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Georgian cuisine

Georgian cuisine consists of cooking traditions, techniques, and practices of Georgia. Georgian cuisine has a distinct character, while bearing some similarities with various national cuisines of the Caucasus, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Every region of Georgia has its own distinct style of food preparation. Eating and drinking are important parts of Georgian culture.

Regional traditional cuisines
Abkhazia Abkhazian cuisine uses many spices and walnuts. The most popular dishes from Abkhazia are abysta (, porridge made of corn, similar to the Margal ghomi); apyrpylchapa (апырпылчапа, pepper skin stuffed with walnut sauce); achma (ачма, a variation of khachapuri); aritsvmgeli (арицвмгели, cornbread with walnuts); achash (ачаш, Abkhaz chudu, with cheese); achapa (ачапа, kidney beans with walnuts); and akutaghchapa (акутагьчапа, hard-boiled eggs filled with walnuts, similar to deviled eggs). The most popular dessert is akuarkuar, a cookie with honey. Ajika is a hot, spicy, but subtly flavored sauce or paste, often used to flavor food. Ajika is also sold as a dry spice blend. Abkhazian wines include Lykhny, Apsny, and Anakopia. Adjara Adjarian cuisine is considered a very diversified cuisine, which has been influenced by its geography (seaside, mountainous part) and by its history. In the mountainous Adjara, the main products are dairy products and the dishes are more fat and heavy and on the other side, in the seaside of the region, dishes are mostly spiced, and use many fresh herbs. The most popular dishes in Adjara are Adjaruli khachapuri (); borano (, chopped cheese fried in ghee); chirbuli (, an omelette with walnuts and tomato); malakhto (, mashed kidney beans with walnuts and crude grape juice); iakhni (, a stew similar to kharcho, traditionally made in and around Kobuleti); khavitsi (, a corn porridge with ghee); sinori (, made of nadughi and unleavened dough); pakhlava (, a version of baklava); and shaqarlama (, a biscuit). Guria The cuisine of Guria is based mostly on poultry (especially chicken), cornbread (mchadi) and walnuts, like the cuisine of Imereti. The best-known dishes from Guria are satsivi (, meat, mostly of chicken or turkey in bazhe walnut sauce); mchadi (, cornbread); kupati (, sausage made from pork meat); badrijani Nigvzit (, fried eggplant with walnut sauce); Guruli gvezeli (, crescent-shaped pie filled with cheese and hard-boiled egg, usually eaten on Christmas Day); brinjula (, a cheese omelette with a dough base similar to khachapuri); and pkhali () and kuchmachi (, beef or poultry livers with walnut sauce and pomegranate). Imereti The cuisine of Imereti shares many affinities with the neighbouring region of Guria and is known for its generous use of walnuts. The best-known Imeretian dishes include Imeruli khachapuri (, the most common version of the Georgian cheese bread), mchadi (, cornbread), pkhali (), kuchmachi (, beef or poultry livers with walnut sauce and pomegranate), soko (, fried mushrooms), lobio (, mashed red beans with spices), badrijani Nigvzit (, fried eggplant with walnut sauce), chakhokhbili (, tomato-based soup with poultry meat), mtsnili (, pickled vegetables such as cucumbers, cabbage, beets, and jonjoli), ekala (, pkhali made from smilax) kupati (, pork sausage), satsivi (, meat, mostly of chicken or turkey in bazhe walnut sauce), and tsitsila isrim-maqvalshi (, roasted chick in a blackberry- and grape-based sauce). Imereti is known for its cheeses such as chkinti (, salty cheese), Imeruli kveli (), and sulguni (). Kakheti Kakhetian cuisine is considered to be a more meat-based cuisine and the region itself is called the "Region of Wine". It is also known as the birthplace of one type of Georgian bread: Shoti. • Notable dishes from Kakheti include Mtsvadi ( - meat cooked on fire), Chakapuli ( - soup made of fresh herbs such as tarragon and meat of sheep or lamb), Khinkali ( - dumplings filled with meat and seasoned with herbs), Khashlama ( - boiled meat of beef or lamb), Khashi ( - boiled meat, often eaten after Supra), Chanakhi ( - soup made of lamb and tomatoes), Chikhirtma ( - soup made of chicken meat), and Ajapsandali ( - kind of ragout made of eggplants, potatoes and tomatoes). • In Kakheti, they make famous desserts such as Churchkhela ( - Candy made of grape juice and walnuts), and Pelamushi ( - Dessert made of grape juice). • Kakheti is also well known for its wines, with wine-growing regions such as the Alazani valley, Tsinandali and Kindzmarauli and many indigenous grape varieties including Saperavi, Kisi, Rkatsiteli and Mtsvane. Kartli Kartli is known as a very rich region in terms of fruits (especially apples, apricots, figs, and peaches) and vegetables (especially cucumbers, tomatoes, and onions). • Kartlian dishes include Puris Kharcho ( - a kind of soup made of bread), Shechamandi ( - soup made of dogwood or docks), Jonjoli ( - pickles made of Bladdernuts), Chakhrakina ( - a kind of Khachapuri filled with cheese and beetroot leaves), Khabizgina ( - Ossetian Khachapuri filled with cheese and potatoes), Capers in Kaspi known as (capari) () and Chakapuli ( - soup made of fresh herbs and meat of lamb or beef). Lazeti Though most of the historical part of Lazeti is located in Turkey, Lazes in Georgia, especially in Sarpi, still continue to carry their traditional dishes, some of them being : • Paponi (): Baked sweet pastry filled with milk pudding. • Gresta (): Chicken or beef with melted cheese and mushrooms. • Kapça Tağaney (): Fried anchovies and vegetables. • Kapça Princoni () : Anchovy pilaf. • Kapçoni Mç̌kudi (): Fried cornbread with sliced anchovies, pkhali and herbs. • Lu Dudey (): Navy beans mixed with red Pkhali, onions and leeks. • Lu Ncaxeyi (): Sort of porridge made from different vegetables mostly cabbage, kidney beans, potato which are mixed with cornmeal. • Muhlama (): Cornmeal with cheese. Samegrelo The regional cuisine of Samegrelo can be considered the most famous in Georgia. It uses many spices and walnuts. • Famous Megrelian dishes include Ghomi ( - porridge made of corn meal), Elarji ( - ghomi with Sulguni), Gebzhalia ( - rolls of cheese seasoned with mint), Megrelian Khachapuri ( - Khachapuri with cheese added on the top), Kupati ( - sausage made from pork organs and belly meat), Tabaka ( - chicken cooked with Ajika), and Kharcho ( - soup with beef). • Sulguni () is traditionally made in the region. • Ajika () is a sauce made of pepper and spices. It is made traditionally in Samegrelo and in Abkhazia. Mtianeti, Khevi, Khevsureti, Pshavi and Tusheti These cuisines are often considered as one due to their similarities. • Famous dishes include Khinkali ( - dumplings filled with meat, mushrooms, potatoes or cottage cheese), Gordila ( - boiled dough), Qaghi ( - dried and salted meat), Kaurma ( - a kind of soup made from meat), Kotori ( - Khachapuri filled with cottage cheese), Khachoerbo ( - dried cottage cheese in a ball shape), Megrelian kharcho (ხარშო - beef stew in rich walnut sauce) and Khavitsi ( - melted cheese) • Tusheti also produces a goat / sheep based cheese, called Guda (). • These regions are also well known for their beer (), and spirit, Zhipitauri (). Racha-Lechkhumi The cuisines of Racha and of Lechkhumi share most of their dishes and are often grouped into one cuisine as a consequence. • Notable dishes include Shkmeruli ( - chicken in a sauce made of cream and garlic), Rachuli ham ( - pork bacon), Lobiani ( - a kind of Khachapuri filled with kidney beans and lori), Lobio ( - mashed kidney beans with spices), Rachuli Khachapuri ( - a kind of Khachapuri made into a square form). Samtskhe-Javakheti The Cuisine of Samtskhe-Javakheti consists of two regional cuisines: