DMC DeLorean

In 1973, John DeLorean left General Motors and formed his own car company, the DeLorean Motor Company. Its first vehicle was to be a 2-seat coupe-body sports car. When details surrounding the DeLorean were first announced in the mid-1970s, there were numerous plans and rumors that the DeLorean would have many advanced features, such as elastic reservoir moulding (ERM), a unit-construction plastic chassis, a mid-engine layout, a driver-side airbag, 10-mph bumpers and ultrawide Pirelli P7 tires; none of these would materialize in the production vehicle. Originally, the car was intended to have a centrally mounted Wankel rotary engine, similar to the 1969 gull-wing Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental cars. The engine selection was reconsidered when Comotor production ended and the favored engine became the Ford Cologne V6 engine. The chassis was initially planned to use elastic reservoir moulding (ERM), which would lighten the car and lower its production costs. DeLorean had purchased patent rights to the essentially untested ERM technology, but it was eventually found to be unsuitable. Appearing in October 1976, the first prototype was completed by American automotive chief engineer William T. Collins, formerly chief engineer at Pontiac. The prototype was initially known as the DSV-1, or DeLorean Safety Vehicle. As development continued, the model was referred to as the DSV-12, before changing to DMC-12, the "12" deriving from the target list price of $12,000. Prototype 1's interior was significantly different from the production vehicle's. Prototype 1 had a prominent full-width knee bar, as it was intended to be a safety car. A medium brown leather covered the seats, but they were much flatter and did not have the comfort and support of the production seats. A black steering wheel with a fat center was intended to hold an airbag and the driver had a full set of Stewart-Warner gauges which included a central warning system that would check various fluid levels and even warn of low brake pad thickness though, even at this time, it was suspected that production cars would not have this feature. The Ford V6 engine would soon be abandoned in favor of the complete drivetrain from the Citroën CX 2000—deemed a more reliable choice. The inline-four engine from Citroën was ultimately deemed underpowered for the DeLorean. When Citroën learned of DMC plans to turbocharge the engine, Citroën suggested that DMC find another engine. Eventually the fuel-injected V6 PRV engine was selected. As a result, the engine location had to be moved from the mid-engined location in Prototype 1 to a rear-engined location in Prototype 2, a configuration which would be retained in the production vehicle. These and other changes to the original concept led to considerable schedule pressures. The design was deemed to require almost complete re-engineering, which was turned over to English engineer Colin Chapman, founder of Lotus Cars. Chapman replaced most of the unproven material and manufacturing techniques with those then employed by Lotus, including a steel backbone chassis. A small number of pre-production DeLoreans were produced with fiberglass bodies and are referred to as "black cars" or mules and were used by Lotus during development and engineering. After several delays and cost overruns, production at the Dunmurry factory, located a few miles from Belfast City Centre, finally began in late 1980. DMC changed the name DMC-12 on its now $25,000 car in favor of the model name DeLorean. The DeLorean sports car, as it was described in advertisements, began production in December 1980 with the first production car announced on January 21, 1981. just a few days after the arrest of its founder, John DeLorean, on drug-trafficking charges. Consolidated International purchased the unsold DeLoreans and partially completed DeLoreans still on the assembly line and assembled approximately 100 cars to finish the remaining production on December 24, 1982. ==Sales and production==

