled globe topped in turn by a red-enameled Florentine Lily also formed part of the regalia of the grand dukes of Tuscany. The coronation portrait of the Grand Duke Gian Gaston de' Medici shows the same Florentine grand ducal crown closed with the pearl set arches associated with sovereignty. This crown was also used as the heraldic crown in the arms of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Roman Empire Of the imperial regalia of the Roman emperors, previous to the Byzantine era, little remains. The best-known examples, and those with the strongest claim to authenticity, are a sceptre, some fittings for Roman standards, and other small items, all from a cache buried on the Palatine Hill c. the 3rd or 4th century AD, and discovered in 2006. The objects were made of fine bronze, glass, and semi-precious stone. These items were almost certainly intended for personal use by the emperor and his retinue, making them unique surviving examples of their type. The archaeologists who excavated the find have suggested that the items might have belonged to the emperor
Maxentius, and may have been concealed by some unknown loyalist followers after his final defeat, and subsequent death. Beyond this, the regalia of the ancient Roman emperors exists primarily in artistic depictions from their time-period.
Isle of Man |thumb The crown jewels of the
Kingdom of Man consist of a ceremonial sword known as the
Manx Sword of State. The Sword of State is carried by the sword bearer before the King's personal representative to the Isle of Man, the lieutenant governor, at each meeting of
Tynwald day and dates from not later than the 12th century. It is popularly said to be the sword of
Olaf the Black, who became
King of Mann and the Isles in 1226. Recent analysis of the sword has determined that it is a 15th-century design, and probably made in London. The blade itself is thought to have been fitted in the late 16th or 17th century. It is possible that the sword was made for the 1422 Tynwald meeting that was attended by Sir
John Stanley. The sword has a two-edged steel blade, 29 inches long, with a hardwood hilt, 9 inches long, which tapers from the guard to the pommel. The guard is a thin steel band, 11 inches across, surmounted where the guard intersects the blade with shields carrying the
'Three Legs of Man', which also appear on the flattened pommel.
Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Monaco features a
heraldic crown on its
coat-of-arms, but does not possess any crown jewels or regalia per se.
The Netherlands Norway The Crown Regalia, or crown jewels, of Norway are together with some other old treasures on permanent display in an exhibition at the
Archbishop's Palace next to the
Nidaros Cathedral, in
Trondheim.
Poland The only surviving part of the
Polish crown jewels is from the
Piast dynasty and consists of the coronation sword known as the
Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other royal items in the
Wawel Royal Castle Museum,
Kraków. Most of the crown jewels were plundered by retreating Prussian troops from Kraków in 1794. One of many royal crowns was made for King
Augustus II, Elector of Saxony when he became King of Poland in 1697. Since the original set was unavailable, a new set was made for the coronation in Kraków. However, the original set was regained, and the new set was never used. Today it is displayed in the Royal Castle in Dresden, Germany. Similarly to Augustus II, his son
Augustus III had difficulties with reaching the original set, and was forced to order a creation of
a new one. His and his wives' crown jewels are the only Polish regalia set used for the coronation that have survived in its entirety.
Portugal ;
Ajuda National Palace. The Portuguese Crown Jewels were the pieces of jewelry, regalia, and vestments worn by the
monarchs of Portugal during the time of the
Portuguese Monarchy. Over the nine centuries of
Portuguese history, the Portuguese Crown Jewels have lost and gained many pieces. Most of the current set of the Portuguese Crown Jewels are from the reigns of King
João VI and King
Luís I.
Romania The Romanian crown jewels consist of three crowns: the
Steel Crown, the Crown of Queen Elisabeta and the Crown of Queen Marie; and two scepters: the
Scepter of Ferdinand I and the
Scepter of Carol II. They are displayed at the
National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. File:Couronne Marie 88268.jpg|Crown of Queen
Marie of Romania File:CoronaeARomaniei.jpg|Crowns of Romania The Romanian Communist dictator
Nicolae Ceaușescu also sometimes made use of a scepter in his public appearances.