Meskhetian and Javakhetian. Due to their similarities, they are often considered one regional cuisine. This cuisine differs significantly from other regional cuisine of Georgia, partly because of its heavy use of goose meat and historical Turkish rule of the region. • Famous dishes from Samtskhe-Javakheti include Batis Shechamandi ( - soup made of goose), Meskhuri Khinkali ( - Khinkali filled with goose), Apokhti ( - dried meat of lamb, beef, goose and duck), Tatarboragi ( - boiled dough), and Rdzis Korkoti ( - wheat grains boiled in milk). • Snails or Lokokina () are also a very common dish in the region due to the presence of French Catholics in the past. • Samtskhe-Javakheti is also famous for its Chiri ( - dried fruits), Tklapi ( - fruit roll-up) and Tenili ( - a preserved, hand-pulled cheese). Svaneti • Main dishes from Svaneti include Kubdari ( - also known as Svan Khachapuri, a kind of Khachapuri filled with seasoned beef or pork), P'etvraal ( - Khachapuri filled with cheese and millet), Chvishtari ( - Mchadi with Sulguni inside), Lutspeq ( - boiled barley grains seasoned with pepper and garlic), Kharshil ( - soup of barley and urtica), Tashmijabi ( - mashed potatoes with Sulguni). • Svaneti is also famous for its local alcohol made from fruits such as elderberry, and even honey. • Svan salt, a spiced salt • Agasyllis (Svanetian ღეჰი Ghehi / (Georgian: დუცი Dootsi ) is a local, Angelica-like plant with medicinal properties that is also eaten raw, cooked and pickled as a delicacy considered to benefit the digestion. It is also taken to combat parasitic worms and to treat respiratory complaints. ==Appetizers==
Appetizers
• Abkhazura (): Caul-fat-rolled meatballs from Abkhazia. • Achma (): A dish with multiple layers of cheese and bread. It resembles a sauceless lasagna. • Ajapsandali (): A traditional Georgian meal consisting of eggplant, potatoes, onions and spices. • Badrijnis khizilala (): Fried and chopped eggplant. The name means "eggplant caviar". • Jonjoli (): Pickled flowers of bladdernut. • Khachapuri (): Cheese-bread with regional variation. This dish is very popular outside Georgia, especially in the ex-USSR. • Kuchmachi (): Dish made of chicken livers. • Kupati (): Fried sausage from Western Georgia. • Kubdari (): Meat-bread made from bread, meat (lamb, kid or pork), spices, and onions. • Leek (): Semi-boiled leek with walnut paste and vinegar. • Lobiani (): Bean-stuffed khachapuri. • Lobio (): Mashed beans with spices. • Matsoni (): Dairy product of Armenian origin, similar to yogurt or sour cream. • Muzhuzhi (): Pork jelly. • Nadughi (): Cream-like dairy product. • Nigvziani badrijani (): Fried eggplant with walnut paste. • Pkhali (): Minced and chopped vegetables, mostly made of spinach, beets, and cabbage. • Satsivi (): Poultry in a special walnut sauce. File:Ajapsandali - Georgian eggplant stew.jpg|Ajapsandali File:Badrijani (cropped).jpg|Nigvziani badrijani File:Spinach pkhali.jpg|Spinach pkhali File:Jonjoli bladdernut flower pickles.jpg|Jonjoli flower pickles File:Semi boiled Leek with walnut paste.jpg|Leek with walnut paste ==Breads==
Breads
Traditional Georgian breads are varied, and include Tonis Puri, Shotis Puri, Mesxuri Puri, Nazuki and Mchadi. Georgian breads are traditionally baked in a large, round, well-shaped oven called a tone. File:Tone.JPG|Shotis Puri in Tone File:Georgian Lavashi.jpg|Traditional Tonis Puri File:Mchadi 2.jpg|Mchadi Khachapuri n khachapuri. Khachapuri, also spelled as hachapuri, is a traditional Georgian dish of cheese (fresh or aged, most commonly sulguni), eggs and other ingredients. There are several distinctive types of khachapuri in Georgian food from different regions of Georgia: • Achma (), from Abkhazia, which has multiple layers and looks more like a sauceless lasagna. • Adjarian (Adjaruli / () Khachapuri, in which the dough is formed into an open boat shape and