Native American history This area had been inhabited for thousands of years by wandering tribes of
indigenous peoples. At the time of European contact, East Hampton was home to the
Pequot people, part of the culture that also occupied territory on the northern side of Long Island Sound, in what is now Connecticut of southern New England. They belong to the large
Algonquian-speaking language family. Bands on Long Island were identified by their geographic locations. The historical people known to the colonists as the
Montaukett, who were Pequot, controlled most of the territory at the east end of Long Island. In the late-17th century
Chief Wyandanch of the Montaukett negotiated with English colonists for the land in the East Hampton area. The differing concepts held by the Montaukett and English about land and its use contributed to the Montaukett losing most of their lands over the ensuing centuries. Wyandanch's elder brother, the grand sachem
Poggaticut, sold an
island to English colonist
Lion Gardiner for "a large black dog, some powder and shot, and a few Dutch blankets." In 1660, Chief Wyandanch's widow signed away the rest of the land from present-day Hither Hills to the tip of Montauk Point for 100 pounds, to be paid in 10 equal installments of "
Indian corn or good
wampum at six to a penny". The sales provided that the Montaukett were permitted to stay on the land, to hunt and fish at will, and to harvest the tails and fins of
whales that beached on the East Hampton shores. Town officials who bought the land filed for reimbursement from the colony for the
rum with which they had plied the tribe during negotiations. Gradually, however, colonists stopped the Montaukett using the land by preventing them from hunting and fishing. They were said to interfere with the crops on their farms, in a conflict similar to the later farmer-rancher arguments of the Old West. Some Montaukett continued to live on Long Island. In the mid to late nineteenth century, their most well-known member was
Stephen Talkhouse. Their area on Lake Montauk was called
Indian Fields until 1879. With their population reduced, over the years the Montaukett intermarried with other peoples of the area, but brought up many of their descendants as Montaukett in their culture. When
Arthur W. Benson brought a government auction of
Montauk, New York, in which he bought nearly the entire east end of the town, he evicted the Montaukett. They relocated to
Freetown, a community established by free
people of color on the northern edge of East Hampton Village. The tribe made several attempts to get the courts to declare the evictions illegal, but the court ruled in favor of the evictions. Since the 1990s, the Montaukett have pressed for formal recognition as a tribe. The
Shinnecock Indian Nation, many of whom had continued to occupy a portion of land on the South Shore and claimed it as their reservation, received federal recognition in 2010 as a tribe and also have state recognition. Historically both groups were part of the larger Pequot people. Montaukett artifacts and
sweat lodges are visible from trails at
Theodore Roosevelt County Park. The park was formerly called Montauk County Park.
Anglo-European settlement tomb at the South End Cemetery East Hampton was the first English settlement in the state of New York. In 1639 Lion Gardiner purchased land, what became known as
Gardiner's Island, from the
Montaukett people. In 1648 a royal British charter recognized the island as a wholly contained colony, independent of both New York and Connecticut. It kept that status until after the American Revolution, when it came under New York State and the Town of East Hampton authority. On June 12, 1640, nine
Puritan families from
Lynn, Massachusetts landed at what is now known as Conscience Point, in Southampton; some later migrated to present-day East Hampton. Among the first English settlers in East Hampton were John Hand, Thomas Talmage, Daniel Howe, Thomas Thomson, John Mulford, William Hedges, Ralph Dayton, Thomas Chatfield and Thomas Osborn. The
Mulford Farmhouse, on James Lane, is the best-preserved 17th-century English colonial house in East Hampton. The barn dates to 1721, and the complex is operated as a
living museum. It is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places. The house was built in 1680 for Josiah Hobart, a prominent early settler, named in the first formal deed of conveyance of East Hampton. This was known as the East-Hampton or
Dongan Patent. The 1686 instrument granting the Town of East Hampton to its new proprietors was signed by
Thomas Dongan, then Governor of New York. The patent named Capt. Hobart one of "Trustees of the freeholders and commonalty of the town of East-Hampton". Sons of Rev. Peter Hobart, founding minister of
Old Ship Church in
Hingham, Massachusetts, Josiah Hobart and his brother Joshua both migrated to Long Island with their families. Josiah Hobart settled in East Hampton, where he served as High Sheriff of Suffolk County. His brother Joshua, a minister, went to
Southold, where he served the town for 45 years.
