Erythranthe

Erythranthe is a highly diverse genus with the characteristics unifying the various species being axile placentation and long pedicels. Other characteristics of species can vary widely, especially between the sections, and even within some sections. Some species of Erythranthe are annuals and some are perennials. Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a musky odor (hence "musk-flowers"). Erythranthe is used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as the mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), as a main part of their diet. Within the section Erythranthe, stems and leaves range from glabrous to hirsute, and are generally glandular. Leaves can be oblong, elliptical, or oval, with small tooths. Fruiting pedicels are longer than calyces. Calyces have sharp, definite angles and flat sides. Corollas are deciduous, relatively large (tube-throat long), and strongly red to purplish, magentarose, pink, or white, rarely yellow. The species as strictly defined is perennial and spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at lower leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs. Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a raceme, most often with five or more flowers. The calyx has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy. The fruit is a two-valved capsule long, containing many seeds. Erythranthe alsinoides is similar to several species found in the Pacific Northwest. It is an annual herb that blooms from April–June with a preference for shady and moist dense habitats. The plant is hairy to slightly hairy and grows from tall. The stems are often reddish. The leaves are opposite and have a few prominent upper veins. Blades are long. The petiole is about the same length. The flowers are yellow with reddish-brown spots, usually on the lower lip, and the upper and lower lips have fused, growing . Each flower is attached by a pedicel. The fruits are capsules. ==Etymology and taxonomy==

The derivation of Erythranthe is from Greek ἐρυθρός ("erythros"), red, with ἄνθος ("anthos"), flower. They are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face. The widely used generic name, Latin mimus meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek mimos meaning "imitator" also alludes to the fancied monkey resemblance. The stem of Erythranthe can be either smooth or hairy, and this is known in a few species to be a trait determined by a simple allelic difference. At least E. lewisii is known to possess "flypaper-type" traps and is apparently protocarnivorous, supplementing its nutrients with small insects. Variations in color largely reflect concentrations of anthocyanins. The species that are subshrubs with woody stems were originally placed in the section Diplacus, and this was subsequently made a separate genus. Diplacus is clearly derived from within Mimulus, broadly defined, and was not usually considered to be a separate genus. All of the American genera are still referred to as "monkey-flowers". Views on the evolutionary position of the monkey-flower species have changed. It was long considered to be in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is now placed in Phyrmaceae, primarily on the basis of DNA evidence. Attempts at crossing species, whether from different sections or within the same section, of Erythranthe are not always successful. E. peregrina is an example of a successful naturally occurring hybrid that not only arose independently in two different locations, but is also a rare example of evolutionary recent allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance. Charles Darwin's 1876 study of inbreeding depression and self-fertility in South American species was a progenitor for the study of Erythranthe biology. The genus has become a model system "for studies of evolutionary and ecological functional genomics ... [as it] ... contains a wide array of phenotypic, ecological and genomic diversity." Species under intense genomic study are mostly among the section Simiolus (E. guttata and relatives) and the section Erythranthe (including E. lewisii, E. cardinalis, E. parishii, and others). The genome sequence of E. guttata was released in late spring, 2007. ==Species==