the hot pie is topped with a raw egg yolk and a pat of butter before serving. • Chakhrakina () is a variation of Khachapuri made in Kartli and in Racha. It is filled with cheese and beets leaves. • Kotori () is a Khachapuri made in Tusheti. The dough should be as thin as possible; and the filling consists of Kalti ( - a sort of cottage cheese made in the region) and ghee. • Gurian (Guruli / () Khachapuri has boiled eggs inside the dough and looks like a calzone. Arguably, it is not a type of khachapuri. Gurians make them for Christmas and call them simply 'Christmas pie'. In the rest of Georgia, it is called 'Gurian pie'. • Imeretian (Imeruli / () Khachapuri, which is circular and probably the most common type. • Lemzira () is a Svanetian ritual cheese bread mostly made in a round or triangular shape. • Mingrelian Khachapuri also called "Megruli" (), similar to Imeretian but with more cheese added on top. • Meskhuri Khachapuri () is a Khachapuri made of puff pastry dough and cheese. Lard is added in the dough and filling which give it a distinct taste from the more widespread Penovani Khachapuri. it is made in Meskheti. • Ossetian Khachapuri also called "Osuri" () or by its original name "Khabizgina" () is a version of Khachapuri which has potato, as well as cheese in its filling. • Petvraali () is a sort of Khachapuri filled with cheese and millet, made in Svaneti. • Penovani Khachapuri () is made with puff pastry dough, resulting in a flaky variety of the pie. It is often sold as street food in local bakeries. • Pkhlovana or Mkhlovana () is a Khachapuri made in the mountainous areas of Georgia, especially Khevi. It is similar to Chakhrakina but spinach is also added in the filling. • Rachuli Khachapuri also called “Bachuli” () is a version of Khachapuri made in Racha. It is filled with cheese and is of rectangular shape and puff pastry dough is used. ==Cheeses==
Cheeses
• Adjaruli Chechili (): Cheese made in Adjara from cow milk, which is shaped into ropes. • Chogi (): Cheese made from sheep milk in Tusheti. • Chkinti' (): Salty and juicy cheese made originally in Imereti. • Dambalkhacho (): Moldy cheese made in Pshavi and Mtiuleti. It is considered one of the most ancient and expensive cheeses. • Dampali Kveli (): Rare cheese with a butter filling inside. • Kartuli (): Cheese made from a mixture of around 50% cow milk and a mixture of sheep, goat or buffalo milk. • Guda cheese (): Cheese made from sheep milk in Tusheti. Its preparation lasts 20 days. • Imeruli (): Cheese made in the region of Imereti from cow milk. • Kalti (): Cheese made in mountainous regions of Georgia. It is often considered a shepherds' cheese because of its nutritional values. • Kobi (): Mixed cow/sheep milk cheese, mostly eaten in Eastern Georgia. • Meskhuri Chechili (): Cheese made in Meskheti and same as the Adjarian one. • Narchvi (): Cheese made in Svaneti. It is shaped in curds. • Sulguni (): One of the most famous cheeses in Georgia, which comes from Mingrelia. It is made from cow or buffalo milk. Outside Mingrelia, it is also made in Svaneti. • Tenili (): Cheese made in Samtskhe-Javakheti. It is shaped in curds. ==Salads==
Salads
• Kitri pomidvris salata (): Cucumber and tomato salad with Georgian herbs, greens and Kakhetian oil (). It is sometimes eaten with a walnut sauce. • Ispanakhis salata (): Spinach salad. • Pkhali (): Minced vegetables in a ball shape. It is mainly made from spinach, cabbage or beans and is topped with pomegranate seeds. • Sagazapkhulo salata (): Salad made during spring. There is not a strict recipe but it is mostly made of fresh ingredients and boiled eggs. • Satatsuris salata (): Salad made of asparagus. • Tcharkhlis salata (): Salad made of beets. ==Soups and stews==
Soups and stews