Isaac Van Scoy from Amagansett wed Mercy Edwards in February 1757, and during the spring of that year, the couple relocated to the region referred to as Northwest or Alewife Brook Neck, located approximately six miles north of East Hampton Village. This Northwest "Ghost town" settlement during the mid 1800s saw development due to Northwest Harbor, later it was deemed too shallow for deep draft ships and the harbor moved to
Sag Harbor, leading to the settlements demise. East Hampton was the third Connecticut settlement on the East end of Long Island. East Hampton formally united with Connecticut in 1657. Long Island was formally declared to be part of New York (and also subject to English law) by
Charles II of England after four British frigates captured what is today
New York City, releasing East Hampton from its Connecticut governance. East Hampton was first called Maidstone, after
Maidstone,
Kent, England. The name was later changed to "Easthampton", reflecting the geographic names of its neighbors, Southampton and Westhampton. In 1885 the name was split into two words, after the local newspaper the
East Hampton Star began using the two-word name. "Maidstone" is frequently used in place names throughout the town, including the
Maidstone Golf Club.
Deep Hollow Ranch, established in 1658 in Montauk, is the oldest continuously operating cattle ranch in the United States.
Gallery File:USA flag waving in East Hampton, New York.jpg|A U.S. flag waving above
Montauk Highway File:George Bradford Brainerd. House and Mill, East Hampton, Long Island, ca. 1872-1887.jpg|
House and Mill, East Hampton, Long Island, c. 1872-1887. George Bradford Brainerd,
Brooklyn Museum File:George Bradford Brainerd. Blacksmith Shop, East Hampton, Long Island, ca. 1872-1887.jpg|
Blacksmith Shop, East Hampton, Long Island, c. 1872-1887. George Bradford Brainerd, Brooklyn Museum File:George Bradford Brainerd. Along Beach, East Hampton, Long Island, ca. 1872-1887.jpg|
Along Beach, East Hampton, Long Island, c. 1872-1887. George Bradford Brainerd, Brooklyn Museum File:George Bradford Brainerd. Academy, East Hampton, Long Island, ca. 1872-1887.jpg|Academy, East Hampton, Long Island, c. 1872-1887 File:St. Luke's Episcopal Church (East Hampton, New York).jpg|
St. Luke's Episcopal Church File:Town Pond01.jpg|Town Pond File:Lily Pond, East Hampton, New York.jpg|Lily Pond File:Gardiners windmill and graves 20180916 115815.jpg|Gardiner Windmill File:MulfordFarmWindmill (Pantigo) 6913.jpg|Pantigo Windmill File:Old Hook Windmill 20180916 080942 01.jpg|Hook Mill
Whaling While East Hampton was developed originally for agriculture, the settlers soon discovered that
whales frequently
beached along the South shore of the town. The whales could be carved up for food and oil. Town laws were written to regulate the proper handling of such carcasses. As the demand for whale products grew, residents became more aggressive in their harvesting techniques. No longer content to settle for harvesting beached whales, they began harvesting live whales that were coming near shore. Northwest Harbor, located at
Northwest Landing on Gardiner's Bay, was the town's first harbor. The harbor turned out to be too shallow for large ships, so a larger port was developed two miles (3 km) West, at Sag Harbor. Some accounts say that it was named because of its relation to the settlement of
Sagaponack, New York in the Town of Southampton. At the peak of the whaling industry, in 1847, some 60 whale ships were based in Sag Harbor, employing 800 men in related businesses.
