Subclades are labelled U1–U9;
Haplogroup K is a subclade of U8. Van Oven and Kayser (2009) proposed subclades "U2'3'4'7'8" and "U4'9". Behar et al. (2012) amended this by grouping "U4'9" as subordinate to "U2'3'4'7'8" for a new intermediate subclade "U2'3'4'7'8'9".
Haplogroup U Basal U was found in the 26,000 years old remains of
Ancient North Eurasian,
Mal'ta boy (MA1).
Haplogroup U1 The U1 subclades are: U1a (with deep-subclades U1a1, U1a1a, U1a1a1, U1a1b) and U1b. Subclades U1a and U1b appear in equal frequency in eastern Europe. The rare U1 clade is also found among
Algerians in
Oran (0.83%-1.08%) and the
Reguibat tribe of the
Sahrawi (0.93%). The U1a1a subclade has been observed in an ancient individual excavated at the Kellis 2 cemetery in the
Dakleh Oasis, located in the southwestern desert of Egypt. 21 of the Kellis burials have been radiocarbon-dated to around 80-445 AD, a timeframe within the
Romano-Christian period. Haplogroup U1 has also been found among specimens at the mainland cemetery in
Kulubnarti,
Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800). DNA analysis of excavated remains now located at
ruins of the Church of St. Augustine in
Goa,
India have also revealed the unique mtDNA subclade U1b. This sublineage is absent in India, but present in
Georgia and surrounding regions. Since the genetic analysis corroborates archaeological and literary evidence, it is believed that the excavated remains belong to
Ketevan the Martyr, queen of Georgia. roughly corresponding to the
Gravettian culture. Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5. The haplogroup most likely originated in Europe. U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic
Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG). U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in
Catalonia, northeastern
Spain included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5. Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among
Sami,
Finns, and
Estonians. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago. The modern
Basques and
Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2). Additionally, haplogroup U5 is found in small frequencies and at much lower diversity in the Near East and parts of northern Africa (areas with sizable U6 concentrations), suggesting back-migration of people from Europe toward the south. Mitochondrial haplogroup U5a has also been associated with
HIV infected individuals displaying accelerated progression to
AIDS and death. U5 was the main haplogroup of
Mesolithic European hunter gatherers. U haplogroups were present at 83% in European hunter gatherers before influx of Middle Eastern farmer and steppe Indo-European ancestry decreased its frequency to less than 21%. • U5a1-T16192C! • U5a1a arose between 8,000 and 16,000 years ago • U5a1a1 arose between 3,000 and 11,000 years ago • U5a1a1-T152C! • U5a1a1a arose less than 6,000 years ago • U5a1a1b arose around between 600 and 6,000 years ago • U5a1a1h • U5a1a1c • U5a1a1-T16362C • U5a1a1d arose less than 4,300 years ago • U5a1a1d1 • U5a1a1e • U5a1a1g • U5a1a1i • U5a1a2 arose between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago • U5a1a2a arose less than 5,400 years ago • U5a1a2a1 arose less than 3,400 years ago • U5a1a2a1a • U5a1a2b • U5a1a2b1 • U5a1g • U5a1g1 • U5a1g2 • U5a1b arose between 6,000 and 11,000 years ago • U5a1b1 arose between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago • U5a1b1a arose between 2,500 and 7,500 years ago • U5a1b1a1 arose less than 4,000 years ago • U5a1b1a2 • U5a1b1a1 • U5a1b1b arose less than 8,000 years ago • U5a1b1b1 • U5a1b1c arose between 3,000 and 7,000 years ago • U5a1b1c1 arose less than 5,000 years ago • U5a1b1c2 arose less than 5,000 years ago • U5a1b1d • U5a1b1d-T16093C • U5a1b1d1 • U5a1b1e • U5a1b1f • U5a1b1g • U5a1b1h • U5a1b2 • U5a1b-T16362C • U5a1b3 • U5a1b3a • U5a1b3a1 • U5a1b4 • U5a1c • U5a1c1 • U5a1c1a • U5a1c2 • U5a1c2a • U5a1c2a1 • U5a1d arose around 19000 years ago • U5a1d1 • U5a1d2 • U5a1d2a • U5a1d2a1 • U5a1d2b • U5a1e • U5a1f • U5a1f1 • U5a1f1a • U5a1f1a1 • U5a1f2 • U5a1h • U5a1i • U5a1i1 • U5a1j • U5a2 arose around 14000 years ago • U5a2-C16294T • U5a2a arose around 6000 years ago. It has been found in an ancient Mesolithic sample (6000-5000 cal BCE) from the
Cave of Santimamiñe in the
