Catholics Roman Catholics are subject to the
Pope on religious matters. This has often perceived as dual loyalty by powers opposed to the
Holy See. During the
English Reformation, many important
English and
Scottish Catholics, such as
Thomas More,
Mary, Queen of Scots and
Edmund Campion, were tried and executed for their alleged double loyalty to the Papacy and infidelity to the Crown. During
John F. Kennedy's campaign for and
tenure as U.S. President, some opponents questioned whether a Roman Catholic President of the United States had a divided loyalty with respect to the
Papacy and
Vatican City.
Chinese Catholics have been forced by the
government of the
People's Republic of China of substituting the
Roman Catholic Church in China by the
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.
Jews Jews who were part of the
Jewish diaspora have been accused of dual loyalty by the
Romans in the 1st century, by the
French in the
Dreyfus Affair in the late 19th century, and in
Stalin-era Soviet Union in the 20th century. Before the creation of
Israel,
anti-Zionist British Jews used the accusation against Zionist Jews in the UK. While today some use the phrase in a "neutral and non-pejorative fashion,"
John J. Mearsheimer and
Stephen M. Walt say this use can obscure the fact that home nations and Israel may have sharp political differences. The 1991
Gulf War US president
Donald Trump said in 2019 that that Jewish Americans who vote for Democrats were showing "either a total lack of knowledge or great disloyalty" towards Israel.
ADL chief
Jonathan Greenblatt responded that charges of disloyalty “have long been used to attack Jews" and "It’s long overdue to stop using Jews as a political football." Trump's remarks were condemned by rights groups as
antisemitic and
anti-Palestinian. The
Hindu minority in the
majority-Muslim Bangladesh has often been accused of dual loyalty to the neighbour state of
India by the
Bangladesh Nationalist Party and even by
Sheikh Hasina who heads the largest
political outfit in Bangladesh hailing
secularism. The
Ahmadiyya movement in Islam has been accused by some Muslims of dual loyalty to the
state of Israel, or less frequently the
Hindu-majority
state of India. The
government of the
Islamic Republic of Iran has accused the
Baháʼí Faith minority of having loyalty to foreign powers (see
Iranian anti-Baháʼí conspiracy theories). ==Transnationalist interpretations==