Herman Melville made numerous references to this village in his novel,
Moby-Dick. The port rivaled that of New York. After 1847 the whaling industry dropped off dramatically because of the rise of alternative fuel products. Among the sea captains of Sag Harbor were ancestors of politician
Howard Dean, who was born in East Hampton. The most famous voyages out of Sag Harbor were those by
Mercator Cooper. In 1845 he was on an American ship that picked up shipwrecked Japanese sailors in the
Bonin Islands and returned them to
Tokyo. In 1853 Cooper traveled with an expedition to the far South, where he broke through the ice shelf to become the first person to touch
East Antarctica. East Hampton is still highly influenced by maritime businesses, including tourism. It attracts large summer crowds of residents and tourists. Montauk is New York state's largest fishing port. The Town is famed for its commercial sports fishing, made particularly famous by
Frank Mundus. One of the largest buildings in the town is the Promised Land fish meal factory at Napeague.
Presidents and First Ladies First Ladies
Julia Gardiner Tyler and
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis spent their childhoods there.
Theodore Roosevelt was briefly quarantined in Montauk, at Camp Wyckoff, after returning from the Spanish–American War.
Bill and
Hillary Clinton spent week-long summer vacations in 1998 and 1999.
Julia Gardiner Tyler Julia Gardiner was born on Gardiners Island and her father had a house in East Hampton village. On February 28, 1844, she and her father,
David Gardiner, were part of the Presidential party aboard the when a malfunctioning cannon exploded. Her father and two Cabinet officers were killed. According to legend Julia fainted into the arms of President John Tyler (who had earlier lost his first wife). They married four months later, creating a national scandal, since there was a 30-year difference in their ages. Although Tyler was a member of the wealthy Gardiner family and a former First Lady of the United States, she had economic problems after the
American Civil War. She and her husband had supported the
Confederate States of America. She is buried with the President in
Hollywood Cemetery in
Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital during the war and the capital of Virginia. Her father and one of her sons are buried in the South End Burial Ground in East Hampton.
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was born at Southampton Hospital on July 28, 1929. She would have been born in New York City but she was six weeks late. Her parents,
Janet Norton Lee and
John Vernou Bouvier III, known as "Black Jack," were staying at
Lasata, the East Hampton home of her paternal grandfather, Major
John Vernou Bouvier Jr. Her parents had been married at St. Philomena's Catholic Church in East Hampton on July 7, 1928. The reception was held at the East Hampton village home of her maternal grandparents, James T. Lee and Margaret Lee, located on Lily Pond. Her family were members of the
Maidstone Club. She and her younger sister,
Lee Bouvier, spent their summers at the house in East Hampton until she was 10, when her parents divorced. Her connection to East Hampton received renewed national attention in the 1970s. It was covered in news reports following the release of the 1975 documentary
Grey Gardens, which explored the lives of her aunt,
Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, and cousin,
Edith Bouvier Beale. They were revealed to be living in poverty in a mansion of that name. Jacqueline and her husband
Aristotle Onassis donated money to improve the lives of her relatives. (The documentary was adapted as
a Broadway musical of the same name. A documentary on the estate was released in 2006.) Jacqueline's aunt and uncle,
Winifred Lee and Franklin d'Olier, continued to own the Lily Pond Lane home of her maternal grandparents until 2002. The Bouvier family cemetery plot is at
Most Holy Trinity Catholic Cemetery on Cedar Street. Jackie's father, maternal grandmother, paternal grandparents, and paternal great-grandparents, as well as various relatives, including Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, are buried in the cemetery.
Bill and Hillary Clinton In 1998 and 1999 as talk surfaced that Hillary Clinton was considering a Senate run from New York, they began summering in East Hampton, where they stayed at the Georgica Pond home of
Steven Spielberg. Clinton gave a Saturday radio chat from the Amagansett fire station. In June 2008, at the conclusion of Hillary Clinton's Presidential bid, she stayed at the Wiborg Beach home of
Thomas H. Lee in East Hampton Village.