Sales Prior to the release of the DeLorean, there was a waiting list of eager buyers, many of whom paid over manufacturers suggested retail price (MSRP). However, that exuberance subsided very quickly and production output soon far exceeded sales volume. October 1981 was the highest month of sales for DMC with 720 vehicles sold but by December, the US was falling into recession and interest rates were rising which further negatively impacted sales. Despite this, instead of reducing production, John DeLorean doubled production output, further adding to the inventory of unsold cars. By the end of 1981, DMC had produced 7,500 cars but had sold only 3,000. and in February of that year, DMC was placed into receivership. In February 1982, unsold 1981 model year cars were "priced for immediate clearance" in hopes to make room for the more expensive 1982 model year cars. In March, telegrams were sent to all 343 dealerships requesting each buy six cars to help save the company; none of the dealers responded with a sales order. By this point, dealerships and the quality assurance centers were sitting on unsold inventory and hundreds more were sitting on the docks in Long Beach, California. By the end of May 1982, production at the factory was shut down. Another attempt in July 1982 was made to revive sales by offering discounts to dealerships and offering a 5-year/ warranty with the first year or portion secured by a major insurance carrier, but this was not successful. After resigning his position, Bruce McWilliams, VP of Marketing for DMC and later acting President for DMC America, said, "The car could never be sold in the numbers John DeLorean predicted". Production quantity Production information was lost or scattered upon the shutdown of DMC and production figures for the DeLorean were never verified based on official factory records. Owners have been able to piece together the approximate quantity of DeLoreans produced from vehicle identification number (VIN) information, despite some unexplained VIN gaps. Beginning in February 1982, the factory operated at a reduced production rate until the end of May that year. When Consolidated International acquired the unsold and partially assembled cars in November 1982, it brought back workers to complete the cars remaining on the assembly line. It was decided to make the remaining completed 1982 model year cars into 1983 models. The remaining cars' VINs were re-VINed into 1983 cars by taking the original VIN and adding 5000 to it and changing the "CD" in the middle of the VIN to "DD" thus making a 1983 model. For the 1981 model year, there were 6,700 DeLoreans produced (VIN 500–7199). For the 1982 model year, there were an estimated 1,999 DeLoreans produced (VIN 10001–11999). For the 1983 model year, there were an estimated 276 DeLoreans (VIN 17000–17170 and 20001–20105) produced, bringing total production to an estimated 8,975 cars. ==Construction==

The DeLorean features a number of unusual construction details, including gull-wing doors, unpainted stainless-steel body panels, and a rear-mounted engine. Body The body design of the DeLorean was a product of Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign. To create the car, Giugiaro drew on one of his previous works, the Porsche Tapiro, a concept car from 1970. and except for three cars plated in 24-karat gold, all DeLoreans left the factory uncovered by paint or clearcoat. Painted DeLoreans do exist, although these were all painted after the cars were purchased from the factory. The stainless-steel panels are fixed to a fiberglass underbody. The underbody is affixed to an epoxy-coated steel backbone chassis with Y-frames at either end, derived from the Lotus Esprit platform. that were developed by Grumman Aerospace. Engine and drivetrain The DeLorean's engine is a single overhead camshaft (PRV) V6 engine. The catalyst-equipped PRV engine in the DeLorean engine is derated to at 5,500 rpm and torque of at 2,750 rpm. These PRVs were a development of the 2.7-litre V6 used in the Renault 30 that were designed and built under special contract with the DeLorean Motor Company. This engine has a 90-degree layout with a light-alloy block with cast iron cylinder liners and light-alloy heads with cross-flow hemi-chambers. The engine has a bore and stroke, a compression ratio of 8.8:1 and is fitted with a Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection system. Steering is rack and pinion, with an overall steering ratio of 14.9:1, giving 2.65 turns lock-to-lock and a curb-to-curb turning circle. DeLoreans are equipped with cast alloy wheels, that are staggered in dimension, matching the car's wedge-shape, measuring in diameter by wide on the front and in diameter by wide on the rear. These were fitted with 195/60-14 (front) and 235/60-15 (rear) Goodyear NCT steel-belted radial tires. The DeLorean is a rear-engine vehicle with a 35%–65% front–rear weight distribution. The DeLorean features power-assisted disc brakes on all wheels, with rotors in front and in the rear. ==Production changes==