Species listed alphabetically '' in Oregon '' in southern California '' in Nevada '' in Sierra Nevada '' in Skagit County, Washington '' in Mount Rainier National Park '' in Washington '' '' in southern California , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species and hybrids: • Erythranthe acutidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe alsinoides (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) • Erythranthe ampliata (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe androsacea (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe arenaria (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe arenicola (Pennell) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe arvensis (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe austrolatidens G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe barbata (Greene) N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe bhutanica (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe bicolor (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe bodinieri (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe brachystylis (Edwin) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe bracteosa (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe breviflora (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) • Erythranthe brevinasuta G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe breweri (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) • Erythranthe bridgesii (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) • Erythranthe caespitosa (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe calcicola N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe calciphila (Gentry) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) • Erythranthe carsonensis N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) • Erythranthe charlestonensis G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe chinatiensis G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe cinnabarina G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe corallina (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe cordata (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe cuprea (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – Flor de cobre (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) • Erythranthe decora (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe dentata (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) • Erythranthe discolor (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe eastwoodiae (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe exigua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) • Erythranthe filicaulis (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe filicifolia (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe flammea G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe floribunda (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) • Erythranthe gemmipara (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) • Erythranthe geniculata (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe geyeri (Torr.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe glabrata (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) • Erythranthe glaucescens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe gracilipes (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe grandis (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe grayi (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain) • Erythranthe hallii (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe hardhamiae N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe howaldiae G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe hymenophylla (Meinke) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe inamoena (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe inconspicua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. Mimulus acutidens and M. grayi) • Erythranthe inflata (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe inflatula (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe karakormiana (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe laciniata (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe lagunensis G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe latidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) • Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) • Erythranthe linearifolia (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe lutea (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) • Erythranthe madrensis (Seem.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe marmorata (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe michiganensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) • Erythranthe microphylla (Benth.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe minima (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores– (Michoacan, Mexico) • Erythranthe minor (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe montioides (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) • Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) • Erythranthe naiandina (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe nasuta (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe nelsonii (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of Erythranthe verbenacea • Erythranthe stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) • Erythranthe suksdorfii (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) • Erythranthe szechuanensis (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe taylorii G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe tenella (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe thermalis (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) • Erythranthe tibetica (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe tilingii (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) • Erythranthe trinitiensis G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe unimaculata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe utahensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe verbenacea (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe veronicifolia (Greene) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe visibilis G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe washingtonensis (Gand.) G.L.Nesom • Erythranthe willisii G.L.Nesom Hybrids: • Erythranthe × burnetii (S.Arn.) Silverside • Erythranthe × hybrida (Voss) Silverside • Erythranthe × maculosa (T.Moore) Mabb. • Erythranthe × robertsii (Silverside) G.L.Nesom, syn. Erythranthe peregrina (M. Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom – newly discovered 2012, originally named M. peregrinus (Scotland) Names accepted are from Plants of the World Online. • Erythranthe sect. Simiolus :Erythranthe arenicola (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe arvensis (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe brachystylis (Edwin) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe brevinasuta G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe caespitosa (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe calciphila (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe charlestonensis G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe chinatiensis G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe corallina (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe cordata (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe decora (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe diminuens G.L.Nesom – newly discovered in 2017 and added to this list (Sonora, Mexico) :Erythranthe dentiloba (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe filicifolia (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe geyeri (Torr.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe glabrata (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) :Erythranthe glaucescens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) :Erythranthe grandis (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain) :Erythranthe hallii (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe inamoena (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe laciniata (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe lagunensis G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe madrensis (Seem.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe marmorata (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe michiganensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) :Erythranthe microphylla (Benth.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe minima (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores – (Michoacan, Mexico) :Erythranthe minor (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe nasuta (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe nudata (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe pallens (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe pardalis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe parvula (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe pennellii (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe percaulis G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe peregrina M. Vallejo-Marin, synonym of Erythranthe × robertsii – newly discovered 2012, originally named M. peregrinus (Scotland) :Erythranthe regni G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe scouleri (Hook.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe sookensis B.G. Benedict – originally named M. sookensis (British Columbia to northern California) :Erythranthe thermalis (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) :Erythranthe tilingii (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) :Erythranthe unimaculata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe utahensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe visibilis G.L.Nesom :*(South America) :Erythranthe acaulis (Phil.) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe depressa var. depressa :Erythranthe andicola (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe glabrata :Erythranthe cuprea (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – Flor de cobre (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) :Erythranthe depressa (Phil.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe lacerata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe lutea var. lutea :Erythranthe lutea (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) :Erythranthe naiandina (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe parviflora (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe pilosiuscula (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe glabrata • Erythranthe sect. Erythranthe :Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) :Erythranthe cinnabarina G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe eastwoodiae (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe flammea :Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) :Erythranthe nelsonii (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of Erythranthe verbenacea :Erythranthe parishii (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California) :Erythranthe rupestris (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe verbenacea (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga • Erythranthe sect. Mimulosma :Erythranthe ampliata (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe arenaria (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe austrolatidens G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe breviflora (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) :Erythranthe floribunda (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) :Erythranthe geniculata (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe hymenophylla (Meinke) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe inflatula (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe inodora (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe moschata :Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe latidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :Erythranthe moniliformis (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of Erythranthe moschata :Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) :Erythranthe norrisii (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe patula (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe pulsiferae (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California) :Erythranthe taylorii G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe trinitiensis G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe washingtonensis (Gand.) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) • Erythranthe sect. Achlyopitheca :Erythranthe acutidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe grayi (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :Erythranthe inconspicua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. Mimulus acutidens and M. grayi) • Erythranthe sect. Paradantha :Erythranthe androsacea (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) :Erythranthe barbata (Greene) N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe calcicola N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe carsonensis N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) :Erythranthe diffusa (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe discolor (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe gracilipes (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) :Erythranthe hardhamiae N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe montioides (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) :Erythranthe palmeri (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California) :Erythranthe purpurea (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :Erythranthe rhodopetra N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe rubella (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX) :Erythranthe shevockii (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower (Kern County, California) :Erythranthe sierrae N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe suksdorfii (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) • Erythranthe sect. Monantha :Erythranthe linearifolia (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :Erythranthe primuloides (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM) • Erythranthe sect. Monimanthe :Erythranthe bicolor (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) :Erythranthe breweri (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) :Erythranthe filicaulis (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) • Erythranthe sect. Alsinimimulus :Erythranthe alsinoides (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) • Erythranthe sect. Simigemma :Erythranthe gemmipara (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) • Erythranthe sect. Exigua :Erythranthe exigua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) • Erythranthe sect. Sinopitheca :Erythranthe bracteosa (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe bridgesii (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) :Erythranthe platyphylla (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe sessilifolia (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe tibetica (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) • Erythranthe sect. Mimulasia :Erythranthe dentata (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) :Erythranthe orizabae (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico) :Erythranthe bhutanica (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe bodinieri (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe inflata (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe karakormiana (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe nepalensis (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe procera (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe sinoalba G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe szechuanensis (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :Erythranthe tenella (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) ==Reproductive biology==