African-American history East Hampton has played an important role in
African-American history. After the American Revolutionary War, New York passed a gradual abolition law, making children free who were born to slave mothers. But the last slaves were not freed until 1827. During the
War of 1812, the Gardiners used slaves to transport supplies back and forth to Gardiner's Island. According to the Gardiners, slaves were easier to pass through British blockades since it was "obvious" that they were "owned." During this period Sag Harbor rose to a port status, rivaling New York, due to its whale oil trade. Many slaves worked on the docks in connection with shipping and the whale trade. After slavery had ended, Gardiner's former slaves developed small houses in
Freetown (East Hampton), just north of East Hampton village. Sag Harbor's
freedmen developed the
Eastville community in Sag Harbor. In 1808 the United States and Great Britain cooperated in ending the African slave trade, but Spain continued to transport slaves to its Caribbean and Latin American colonies. On August 26, 1839, crew from
La Amistad, an illegal slave ship that had been commandeered by its captives off
Cuba, dropped anchor at
Culloden Point and came ashore at Montauk to get supplies. The slaves, who were inexperienced navigators, thought they were on course to Africa. Members of the
U.S. Navy ship
USS Washington, seeing the slaves on shore, arrested them and took them to Connecticut. This was an international case, with Spain arguing for the return of the ship and slaves (or compensation). The United States had its own laws to interpret. The Mende people who had been illegally taken argued for their freedom.
Amistad case was ultimately decided by the
U.S. Supreme Court in 1841.
John Quincy Adams argued for the Africans. The court decided in their favor, opining that the initial capture of the Mende by the Spanish was illegal, so they were classified as free men defending their freedom and were not charged under slave law with mutiny or revolt. East Hampton film director
Steven Spielberg popularized the slave revolt and Supreme Court case in the
1997 film Amistad. One of the
Amistad former slaves stayed in the United States after the trial. He worked as a
valet for President
John Tyler. He was killed aboard
USS Princeton along with David Gardiner and two Cabinet officers, when one of the cannons exploded during a demonstration. In 1845 African-American sailor
Pyrrhus Concer of Sag Harbor was aboard the
Manhattan, a ship captained by
Mercator Cooper, which picked up shipwrecked Japanese sailors in the
Bonin Islands. The ship was allowed to enter
Tokyo Bay under escort to return the sailors. As Japan had been closed to foreign shipping, it was the first American ship to visit Tokyo. Concer was the first African American the Japanese had seen. He is depicted in their drawings of the event.
Playground for the rich East Hampton from its earliest days with the settlement of Gardiners Island has had a reputation as being a home for the wealthy especially after the Gardiners married into almost all the wealthy New York City families. More than one hundred miles from Manhattan, East Hampton remained largely undeveloped until 1880 when
Austin Corbin extended the
Long Island Rail Road from
Bridgehampton to Montauk. As part of the development,
Arthur W. Benson forced an auction and paid US$151,000 for 10,000 acres (40 km2) around Montauk. He forced the eviction of the Montaukket Native Americans there. Benson brought in architect
Stanford White to design six "cottages", mansions near Ditch Plains in Montauk. They formed the Montauk Association to govern their exclusive neighborhood. With new access to the village of East Hampton from New York, wealthy families ventured east from Southampton and built mansions in East Hampton. The
Maidstone Golf Club opened in 1891. Among the early "cottages" was
Tick Hall, later owned in the late 20th century by TV figure
Dick Cavett. It burned in 1993, but Cavett had it restored. He had the process filmed for a television documentary. Corbin had industrial ambitions associated with extending the train to Montauk. He thought a new port city would develop around the train station on Fort Pond Bay, and that oceangoing ships from Europe would dock there. Passengers could take the train into New York City–thus saving a day in transit. The grand plans for Montauk did not pan out. The land was sold to the United States Army.
