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Fakhr ad-Dawla ibn Jahir

Fakhr ad-Dawla Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Jahīr, also called Fakhr ad-Dawla, Ibn Jahir, or Fakhr ad-Dawla ibn Jahir, (1007–1090) was an 11th-century government official who served 5 different dynasties, most notably as vizier under the Abbasids and later as a provincial governor under the Seljuk Empire. He was the founder of the Banu Jahir political dynasty.

Early life and career
Fakhr ad-Dawla was born in Mosul in 1007, into a rich merchant family. According to Ibn Khallikan, he was a descendant of the Banu Tha'labah. He originally went into service for the Uqaylid dynasty that ruled Mosul at the time before leaving after the death of Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad in 1049. He went to Aleppo, where he at one point became vizier for the Mirdasid emir Mu'izz ad-Dawla Thimal, before eventually joining the court of the Marwanids in Mayyafariqin (possibly around 1054). He was vizier for the Marwanid ruler Nasr ad-Dawla; then to his young successor Nizam ad-Din Nasr. He was working for Nizam ad-Din Nasr in 1062 when he was offered the position of vizier to the Abbasid caliph al-Qa'im in Baghdad. == Working for the Abbasids ==
Working for the Abbasids
According to Ibn al-Athir and al-Bundari, Fakhr ad-Dawla sought out the position of Abbasid vizier himself. Fakhr ad-Dawla was "despondent and apologetic" and "acquiesced in tears". Meanwhile, Nur ad-Dawla Dubays had been making "entreaties to the caliph" on Fakhr ad-Dawla's behalf. This document of retraction is the only one of its kind to survive in full from the Middle Ages to the present day; the episode marked the ascendancy of traditionalism in Baghdad in the 11th century. Meanwhile, Amid ad-Dawla had left for Isfahan once he heard of Nizam al-Mulk's plans. He took a circuitous route through the mountains to avoid running into Gohar-A'in on the way, and he reached Isfahan on 23 July – the same day that Gohar A'in reached Baghdad. Amid ad-Dawla met with Nizam al-Mulk and the two parties eventually reconciled, which they sealed with a marriage contract between Nizam al-Mulk's granddaughter and Amid ad-Dawla. Al-Muqtadi did not initially rehire the Banu Jahir and instead kept them under house arrest, but Nizam al-Mulk later intervened and got them rehired. Also during Ramadan of 1078 (March–April), Fakhr ad-Dawla had had a minbar (pulpit) made at his expense and bearing the titles of al-Muqtadi. It later ended up broken up and burned down. In 1081, the caliph sent Fakhr ad-Dawla to Isfahan, laden with gifts and over 20,000 dinars, to negotiate marriage with Malik-Shah's daughter. Malik-Shah was grieving the death of his son Da'ud and did not take part i; the negotiations; rather, Fakhr ad-Dawla went to Nizam al-Mulk. The two worked together this time; they went to the princess's foster mother, Turkan Khatun, to make their request. She was disinterested at first because the Ghaznavid ruler had made a better offer: 100,000 dinars. Arslan Khatun, who had been married to al-Qa'im, told her that a marriage with the caliph would be more prestigious, and that she should not be asking the caliph for more money. Eventually, Turkan Khatun agreed to the marriage, but with heavy conditions imposed on al-Muqtadi: in return for marrying the Seljuk princess, al-Muqtadi would pay 50,000 dinars plus an additional 100,000 dinars as mahr (bridal gift), give up his current wives and concubines, and agree to not have sexual relations with any other woman. This was an especially heavy significant burden on the Abbasid caliph, since the Abbasids had been tightly controlling their "reproductive politics", with all their heirs being born to umm walads (concubines) and therefore unrelated to any rival dynasties. By agreeing to Turkan Khatun's terms, Fakhr ad-Dawla was putting al-Muqtadi at a severe disadvantage while also benefitting the Seljuks considerably. In 1083, al-Muqtadi removed the Banu Jahir from office by decree. The circumstances of their removal from office are somewhat unclear - historians gave varying accounts. In Sibt ibn al-Jawzi's version, al-Muqtadi had become suspicious of the Banu Jahir, prompting them to leave for Khorasan without requesting official permission; this further aroused al-Muqtadi's suspicions and he retroactively fired them after they had left. He then wrote to the Seljuks, telling them not to employ the Banu Jahir in their administration. In Ibn al-Athir's version, the Seljuks at some point approached al-Muqtadi and asked to employ the Banu Jahir themselves, and al-Muqtadi agreed. Al-Bundari offers no details about the firing itself but wrote instead that the Seljuks sent representatives to meet the Banu Jahir in Baghdad (rather than in Khorasan). According to Ibn al-Athir's account, the Banu Jahir left Baghdad on Saturday, 22 July 1083. They were succeeded as viziers by Abu'l-Fath al-Muzaffar, son of the ''ra'is al-ru'asa''', who had previously been "in charge of the palace buildings". == Working for the Seljuks ==
Working for the Seljuks
According to Ibn al-Athir, Malik-Shah and Nizam al-Mulk gave a dignified reception to Fakhr ad-Dawla when he arrived. Malik-Shah appointed Fakhr ad-Dawla to govern the Diyar Bakr, with sikkah and khutbah rights (i.e. the right to strike coins, and have the khutbah proclaimed, in his own name as well as Malik-Shah's), and presented him with robes of honor and ceremonial drums. He also assigned troops to Fakhr ad-Dawla and told him to conquer the Diyar Bakr from the Marwanids. The Diyar Bakr campaign turned out to be more difficult than expected, partly because of intervention from the Uqaylid ruler of Mosul, Muslim ibn Quraysh. Muslim reasoned that, since the Marwanids had never caused trouble for the Seljuks, but he himself had, then if the Marwanids fell he would likely be next in line. The campaign ended up lasting until 1085 and involved several sieges, including at Mayyafariqin and Amid. Fakhr ad-Dawla's sons, Amid ad-Dawla and al-Kafi Za'im al-Ru'asa Abu'l-Qasim Ali, both assisted him during this campaign. Eventually, the Banu Jahir were successful: they captured Mosul in 1084, and then in 1085 they took Mayyafariqin and Amid. However, Fakhr ad-Dawla quickly became unpopular as a governor and was replaced by the end of the lunar year (i.e. 478 AH, or 1085-86 CE). Apparently during his short time in office he had taken the Marwanids' wealth for himself and spent a lot of it. However, by 1089 (482 AH) Fakhr ad-Dawla had been appointed governor of Mosul, his birthplace, and he died there in 1090. == Notes ==
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