Before recognition of E. cinnabarina as a species, E. lewisii was interpreted to be the sister of E. cardinalis. It is now clear that E. cinnabarina and E. cardinalis are sister species and that E. lewisii and E. erubescens are sister species. In the hypothesized phylogeny, the 'cinnabarina/cardinalis' pair is sister to the 'lewisii/erubescens' pair. It was previously reported that evidence strongly linking pollination preference to color differences between the species, but this has been disproven. E. erubescens is mostly pollinated by Bombus balteatus, B. centralis, B. flavifrons, and B. vosnesenskii. E. eastwoodiae, E. nelsonii, E. rupestris, and E. verbenacea are also pollinated by hummingbirds. These four species as well as E. cardinalis and E. nelsonii produce bisexual flowers and are self-compatible. This approximate ratio of insect vs hummingbird pollination holds true for the rest of the genus. There have been two separate transformations to hummingbird pollination. Pollination changes are highly affected by changes in flower morphology. Erythranthe nasuta evolved from E. guttata in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator.{{cite journal|last1=Brandvain|first1=Yaniv|last2=Kenney|first2=Amanda M.|last3=Flagel|first3=Lex ==Distribution and habitat==

Over 80% of Erythranthe species are found in western North America, Genus members are also found in Baja California, Alaska, British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and to a lesser extent the midwestern states, northeastern states, Canada, and Latin America. Members of this genus are found in eastern Asia; several species of which have a high degree of similarity with some of the species found in North and South America. A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but the species now classified as Diplacus are. Some species grow in dry areas, others in wet habitats, such as members of the section Simiolus, which are hydrophilic. Both overall plant size and corolla size vary greatly throughout the genus. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks. ==Pests and diseases==

Diplacus, Erythranthe, and Mimulus are subject to a very similar set of pests and diseases. The pests these genera are susceptible to include: gall midges, golden mealybugs, thrips, and seed bugs. Diseases they are susceptible to include: crown gall, aster yellows phytoplasma, impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), leaf spots, powdery mildew — especially Erysiphe brunneopunctata and Erysiphe cichoracearum, botrytis blight, pythium root rot, rusts, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), as well as mineral and nutrient deficiencies. ==Human culture==

Horticulture In horticulture, several species, cultivars and hybrids are used. Because of their wide range and many variations, the most important are those derived from E. gutatta and E. lutea. Culinary uses Erythranthe species tend to concentrate sodium chloride and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to season wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice from the leaves was used as a poultice for mild skin irritations and burns. Leaves can be used in salads and soups; flowers taste best before blooming. E. lutea has been used for cooking in Peru. Alternative medical use Erythranthe has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer". ==References==