Chakapuli (): Stew made of lamb or beef (), tarragon and cherry plums in Eastern Georgia (). • Chakhokhbili (): Soup made of tomatoes and poultry meat () which originated in Western Georgia. • Chikhirtma (): Soup made of turkey or chicken meat and eggs which is traditionally made in Kakheti. • Kharcho (): Soup made of beef, rice, cherry plums and walnuts from Mingrelia. • Kharshil (): Soup made of spinach in Svaneti. • Khashi (): Boiled cow or sheep parts in their juice. Mostly made in the Eastern regions, especially Kakheti. • Lobio (): Stew made mostly from kidney beans. Popular in Western Georgia. • Matsvnis Supi (): Soup made mainly of Matsoni. • Puris Kharcho (): Soup made of bread. It originated in Kartli. • Shechamandi (): Different sorts of soup made by a principle ingredients, mostly made in Kartli. These soups can be made of spinach, malva, garlic, dogwood, grains, sorrel, pink peavine and other ingredients. ==Fish==
Fish
Though Georgian cuisine is not very fish-oriented, there are still some dishes mainly made of trout, catfish and carp: • Kalmakhis Kubdari (): Kubdari filled with minced trout, onions, coriander and ajika. • Kapchoni Mchkudi (): Cornbread made with anchovy, which is made in Adjara by the Lazs. • Kepali (): Fried flathead mullet. • Kibo Kindzit (): Lobster cooked with coriander. • Kibo Mokharshuli (): Boiled lobster. • Kibo Tetri Ghvinit (): Lobster cooked in white wine. • Kobri Nigvzit da Brotseulit (): Fried carp with walnuts and pomegranates seeds. • Loko Kindzmarshi (): Boiled catfish with coriander and vinegar. • Loko Tsiteli Ghvinit (): Boiled catfish in red wine. • Tsvera Nigvzit da Brotseulit (): Fried common barbel with walnuts and pomegranates seeds. • Zutkhi Kaklis Potolshi (): sturgeon cooked in a walnut leaf. ==Meat==
Meat
with bread and salad The most popular Georgian meat dishes include: • Abkhazura (): Fried meat, often offal, rolled in caul fat from Abkhazia. • Apokhti (): Dried or smoked meat (beef, lamb, goose, duck). • Batis shechamandi (): Meskhetian soup made of goose meat. • Bozbashi: Soup of lamb meat with peas, chestnuts and tomatoes. • Chanakhi (): Soup made of tomatoes and lamb. • Chakhokhbili (): Soup made of tomatoes and poultry meat (chicken or turkey). • Chakapuli (): Stew made of cherry plums, tarragon and meat (lamb, beef or veal) from Kakheti. • Chashushuli (): Spicy beef stew with tomato base. • Chikhirtma (): Soup made of chicken and eggs from Kakheti. • Gupta: Georgian version of kefta meatballs. • Kharcho (): Soup made of beef, tomatoes, herbs and walnuts. • Khash (): Boiled parts of cow or sheep in its juice. • Khashlama (): Boiled meat. • Khinkali (): Dumplings filled with beef, pork or lamb meat (in Meskheti filled with goose) herbs from Eastern Georgia. • Kubdari (): Khachapuri filled with meat from Svaneti. • Kuchmachi (): Fried chicken livers with walnuts and pomegranate seeds. • Kupati (): Fried sausage made of pork. • Lori (): Smoked pork from Racha. • Kababi (): Meat cooked on fire, with pomegranate seeds. • Mtsvadi (): Meat cooked on fire. • Muzhuzhi (): A kind of jelly filled with meat and vegetables (). • Qaghi (): Smoked meat. • Qaurma (): A kind of soup with chopped meat. • Satsivi (): Poultry meat in a walnut sauce called bazhe which originated in Western Georgia. • Shilaplavi (): Pilaf made of lamb, spices, and vegetables. • Chkmeruli (): Chicken in a cream-based sauce. • Tabaka (): Roasted chicken with adjika. • Tolma (): Georgian version of dolma. The filling is mostly meat and rolled in cabbage or grape leaves. • Ziskhora (): Svanetian boiled blood sausage. ==Sauces and spices==
Sauces and spices
Sauces and spices common in Georgian cuisine include: • Adjika (): Spicy paste or sauce seasoned with hot chili peppers. • Khmeli-suneli (): Powdered herb/spice mixture. • Blue fenugreek (): Milder than regular fenugreek. • Bazhe (): Walnut sauce. • Coriander: Ground seeds • Marigold: Also known as Georgian saffron. Orange powder with a light floral flavour used in walnut dishes • Satsebeli (): Spicy tomato sauce. • Svanuri marili (): Salt from Svaneti mixed with spices. • Tkemali (): Cherry plum sauce. ==Vegetarian dishes==