Basque Country,
Spain. • U5a2a1 • U5a2a1a • U5a2a1b • U5a2a1b1 • U5a2a1c • U5a2a1d • U5a2a1-T152C! • U5a2a1e • U5a2a2 • U5a2a2a • U5a2b arose around 8000 years ago. It has been found in a Proto-Villanovan female (930 BC and 839 BC) buried in
Martinsicuro,
Italy. and has polymorphisms in 150 7768 14182 ( + U5 polymorphisms). Found among
Siwa Berbers of the
Siwa Oasis. • U5b1 arose between 11,000 and 20,000 years ago. The
Cheddar Man from Great Britain is a well known specimen. • U5b1a • U5b1-T16189C! • U5b1b has been found in Saami of Scandinavia, Finnish and the Berbers of North Africa, which were found to share an extremely young branch, aged merely ~9,000 years. U5b1b was also found in Fulbe and Papel people in
Guinea-Bissau and
Yakuts people of northeastern
Siberia. It arose around 11000 years ago. • U5b1b1 • U5b1b1-T16192C! • U5b1b1a • U5b1b1a1 • U5b1b1a1a • U5b1b1a1a1 • U5b1b1a1b • U5b1b1a2 • U5b1b1a3 • U5b1b1b A principal element in the maternal western eurasian lineages in
Puerto Rico, matching with samples from Senegambia and northern Cameroon indicating its presence as a product of early colonization and enslavement of Senegambians. • U5b1b1-T152C! • U5b1b1e • U5b1b1g • U5b1b1g1 • U5b1b1g1a • U5b1b2 • U5b1b2a • U5b1b2b • U5b1c arose about 13,000 years ago • U5b1c1 • U5b1c1a • U5b1c1a1 • U5b1c2 • U5b1c2a • U5b1c2b • U5b1-T16189C!-T16192C! • U5b1e arose about 6600 years ago. U5b1e is mainly seen in central Europe among Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians and southern Russians. • U5b1e1 • U5b1e1a • U5b1h • U5b1d • U5b1d1 • U5b1d1a • U5b1d1b • U5b1d1c • U5b1d2 • U5b1f • U5b1f1 • U5b1f1a • U5b1g • U5b1i • U5b2 arose between 17,000 and 23,000 years ago and has polymorphisms in 1721 13637( + U5b polymorphisms). The clade has been found in remains dating from prehistoric times in Europe, such as the subclade U5b2c1 of
La Braña man (found at the
La Braña site in Spain). U5b2 is rare among French Basques (2.5%) and more frequent in the Spanish Basques. • U5b2a between 12,000 and 19,000 years ago, prevalent in Central Europe. The clade was notably linked to Neve, who, at the time of her discovery, was the oldest identified female infant burial in Europe, carbon-dated to around 10,000 years ago. • U5b2b1 • U5b2b1a • U5b2b1a1 • U5b2b1a2 • U5b2b1b • U5b2b2 • U5b2b3 • U5b2b3a • U5b2b3a1 • U5b2b3a1a • U5b2b3b • U5b2b4 • U5b2b4a • U5b2b5 • U5b2c between 7,000 and 18,000 years ago. • U5b2c1 less than 8,000 years ago. Found in a
Phoenician individual from a
Carthage tomb in
Byrsa,
Tunisia. • U5b2c2 less than 3,000 years ago. Has the main relationship with the young phoenician man of Byrsa. • U5b2c2a • U5b2c2b • U5b2c3 less than 3,350 years ago. Has the main relationship with the young phoenician man of Byrsa. U5b2c3 is frequent in
Aragon, Spain. • U5b2c3a less than 3,300 years ago. • U5b3 The subclade likely originates in the Italian peninsula; According to another study, U5b3 occurs at a frequency of 2.53% amongst
Mallorcans and 0.96% amongst
Sephardi Chuetas. • U5b3a • U5b3a1 • U5b3a1a • U5b3a1b • U5b3a2 • U5b3b this subclade is likely similarly western Mediterranean/Ibero-Italic in origin but spread to parts of northwestern and middle Europe through Roman expansion, with samples found in
Crete (Greece),
Spain,
Central Italy,
England, the
German Palatinate, and
Bohemia. • U5b3b1 • U5b3b2 • U5b3c • U5b3d • U5b3e • U5b3f • U5b3g • U5b3h
Haplogroup U6 Haplogroup U6 was dated to between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago by Behar et al. (2012). Basal U6* was found in a Romanian specimen of ancient DNA (
Peștera Muierilor) dated to 35,000 years ago. Hervella et al. (2016) take this find as evidence for Paleolithic back-migration of Homo sapiens from Eurasia into Africa. The discovery of basal U6* in ancient DNA contributed to setting back the estimated age of U6 to around 46,000 years ago. Usually U6 genetic history is envisioned as a migration from southwest Asia through North Africa. This hypothesis is based on the general origin of haplogroup U sub-clades in Southwest Asia, which is also the center of the geographical distribution of U sub-clades: Europe, India, Central Asia, East Africa and North Africa. Two possible scenarios for the first U6 haplotype (bearing mutations 3348 and 16172) can be advanced: i) these mutations aroused in the founder region but did not leave any genetic legacy in current human populations there; ii) they originated probably somewhere in North Africa, after the arrival of the U6 founder haplotype. Within North Africa U6 is only significantly frequent at its western edge (as well as in South-western Europe). More importantly, all the most basal branches are virtually restricted to that region (U6b, U6c and U6d), what could indicate its western origin. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded the major sub-clade U6a, which shows a richness of sub-clades in Northwest Africa although a few of derivative branches also include sequences from East African and the Middle Eastern populations (e.g. U6a2). Haplogroup U6 is common (with a prevalence of around 10%)) and the
Canary Islands (18% on average with a peak frequency of 50.1% in
La Gomera). It is also found in the
Iberian peninsula, where it has the highest diversity (10 out of 19 sublineages are only found in this region and not in Africa),
Northeast Africa and occasionally in other locations. U6 is also found at low frequencies in the
Chad Basin, including the rare Canarian branch. This suggests that the ancient U6 clade bearers may have inhabited or passed through the Chad Basin on their way westward toward the Canary Islands. U6 is thought to have entered North Africa from the Near East around 30,000 years ago. It has been found among
Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the
Epipaleolithic at the
Taforalt prehistoric site. In spite of the highest diversity of Iberian U6, Maca-Meyer argues for a Near East origin of this clade based on the highest diversity of subclade U6a in that region, U6 has two main subclades: Fossils at the Early Neolithic site of
Ifri n'Amr or Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, have also been found to carry the U6a subhaplogroup. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Northwest African genomic component that peaks among modern
Berbers, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. U6a's estimated age is 24-27,500 BP. It has six major subclades: • U6a1 similar distribution to U6a parent clade; found particularly among
Copts (27.6%) and
Beja (10.4%). Estimated age: 15-20,000 BP. • U6a1a • U6a1a1 • U6a1a2 • U6a1b • U6a1b1 • U6a1b1a • U6a1b1b • U6a1b2 • U6a1b3 • U6a1b4 • U6a-T16189C! • U6a-T16189C!-x • U6a2 • U6a2a • U6a2a1 • U6a2a2 • U6a2a2a • U6a2b • U6a2b1 • U6a2-T195C! • U6a2c • U6a8 • U6a8a • U6a8b • U6a3 • U6a3a • U6a3a1 • U6a3a1a • U6a3a2 • U6a3a2a • U6a3-G185A • U6a3b • U6a3b1 • U6a3e • U6a3f • U6a3f1 • U6a3f2 • U6a3c • U6a3d • U6a3d1 • U6a3d1a • U6a4 • U6a5 • U6a5a • U6a5a1 • U6a5b • U6a5c • U6a6 • U6a6a • U6a6a1 • U6a6b • U6a6b1 • U6a6b2 • U6a7 • U6a7a • U6a7a1 • U6a7a1a • U6a7a1b • U6a7a1-C152T!! • U6a7a1c • U6a7a2 • U6a7a2a • U6a7b • U6a7b1 • U6a7c • U6a7c1 • U6a'b'd-T16311C! • U6b shows a more patched and western distribution. In the Iberian peninsula, U6b is more frequent in the north, whereas U6a is more common in the south. It has also been found at low frequencies in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Nigeria. Estimated age: 8,500-24,500 BP. It has one subclade: • U6b1 found only in the Canary Islands and in the Iberian peninsula. Estimated age: c. 6000 BP. • U6b1a • U6b1a1 • U6b1b • U6b2 • U6b3 • U6b3a • U6d most closely related to U6b. Localized in the Maghreb, with a presence in Europe. It arose between 10,000 and 13,000 BP. • U6d1 • U6d1a • U6d1b • U6d2 • U6d3 • U6d3a • U6c only found in Morocco and Canary Islands. Estimated age: 6,000-17,500 BP. • U6c1 • U6c2 U6a, U6b and U6d share a common basal mutation (16219) that is not present in U6c, whereas U6c has 11 unique mutations. U6b and U6d share a mutation (16311) not shared by U6a, which has three unique mutations.
U2'3'4'7'8'9 Subclades U2, U3, U4, U7, U8 and U9 are now thought to be monophyletic, their common ancestor "U2'3'4'7'8'9" defined by mutation A1811G, arising between about 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). Within U2'3'4'7'8'9, U4 and U9 may be monophyletic, as "U4'9" (mutations T195C!, G499A, T5999C) arising between 31,000 and 43,000 years ago (Behar et al., 2012). U2'3'4'7'8'9 was found in the remains of two 32,000 years old Ancient North Siberians (ANS) from the
Yana RHS Site on river
Yana.