Russia File:Bonnet de Monomaque.jpg|Two oldest Russian crowns:
Monomakh's Cap (foreground) and the Kazan Crown File:Imperial Crown of Russia (copy by Smolensk Diamonds company, 2012) - photo by Shakko 01.JPG|
Imperial Crown of Russia The coronation regalia, such as the
Imperial Crown of Russia, the Imperial Orb of
Catherine the Great, the Imperial Sceptre with the
Orlov Diamond, the
Shah Diamond, and others are kept at the
Kremlin Armoury and
Diamond Fund in
Moscow.
Serbia File:Crown of Emperor of Serbia Stefan Dušan.jpg|Crown of Emperor
Stefan Dušan File:Crown of Prince of Serbia Stefan Lazarević.jpg|Crown of Despot
Stefan Lazarević File:The crown of king Stefan Uroš III Dečanski Nemanjić 14c.png|Crown of the
Petrović-Njegoš dynasty File:Crown jewels of Serbia.jpg|Serbian crown jewels of the
Karađorđević dynasty In
Middle Ages, since 10th century
Serbia had adopted diverse variants of crowns by
Serbian Noble Families and Dynasties like
Vojislavljević,
Vukanović,
Nemanjić,
Dejanović,
Lazarević,
Branković and
Mrnjavčević. The crown's peak was during the
Serbian empire, led by
Emperor of Serbia Stefan Dusan Nemanjic. The Crown jewels design was influenced by
Eastern and Western European Art. The
Karađorđević crown jewels of
Serbia were created in 1904 for the coronation of
King Peter I. The pieces were made from material that included
bronze of
Karađorđe's
cannon. This gesture was symbolic because 1904 was the 100th anniversary of the
First Serbian Uprising. They were made in Paris by the famous Falise brothers
jewellery company.
Slovenia A document known as "The Swabian Mirror" or
Schwabenspiegel (c. 1275) refers to the installation of the dukes of
Carantania and in it mentions a crown of sorts called the "Slovenian Hat" (
windischer huot). This crown was placed on the head of the duke during the enthronement ceremony. The crown or hat is described as "a grey Slovenian Hat with a grey cord and four leaves suspended from the brim". In 1358 the Habsburg Duke
Rudolf IV imparted coats of arms to those provinces without them and ordered the
Slovenian Hat to be placed above the arms of the Slovenian March (later called
Lower Carniola and now a province of Slovenia). A crown called the "ducal hat" of Carniola still exists in
Graz.
Spain The kingdoms that would consolidate to form Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries, namely the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, did not have consistent coronation ceremonies. The last recorded coronation ceremony in what would become Spain occurred in the 15th century; since then, the monarchs were not crowned, but proclaimed. As such, there was decreased importance for a coherent set of crown jewels, as these are usually themselves coronation regalia. Much of what did exist into the modern era of the regalia of Spain was destroyed in the Great Fire of Madrid of Christmas Eve 1734. In the 18th century, King
Charles III ordered a new crown and sceptre to be made. This crown is made of golden silver, and it features half-arches resting on eight plates bearing the emblems of the kingdom. The crown and scepter are displayed during the opening of the
Cortes (
Parliament). During ceremonies of accession with a new monarch, the crown and scepter are also present, but the crown itself is never placed on the monarch's head. Today they are kept by the
Patrimonio Nacional (the National Heritage). Today, there are other pieces of jewelry and historically important items that would be considered "crown jewels" in other countries but are not denominated as such in Spain. In terms of jewelry, all of the jewels and tiaras worn by the members of the
Spanish royal family are privately owned by them. More historically important elements are kept as pieces of cultural interest in different parts of Spain. For example, the personal crown used by
Isabella I of Castile, her scepters, and her sword, are kept in the Royal Chapel in the
Cathedral of Granada. As a consequence, this means that beyond the crown and scepter used during important occasions of the Spanish state, there is no other element of the crown jewels of Spain.