Vegetarian dishes
Ajapsandali (): Dish made of vegetables such as eggplant, potatoes, tomatoes, onions and herbs. • Badrijnis borani (): Chopped and fried eggplant with spices. • Badrijnis khizilala ( - "eggplant caviar"): Chopped eggplant with pomegranate seeds and herbs. • Badrijani mtsvanilit (): Fried eggplant with fresh herbs (coriander, parsley and basil). • Ekala nigvzit (): Smilax with walnuts. • Gogris gupta (): Squash balls (vegetarian kefta). • Lobiani (): Khachapuri filled with kidney beans. • Lobio (): Mashed kidney beans with spices. • Lobio nigvzit (): Kidney beans with walnuts. • Pkhali (): Minced vegetables with pomegranates. • Qnashi (): Boiled minced pumpkin seeds which are later spiced and formed into a circle. • Shechamandi (): Soup, mostly made in Kartli of spinach, malva, garlic, dogwood, grains, sorrel, pink peavine, and other plant ingredients. • Sorrels and walnut soup (): rumex-walnut soup. ==Desserts==
Desserts
made from walnut • Chiri (): Dried fruits mostly apricots, grapes, plums and figs. • Korkota (კორკოტა) is a porridge made by mixing soaked grains, honey, sugar, raisins and sometimes also walnuts together. It is often served at funerals. • Churchkhela (): Candy made of grape juice mixed with flour and walnuts. It originated in Kakheti. • Janjukha (): Same as Churchkhela but instead of walnuts, chopped hazelnuts are used. It is made in Guria. • Gozinaki (): Candy made mostly for New Year. It is made from chopped walnuts and honey. • Muraba (): Sort of jam made mostly from fruits such as walnut, watermelon, quince, fig, berries and from flowers (especially wild rose). • Pelamushi (): Dessert made of grape juice and flour, similar to a sweet porridge. • Tklapi (ტყლაპი): Is a type of Georgian fruit leather made with fruit purée, or excess juice of Churchkhela. == Wine ==
Wine
Georgia is the oldest wine-producing region in the world. The fertile valleys and protective slopes of the Transcaucasia were home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production (, ɣvino) for at least 8000 years. Due to the many millennia of wine in Georgian history and its prominent economic role, the traditions of wine are considered entwined with and inseparable from the national identity. Alcoholic drinks from Georgia include chacha and wine (especially Georgian wine). Some of the most well-known Georgian wines include Pirosmani, Alazani, Akhasheni, Saperavi, and Kindzmarauli. Wine culture in Georgia dates back thousands of years, and many Georgian wines are made from traditional Georgian grape varieties that are little known in the West, such as Saperavi and Rkatsiteli. Georgian wine is well known throughout Eastern Europe, and is a significant national export, with exports of over 10 million bottles of wine per year. Georgia is also home to many beer brands, including Natakhtari, Kazbegi, Argo, Kasri, and Karva. There are also many craft beer brands such as Shavi Lomi, Megobrebi, NaturAle & Underground. Lagidze water is a Georgian flavored soda drink, made with a variety of natural syrups, sold bottled or mixed directly in a glass from a soda fountain. Common types of mineral water from Georgia include Borjomi, Nabeghlavi, Likani, and Sairme. ==Popularity==
Popularity
Georgian cuisine is primarily popular in the post-Soviet states, although it also has been gaining popularity in the Western world in recent years. As such, American magazine Thrillist placed Georgian cuisine as the 4th among the indigenous cuisines of the 48 European countries. In 2010, Georgian cuisine was described as having had an exotic appeal to Russians that The Independent compared to that of Indian cuisine to the British. ==See also==
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