Theodore Roosevelt made a much publicized visit to Camp Wyckoff there at the end of the
Spanish–American War. In 1926,
Carl G. Fisher intended to revive the dream of an urban Montauk, with plans to develop it as a destination, the
Miami Beach of the north. He bought the former Benson property for $2.5 million (it was sold as surplus government property following the end of
World War I). He built the six-story Montauk Improvement Building in downtown Montauk (which is still the town's tallest occupied structure—as subsequent zoning has forbidden highrise structures), the Montauk Manor (which was a luxury hotel), dredged Lake Montauk and opened it to Block Island Sound to support his Montauk Yacht Club and the associated Star Island Casino, as well as the
Montauk Downs golf club. Fisher lost his fortune in the Stock Market
Crash of 1929. The land was sold back to the military in
World War II. During World War II, the Army developed its land for Army, Navy and Air Force bases. Through the years, East Hampton's wealth has evolved. The village has grown, and former farmland dominated by
potato fields has been developed for residential housing. The village of East Hampton is considered to have the most dazzling row of mansions, located along Further Lane and Lily Pond Lane parallel to the ocean. While ostentatious displays of wealth occurred near the ocean ("south of the
Montauk Highway"), much simpler houses and bungalows have been built in such areas as Springs and Montauk. In the 1950s and 1960s, following the
Kitchen Debate between
Nikita Khrushchev and
Richard Nixon, more cheap affordable
prefabricated homes called
Leisurama were built as second homes in Montauk at Culloden Point. In November 2006, the median price of a house in the Town was US $895,000 compared with a national median for the U.S. of $225,000. Several houses in East Hampton now sell for prices in the tens of millions of dollars. Living in East Hampton is relatively expensive, in 2007 the cost of living was 168% of the national average. The entertainer and businessman
Sean Combs held many of his
White Parties at his house on Hedges Banks Drive in East Hampton. The
New York Times wrote that in the 2000s "few events held the cultural cachet" that the White Parties did. The parties saw a broad range of social and cultural elites socialising together as "veteran celebrities mixed with of-the-moment stars and the high-society set at gatherings that often had civic-minded causes" according to the
New York Times.
Artists' colony in Springs East Hampton's reputation as an artists' colony began with painter
Jackson Pollock, who resided in
Springs, New York in the 1940s and 1950s, with
Lee Krasner, at what is now known as the
Pollock-Krasner House and Studio. Many of his most famous paintings were painted in the barn, which he had converted into a studio. The property is now open to the public for tours, by appointment. It is now owned by
Stony Brook University with scheduled appointments to view his studio, which was left unchanged after his death. Among the other artists who popularized East Hampton as an artists' colony were
Willem de Kooning,
Mark Rothko,
Franz Kline,
Ian Hornak,
Larry Rivers,
Alfonso Ossorio,
Robert Motherwell,
Andy Warhol,
John Ferren,
Thomas Moran,
Louis Schanker, and
Charlotte Park as well as art dealers
Leo Castelli and
Ileana Sonnabend. Pollock died in 1956 while driving with his mistress,
Ruth Kligman, and a friend of hers, on Springs Fireplace Road, after picking them up at the Long Island Railroad station in East Hampton. Pollock and Krasner are buried in
Green River Cemetery, in Springs, along with many of the artists of their generation. Pollock's influence continues to be felt in the community.
Marcia Gay Harden won a 2000
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for portraying Krasner in
Pollock, which was shot in East Hampton as the dream project of
Ed Harris, who was also nominated for Best Actor. An ongoing debate rages over whether 24 paintings and drawings found in a Wainscott locker in 2003 are Pollock originals. Physicists have argued over whether
fractals can be used to authenticate the paintings. The debate is still inconclusive.
Andy Warhol and his longtime collaborator,
Paul Morrissey, had a large, waterfront estate in Montauk called
Eothen. Among their guests were
Jacqueline Onassis,
Lee Radziwill, the
Rolling Stones,
Bianca Jagger,
Jerry Hall,
Liza Minnelli,
Elizabeth Taylor,
John Lennon,
John Phillips, and
Halston. In 1993, the Andy Warhol Foundation donated of the estate to the
Nature Conservancy for the Andy Warhol Visual Arts Preserve, which is run in conjunction with Art Barge in nearby Napeague.