Although there were no typical yearly updates to the DeLorean, several changes were made to the DeLorean during production. Instead of making changes at the end of the model year, DMC implemented changes mid-production. This resulted in no clear distinction between the 1981, 1982, and 1983 model years, but with subtle changes taking place almost continuously throughout the production run. Other changes Although the styling of the DeLorean's wheels remained unchanged, the wheels of early 1981 models were painted grey. These wheels sported matching grey center caps with an embossed DMC logo. Early into the 1981 production run, these were changed to a polished silver look, with a contrasting black center cap. The embossed logo on the center caps was painted silver to add contrast. Closing the door from the inside can be achieved by using a grab handle. For people with shorter arms, DMC installed leather pull straps attached to the grab handle. Beginning with late-model 1981 cars, DMC revised the location of the leather pull strap to be centrally mounted and integrated into the lower door panel. The rear trim panel has an armrest extension that is visibly two separate pieces on early 1981 models; this armrest has a tendency to break loose as people get in and out of the vehicle. In late 1981, this was resolved by having the armrest extension integrated into the rear trim panel, the assembly wrapped in vacuum-formed vinyl. The small sun visors on the DeLorean have vinyl on one side and headliner fabric on the other side. Originally these were installed such that the headliner side would be on the bottom when not in use. Later on in 1981, they were reversed so that the vinyl side would be on the bottom. Three styles of AM/FM radio with cassette were used by DMC during production. The first two styles were manufactured by Craig. Since the original Craig radio did not have a built-in clock, one was installed in front of the gear shift on the console. The second Craig radio featured an on-board clock, the clock on the console was removed at the same time. The third radio manufactured by Audio Systems Incorporated (ASI), which had a DMC logo on the cassette tape door, was used on late 1982 models and all 1983 models. The first 2,200 cars produced used a windshield-embedded antenna. This type of antenna proved to be unsuitable with poor radio reception. Oftentimes the radio would continually "seek", attempting to find a signal. A standard whip antenna, which was later changed to a manually retractable antenna, was added to the outside of the front right fender. Despite improving radio reception, this resulted in a hole in the stainless steel, and an unsightly antenna. As a result, the antenna was again moved. The final antenna was an automatic retractable version installed under the rear induction grill behind the rear driver's-side window. The original 80-amp Ducellier alternator supplied with the early-production DeLoreans could not provide enough current to supply the car when all lights and electrical options were on; as a result, the battery would gradually discharge, leaving the driver stranded on the road. This happened to DeLorean-owner Johnny Carson shortly after he was presented with the vehicle. Beginning with cars built in late 1981, DeLoreans were fitted from the factory with a 90-amp Motorola alternator, which solved this problem. There were other minor changes throughout the production run that saw revisions in wheels, carpeting, automatic transmission shift knobs, exhaust tips and many more. File:De Lorean add-on Pull strap.jpg|alt=Early-style pull strap on a DeLorean gull wing door|Early-style pull strap File:1981 De Lorean 2-piece bolstering.JPG|alt=Early-style two-piece armrest extension on a DeLorean|Early-style two-piece armrest extension File:Delorean dmc-12 later style side bolster.jpg|alt=Later-style one-piece armrest extension found on a DeLorean|Later-style one-piece armrest extension File:Delorean early 1981 clock.jpg|alt=Early-style digital clock in a DeLorean|Early digital clock File:Delorean gray wheel.jpg|alt=Gray wheel found on early 1981 DeLorean|Early-1981 dark gray wheel File:mid 1981 De Lorean silver wheel.JPG|alt=Wheel found on mid-1981 and later DeLorean|Mid-1981 silver wheel ==Performance==

DMC's comparison literature stated that the DeLorean could accelerate from 0 to in 8.8 seconds when equipped with a manual transmission, but Road & Track magazine measured the time at 10.5 seconds. Top speed was claimed to be , but was tested to be ; ==Quality problems==

DeLoreans, early-production models in particular, suffered from poor build quality and mechanical issues. Early-production cars needed as much as 200 hours of work at DMC Quality Assurance Centers prior to being shipped to dealerships for delivery. Four recalls were issued by the factory to correct problems such as a sticking throttle, front-suspension issues and an inertia switch. Other quality issues included additional problems surrounding the front suspension, clutch pedal adjustment (or lack thereof), brake rotors, instruments, in particular the speedometer, power door locks and weak alternators. Many early DeLoreans were delivered poorly aligned, with the toe-in incorrectly set, leading to premature tire wear. In addition, many dealers were reluctant to perform warranty work on DeLoreans, since DMC owed them money for past warranty claims. Some dealerships were not able to perform repair work properly, as DMC never issued a proper service manual. The lack of quality service at dealerships was a point of frustration for many DeLorean owners at the time, particularly those who paid over MSRP to purchase one of the first cars. ==Pricing and options==