Sweden and
Orb of the King of Sweden as displayed in the Royal Treasury (2014). Sweden's crown jewels are kept deep in the vaults of the
Royal Treasury, underneath the
Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a museum which is open to the public. The symbols of the
Swedish monarchy have not actually been worn since 1907, but are still displayed at weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974 the crown jewels were also displayed at the opening of the
Riksdag (
Parliament). Among the oldest objects are the sword of
Gustav Vasa and the
crown, orb, sceptre and key of King
Erik XIV and numerous other sovereigns.
Ukraine Crown of
Galicia–Volhynia, presented to
Daniel of Galicia by
Innocent IV, is believed to have been lost.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland England The crown jewels of England, now of the United Kingdom, are kept in the
Tower of London. Apart from a 12th-century anointing spoon and three early 17th-century swords, they all date from after the
Restoration of
Charles II in 1661. The ancient crown jewels of England were destroyed by
Oliver Cromwell in 1649 when he established the
Commonwealth of England.
St Edward's Crown is the centrepiece of the coronation regalia, used at the moment of crowning and exchanged for the lighter
Imperial State Crown, which is also worn at
State Openings of Parliament. Among the precious stones on the crown are
Cullinan II, the
Stuart Sapphire,
St Edward's Sapphire, and the
Black Prince's Ruby (a
spinel). On the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross is
Cullinan I, the largest clear cut diamond in the world. Wives of kings are crowned as Queen Consort with a plainer set of regalia. The
Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother houses the 105-carat
Koh-i-Noor diamond. In addition to crowns there are also various orbs, swords, coronets, rings and other pieces of regalia.
Scotland is carried by
The Duke of Hamilton as
Queen Elizabeth II attends The
Scottish Parliament. The
Honours, or 'crown jewels', including the
Stone of Scone, are kept in
Edinburgh Castle. They are the oldest surviving crown jewels in the United Kingdom. The crown dates from at least 1540 and the sceptre and the sword were gifts by
Pope Alexander VI and
Pope Julius II respectively to the
King of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were hidden during the
Interregnum. The Honours of Scotland were almost forgotten following their last use at the coronation of
Charles II in 1651 until they were discovered in a chest inside Edinburgh Castle in the early 19th century. A 'golden royal crown' pre-dating the existing 'Honours' had been in existence. It is recorded that it was seized by the English authorities following a search of the luggage of the deposed
John Balliol as he attempted to leave England and make his way to exile in France following his release from imprisonment in London in 1299. This crown was sent to King
Edward I in London where it was probably placed with the English crown jewels at
Westminster Abbey. The later fate of this crown is not entirely clear, but it may have been returned to Scotland during the negotiations between
Robert I of Scotland and
Edward II of England (following the English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314) or perhaps was returned to Scotland for use in the coronation of
Edward Balliol when he was installed as king of Scots by England in 1332. Nevertheless, it is not in existence today.
Wales The original regalia of the Welsh princes have been lost.
Llywelyn's coronet was kept after its capture with the English crown jewels between 1284 and 1649.
The Vatican s,
rubies,
emeralds and other gems.
Saint Peter's Basilica,
Rome. The
regalia of the
papacy are kept in the
Vatican City.
For further Information, see Papal regalia and insignia. • The
triregnum is a headgear with three crowns or levels, also called the triple tiara or triple crown. "Tiara" is the name of the headdress, even in the forms it had before a third crown was added to it. For several centuries, popes wore it during processions, as when entering or leaving
Saint Peter's Basilica, but during liturgies they used an episcopal
mitre instead. Paul VI used it on 30 June 1963 at his
coronation, but abandoned its use later. None of his successors have used it. • The
Ring of the Fisherman, another item of papal regalia, is a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning pope surrounding it. • The
papal ferula, a staff topped by a
crucifix, is the staff used by the pope. ==The Americas==