Natural disasters Two major natural disasters that affected East Hampton include the
Hurricane of 1938 and
Hurricane Carol, in 1954, both of which found the Atlantic Ocean splitting the town in two at Napeague. The 1938 storm also washed up so much sand that the
Cedar Point Lighthouse, which had been on an island, became connected to the mainland. The 1954 storm also toppled the MacKay Radio towers at Napeague. East Hampton does not have the
barrier beaches that run almost the entire length of the south shore of Long Island from Coney Island to Southampton. East Hampton's ocean beaches are connected to the mainland, which prevents them from being washed over in storms. Due to storms on Fort Pond Bay, the hamlet of Montauk was actually moved by the Navy at the end of World War II. The hamlet was originally located at the train station, but was constantly being flooded. East Hampton is regularly hit by hurricanes and
Nor'easters. Given the town's generally flat topography, water often accumulates on town roads stranding motorists in heavy rains. The town's most serious environmental problem is
beach erosion. The town has severely restricted development on ocean front property, thus limiting impact. The Montauk Lighthouse, which used to be almost from the cliffs is now from the cliffs. The most threatened areas now are in the hamlet of Montauk, which is the only community in the town with its business district next to the ocean, as are the oceanfront estates of East Hampton. At Georgica Pond the United States Corps of Engineers built
Groynes to protect the mansions. The construction is a source of friction with Southampton, which says the jetties interrupt the
longshore drift, greatly increasing beach erosion there. The lack of beach front development, including the fact there are no
boardwalk promenades, which are features of many developed beach communities, has contributed to East Hampton beaches being listed among the best beaches in the country.
Military history While East Hampton is considered almost exclusively a residential community, it has been the home of
United States Navy,
United States Army, and
United States Air Force bases, the last of which closed in the 1980s. It currently has a
United States Coast Guard headquarters. Skirmishes and military incidents took place in the town from the 17th century through World War II.
Massacre Valley The biggest recorded loss of life in the various skirmishes and conflicts in East Hampton was "Massacre Valley" in 1653 in Montauk when 30 members of the Montaukett tribe were killed by members of the
Narragansett tribe at the foot of what is now Montauk Manor. The Montauketts had a thriving
wampum (made from
whelk shells on the East Hampton beaches) trade Connecticut tribes. The arrangements were disrupted in 1637 by the
Pequot War which was to solidify English domination of New England and change the balance of power among Native American tribes. The Pequot War was to contribute to the Montauketts selling Gardiners Island, East Hampton and Southampton to the English with the understanding the English would protect the Montauketts from attacks from Connecticut. However a war broke out between the Montauketts and the Narragansett, the nominal Native American victors in Pequot War. In 1653 the Narragansetts under
Ninigret attacked and burned the Montaukett village, killed 30 and captured one of Wyandanch's daughters. The daughter was ransomed with the aid of Lion Gardiner (who in turn was to get large portion of
Smithtown, New York in appreciation). The Montauketts temporarily moved closer to East Hampton village and the English ordered ships in Long Island Sound to sink Narragansett canoes. The skirmishes were to end in 1657.
Captain Kidd East Hampton had pirates on its waterways in the 17th century and early 18th century, the most notable of which was
Captain Kidd who was hanged after his booty on Gardiners Island was introduced at his trial. Kidd is said to have buried treasure all over Long Island. He parted ways after his
east indian adventures with his quartermaster,
Hendrick van der Heul, at Little Northwest Creek, near Sag Harbor in 1699 after dividing up the booty from the voyage. Money Ponds at the Montauk Lighthouse are named because of treasure reported to have been left there. In June 1699 Kidd was stopped on the island while sailing to Boston to try to clear his name. With the permission of the proprietor, Mrs. Gardiner, he buried $30,000 in treasure in a ravine between Bostwick's Point and the Manor House. For her troubles he gave her a piece of gold cloth (a piece of which is now at the East Hampton library) that was captured from a Moorish ship off
Madagascar, as well as a bag of sugar. Kidd warned that if it was not there when he returned he would kill Gardiner. Kidd was tried in Boston and Gardiner was ordered to deliver the treasure as evidence. The booty included gold dust, bars of silver,
Spanish dollars, rubies, diamonds, candlesticks and
porringers. Gardiner kept one of the diamonds, which he gave his daughter. A plaque on the island marks the spot, but it's on private property.