Base price Upon release in 1981, a DeLorean had a base MSRP of $25,000, or . MSRP increased in 1982 to $29,825, , and again in 1983 to $34,000, . Options A 3-speed automatic transmission, priced at $650 MSRP, was the only extra-cost factory option. Interior color choices were black or grey, with grey becoming available mid-1981 model year. The standard feature list included stainless-steel body panels, gull-wing doors with cryogenically-treated torsion bars, 5-speed manual transmission, Bridge of Weir leather seats, air conditioning, AM/FM cassette stereo system, power windows, locks and mirrors, a tilt and telescopic steering wheel, tinted glass, body side moldings, intermittent windshield wipers, and electric rear-window defogger. Dealer options Several dealer options were available, including a car cover, sheepskin seat covers, floor mats, car care cleaning kit, black-textured accent stripes, grey scotch-cal accent stripes, a luggage rack, and a ski-rack adapter. ==Notable and unique exemplars==

Wooden mock-up In March 1975, DMC entered into a contract with Italdesign to have Giorgetto Giugiaro design the DeLorean sports car. John DeLorean and Bill Collins approved one of the many designs, and the styling mock-up that was made from "epo-wood" (wooden framework with a special epoxy plaster) was shipped to the DMC office in Michigan on July 31, 1975. This mock-up served as the template for the prototype. The original full-size epo-wood DeLorean styling model was modified in the first quarter 1979 to reflect the refreshed design used in production. The mock-up was donated to the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, in Cultra, Northern Ireland, where it is on display. The car remained in a private collection until 2005 when it was sold and received a complete restoration. The car is in a private collection. Prototype 2 was sent to Lotus Cars for development and evaluation in 1978. It was reported to have been destroyed in the 1990s. An estimated 28 pilot cars were built. The pilot cars are best identified by the subtly different interiors and sliding side windows. These cars were used for evaluation and regulatory testing of the DeLorean. A few of the pilot cars have survived and are owned by private parties. Visioneering car With the 1980 NADA meeting approaching, DMC planned to show a final production version of the DeLorean; however, there were no production cars ready at the time or even any production stainless steel panels. Earlier, in summer 1979, the revised Giugiaro styling mock-up was shipped to Visioneering, a Detroit-based company, to create data needed to make the stamping dies for the stainless panels. This project expanded to create dies used to create a "production" car for the NADA show. Using a prototype chassis supplied by Lotus in late 1979, Visioneering completed the assembly of this car at a cost of $750,000. The car was presented at the 1980 NADA show and was later used for engineering development and technical training as well as press photos. The Visioneering car eventually was sold at the bankruptcy auction in late 1984 for $21,000. Legend turbo cars It was determined that the DeLorean needed additional power when automotive magazine road tests showed times for the DeLorean between 9.5 and 10.5 seconds, while its rivals were in the 7.5–8.5 seconds range. There had been interest in turbocharging the DeLorean early on, but the DMC engineering staff was busy with other projects, so DMC decided to go outside to develop a turbocharged version. DMC entered into a contract with Legend Industries, based in Hauppauge, New York, a firm having previous success with turbocharging Fiat Spiders for Fiat USA. DMC wanted to increase power without sacrificing fuel efficiency. DMC wanted a wide power band and did not want a surge of power similar to the Porsche 911 Turbo. Legend used twin IHI RHB52 turbos along with twin intercoolers. The results were an engine capable of accelerating smoothly in fifth gear from 1,500 rpm to full turbo boost at 2,500 rpm, reaching at 6,500 rpm. In a test run at Bridgehampton Raceway in 1981, the twin-turbo DeLorean was quicker than a Ferrari 308 and a Porsche 928. John DeLorean was so impressed with the engine, he committed to ordering 5,000 engines from Legend Industries. DMC planned to offer a turbocharged engine as a $7,500 option in 1984. Right-hand-drive models DeLoreans were primarily intended for the American market and all production models were therefore left-hand-drive. DMC was aware as early as April 1981 of the need to produce a right-hand-drive (RHD) version to supply to world markets, specifically the United Kingdom. DMC faced the choice of building right-hand-drive models from scratch or performing a post-production conversion. Given the cost of new body molds, tooling, and a host of specific parts that a factory-built right-hand-drive configuration would require, the company opted to investigate the idea of a post-production conversion using Wooler-Hodec, an English company based in Andover, Hampshire. About 30 early DeLoreans were shipped to Wooler-Hodec and the best 20 were to be converted to RHD. However, only 13 conversions were completed. Wooler-Hodec would close shortly thereafter. Three other factory-authorized RHD cars were built. Known as AXI cars, these cars were registered and used by the factory in Northern Ireland, with registration numbers (license plates), AXI 1697, AXI 1698, AXI 1699 and have minor differences from the Wooler-Hodec cars. After the liquidation of DMC, many of the factory company cars were sold at various auctions around the United Kingdom, some of which were converted by former Wooler-Hodec employees and DMC engineers to RHD resulting in eight known post-factory RHD conversions. Gold-plated For Christmas 1980, a DeLorean/American Express promotion planned to sell 100 24K-gold-plated DeLoreans for $85,000 each to its gold-card members, but only two were sold. The first gold-plated American Express DeLorean was purchased by Sherwood Marshall, an entrepreneur and former Royal Canadian Naval Officer. This car, VIN 4300, is equipped with a manual transmission and a saddle-brown interior. Marshall donated his DeLorean to the William F. Harrah Foundation/National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada. The second gold-plated DeLorean was purchased by Roger Mize, president of Snyder National Bank in Snyder, Texas. This car, VIN 4301, equipped with an automatic transmission and black interior, sat in the bank lobby for over 20 years before being loaned to the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. A third gold-plated car was assembled with spare parts that were required by American Express in case one of the other two that were built was damaged. All necessary gold-plated parts were on hand, with the exception of one door that was sourced later. The car was first acquired by the winner of a Big Lots store raffle. This car, VIN 20105, is in a private collection. Back to the Future .|alt=DeLorean used in the filming of Back to the Future The DMC DeLorean is most notably featured as the time machine in the Back to the Future film trilogy. Six DeLoreans were used during the production, along with one manufactured out of fiberglass for scenes where a full-size DeLorean was needed to "fly" on-screen. The cars used in the first film had the original V6 engine (whose sound in the movie comes from the V8 engine of a Porsche 928). Only three of the cars still exist, The third car, used in Back to the Future Part III, was restored and was sold at auction for $541,200 in December 2011. A fully restored Back to the Future DeLorean can be viewed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. ==Reception==