American Revolution In 1775 the British first ventured toward Long Island at
Fort Pond Bay at Montauk during the
Siege of Boston. John Dayton, who had limited troops at his disposal, feigned that he had more by walking them back and forth across a hill turning their coats inside out to make it look like there more of them (a tactic referred to as ''Dayton's Ruse''). The British would not formally attack Long Island until 1776. After the fall of Long Island during the
Battle of Long Island, the East Hampton ports of Northwest and Sag Harbor were blockaded by the British and the British used Gardiner's Island for a hunting preserve. The first American victory in New York after the Battle of Long Island was
Meigs Raid on Sag Harbor (sometimes called the Battle of Sag Harbor) when continentals from Connecticut raided the British earth works in the village and burned the ships and wharfs on the East Hampton side of the village. The Americans killed six and transported 90 British prisoners back to Connecticut without losing a single soldier. A story often circulated is the story of Isaac Van Scoy who had a farm in Northwest. According to the tales the British raided his farmhouse and he killed one soldier with a pitchfork. Van Scoy was reported to have eventually been captured and taken to a prison ship in Sag Harbor where he escaped. The earthen remains of Van Scoy's house are still visible in the Northwest Preserve where he is buried (American flags mark his grave on holidays). His name is applied to various placenames in the area including Van Scoy Pond. The manor house on Gardiners Island had just been built in 1774 and members of the British forces were to use it throughout the war – with or without permission. Among the British guests were
Henry Clinton and
John André. At one point Major Andre and Gardiner son Nathaniel Gardiner, who was a surgeon for the New Hampshire Continental Infantry, exchanged toasts on the island. Gardiner would later be the American surgeon who attended to Andre when he was executed after being caught spying with
Benedict Arnold. The British fleet used East Hampton waters for blockading Connecticut and planning for a new offense to retake New England (that never took place). One of the ships, , ran aground at what is now called
Culloden Point in Montauk during a winter storm on January 24, 1781. The ship was scuttled and burned. In the 1970s remains of the ship were discovered and is now Long Island's only
underwater park. Remains of the ship can be seen at the East Hampton Marine Museum in Amagansett. After the war, Gardiners Island which had been considered an independent colony was officially added to New York and East Hampton.
George Washington was to authorize construction of the
Montauk Point Lighthouse.
War of 1812 showing the white windmill (r) and family home (upper left) During the
War of 1812 British frigates once again controlled the northern bays of East Hampton with frigates headquartered in Gardiners Bay particularly harassing ships going into Sag Harbor. Sag Harbor had a fort manned by 3,000 troops on Turkey Hill. July 11, 1813, One hundred British Marines raided the wharf but were driven back after setting fire to one sloop by Americans led by Capt. David Hand. During the
War of 1812 a British fleet of seven ships of the line and several smaller frigates anchored in Cherry Harbor and conducted raids on American shipping
Long Island Sound. Crews would come ashore for provisions which were purchased at market prices. During one of the British excursions, Americans captured some of the crew. The British came to arrest then Lord of the Manor John Lyon Gardiner. Gardiner, who was a delicate man, adopted the "green room defense" where he stayed in a bed with green curtains surrounded by medicine to make him look feeble. The British, not wanting a sick man on board, let him be. Gardiner's supply boats were manned by slaves during the war and this made it easier for them to pass through British lines. Many of the Gardiner slaves were to live in the
Freetown (East Hampton), just north of
East Hampton (village), New York.
Spanish–American War During the
Spanish–American War, the Army built Fort Tyler on
Gardiners Point Island in an attempt to protect Long Island. A more important fort was the massive Camp Wickoff (also called Wyckoff) which stretched from the current Montauk Long Island Railroad station to the Montauk Point Lighthouse. The area was used to quarantine soldiers coming from the conflict. The most prominent group among the 20,000 soldiers who passed through the base were
Theodore Roosevelt and his
Rough Riders. The tented camp became a national scandal over the poor treatment of troops (256 died there) and President
William McKinley visited to emphasize improvements. Exhibits and artifacts from the camp are at
Theodore Roosevelt County Park.
World War I During
World War I, the E.W. Bliss Company of
Brooklyn, New York tested torpedoes in the harbor, a half mile north of Sag Harbor. As part of the process, Long Wharf in Sag Harbor was reinforced with concrete and rail spurs built along the wharf as the torpedoes were loaded onto ships for testing. They were shipped via the Long Island Road, along the Sag Harbor to the wharf which was owned by the railroad at the time. Among those observing the tests was
Thomas Alva Edison. Most of the today's buildings on the wharf, including the Bay Street Theatre, were built during this time. The torpedoes, which did not have exploding warheads, are occasionally found by divers on the bay floor.
World War II During World War II, coastal fortifications were set up along the eastern tip of Long Island at Montauk. A concrete observation tower as built next to the Montauk Lighthouse. 16 inch naval guns were placed in adjacent bunkers at
Camp Hero. The observation tower is still next to the lighthouse and the additional bunkers are visible at
Camp Hero State Park as well as
Shadmoor State Park. On June 13, 1942, as part of
Operation Pastorius four German agents led by
George John Dasch were landed by U202 at what is now Atlantic Avenue Beach (sometimes called Coast Guard Beach) in Amagansett. Confronted by Coast Guardsman John C. Cullen, they said they were Southampton fishermen. When one of the four said something in a foreign tongue, they offered him $300 to keep quiet. The agents disappeared into the night after he sought out his supervisor. When reinforcements arrived they discovered German cigarettes on the beach along with four heavy, waterproof oaken boxes buried in the sand filled with brick-sized blocks of high explosives,
bombs disguised as lumps of coal, bomb-timing mechanisms of German make, and innocent-looking “pen-and-pencil sets” that were actually incendiary weapons. The agents rode the Long Island Railroad into New York City and were ultimately captured along with four others who had come ashore at
Jacksonville, Florida. Six of the agents were to be executed. In May 2007 the original Coast Guard station was moved to the property at the Town Marine Museum in Amagansett across the dunes from its original Atlantic Avenue beach location. The station was moved in 1966 to private property to save it from demolition by Joel Carmichael The Marine Museum itself was the former barracks for the Coast Guard. The Navy appropriated almost all of Montauk during the war for facilities including Montauk Manor which was used as a dormitory. Torpedoes were tested in Lake Montauk. Ships and dirigibles docked on Navy Road on Fort Pond Bay. The Navy was to find Fort Pond inhospitable since it was shallow. Dredging was to contribute to problems with flooding. After the war the Navy moved the residential section of Montauk which had been on the bay by the Long Island Rail station a mile to the south to get away from the flooding. One of the biggest legacies of the Navy presence was to be the dredging of Lake Montauk so that it replaced Fort Pond as Montauk's dock. The Coast Guard is now headquartered there on Star Island.
Cold War After the war, most of the military property was disposed of as surplus, except for gun emplacements at
Camp Hero next to the
Montauk Point Lighthouse. The camp was designated as an
Air Force Base supporting a -wide radar (
AN/FPS-35) in the early 1960s to detect potential bombers headed for New York City. The massive radar and supporting state-of-the-art computers quickly became obsolete. While the other radars in this category were torn down, the one on Montauk, was saved largely because it served as a better landmark than did the lighthouse for sailors and ships on Long Island Sound. The base was officially decommissioned in the 1980s. The support buildings now form a ghost town. The radar structure has been listed on the
National Register of Historic Places. In 1992, Long Island residents
Preston B. Nichols and Peter Moon published a
science fiction book,
The Montauk Project: Experiments in Time. They suggested that the radar was used by the government to conduct time travel experiments. Some readers believe their sci-fi account is true. The base has become of cult interest among conspiracy buffs. It was featured in a segment of
The X-Files. ==Geography==