At the time of release, the automotive press was complimentary. Motor Trend, Car and Driver, and Road & Track made generally positive remarks about the car, particularly its daily-driver qualities, like the comfortable seats on longer drives, unexpected ease of in- and egress in tight parking, and for such a low car, spacious trunk, pleasant smell of the standard leather seats in the cabin, and commendable fuel economy. However, they argued that the DeLorean is more a grand touring (GT) car, offering enjoyable handling and performance in real life traffic, and "on your favorite two-lane roads", than a sports car, given its disappointing performance in comparative testing. In his book Naff Motors: 101 Automotive Lemons, Tony Davis described the build quality as "woeful". Top Gear writer Richard Porter included it in his book Crap Cars, calling it "dismal". ==Legacy==

The DeLorean continues to have a following more than 40 years after the company shut down. The car's distinct looks and popularity from the Back to the Future film franchise make the vehicle widely recognizable. The DeLorean community is international and there are DeLorean clubs across North America and Europe as well as clubs in Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. Most automotive museums around the world have a DeLorean in their collection, and the car is often cited as one of the museums' star attractions. ==In media==

A modified DeLorean was notably featured as the time machine in Back to the Future. Director Robert Zemeckis suggested the DeLorean because it offered mobility and a unique design; the gull-wing doors would appear like an alien UFO to a 1950s family. The DeLorean has appeared in television and movies, often as a symbol of the 1980s, in films such as The Wedding Singer and television episodes of American Dad! and The Simpsons. DeLoreans have been featured on numerous car restoration and build shows including Wheeler Dealers and Supercar Megabuild. While in production, the DeLorean was featured in several cross-promotional print media advertisements. Some suppliers such as Sylvania and Goodyear were convinced of the merits of letting customers know their products were used on the DeLorean while others such as American Express and Cutty Sark were interested in their brand being associated with the DeLorean. The 1987 song, "Rock Soldiers" by Ace Frehley refers to an autobiographical event describing an attempt to escape from the police while driving a red 1981 DeLorean reaching speeds of approximately with a suspended license. Both the DeLorean and the BTTF-themed DeLorean have appeared in numerous video games and is included as a playable vehicle in franchises such as Forza, Gran Turismo, and The Crew. ==Notes==