Haplogroup U2 Haplogroup U2 is most common in
South Asia but is also found in low frequency in Central and West Asia, as well as in Europe as U2e (the European variety of U2 is named U2e). The overall frequency of U2 in South Asia is largely accounted for by the group U2i in India whereas haplogroup U2e, common in Europe, is rare; given that these lineages diverged approximately 50,000-years-ago, these data have been interpreted as indicating very low maternal-line gene-flow between South Asia and Europe throughout this period. While U2 is typically found in India, Both U2 and U4 are found in the
Ket and
Nganasan peoples, the indigenous inhabitants of the
Yenisei River basin and the
Taymyr Peninsula. The U2 subclades are: U2a, U2b, U2c, U2d, and U2e. With the India-specific subclades U2a, U2b, and U2c collectively referred to as U2i, the Eurasian haplogroup U2d appears to be a sister clade with the Indian haplogroup U2c, while U2e is considered a European-specific subclade but also found in South India. and 30,000-year-old hunter-gatherer from the
Kostyonki, Voronezh Oblast in Central-South European Russia., in 4800 to 4000-year-old human remains from a
Beaker culture site of the
Late Neolithic in
Kromsdorf Germany, and in 2,000-year-old human remains from Bøgebjerggård in Southern Denmark. However, haplogroup U2 is rare in present-day Scandinavians. The remains of a 2,000-year-old West Eurasian male of haplogroup U2e1 was found in the
Xiongnu Cemetery of Northeast Mongolia. • U2 • U2a • U2a1 • U2a1a • U2a1b • U2a2 • U2b • U2b1 • U2b1a • U2b2 • U2-T152C! • U2c'd • U2c • U2c1 • U2c1a • U2c1b • U2d • U2d1 • U2d2 • U2d2a • U2d3 • U2e • U2e1'2'3 • U2e1 • U2e1a • U2e1a1 • U2e1a1a • U2e1a1b • U2e1a1c • U2e1b • U2e1b1 • U2e1b2 • U2e1c • U2e1c1 • U2e1d • U2e1e • U2e1f • U2e1f1 • U2e1g • U2e1h • U2e2 • U2e2a • U2e2a1 • U2e2a1a • U2e2a1a1 • U2e2a1a2 • U2e2a1b • U2e2a1c • U2e2a1d • U2e3 • U2e3a
Haplogroup U3 Haplogroup U3 falls into two subclades:: U3a and U3b. Haplogroup U3 is defined by the
HVR1 transition A16343G. It is found at low levels throughout
Europe (about 1% of the population), the
Near East (about 2.5% of the population), and
Central Asia (about 1% of the population). U3 is present in the
Svan population from the
Svaneti region (about 4.2% of the population) and among Lithuanian
Roma, Polish Roma, and Spanish Roma populations (36-56%) The U3 clade is also found among
Mozabite Berbers (10.59%), and
Gurna oases (2.9%), and
Algerians in
Oran (1.08%-1.25%). and among
Somalis (1.6%). Haplogroup U3 has been found in some of the 6400-year-old remains (U3a) discovered in the caves at Wadi El-Makkukh near
Jericho associated with the
Chalcolithic period. Haplogroup U3 was already present in the West Eurasian gene pool around 6,000-years-ago and probably also its subclade U3a as well. and it is relatively rare in modern populations, U4 is found in the endangered
Nganasan people of the Taymyr Peninsula, in the
Mansi (16.3%), and is found in the
Sami population of the Scandinavian peninsula (although, U5b has a higher representation). U4 is also preserved in the
Kalash people (current population size 3,700) a unique tribe among the
Indo-Aryan peoples of Pakistan where U4 (subclade U4a1) attains its highest frequency of 34%. The U4 subclades are: U4a, U4b, U4c, and U4d. Haplogroup U4 is associated with ancient European hunter-gatherers and has been found in 7,200 to 6,000-year-old remains in Zealand, Denmark (late
Kongemose culture or early
Ertebølle culture) and in 4,200-year-old remains from a
passage grave at Damsbo site (Jordløse Parish). Eight out of 19 remains from 4,800 to 4,000-year-old
Pitted Ware burials in Swedish Gotland carried haplogroups
H1b or U4, according to frequencies of
HVS1 polymorphisms. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from 3,500 to 3,300-year-old remains at the Bredtoftegård site in Denmark associated with the
Nordic Bronze Age include haplogroup U4 with 16179T in its HVR1 indicative of subclade U4c1. 2 out of 9 1700-year-old remains in the extreme southwest of
Ivanovo Region were U4c1. • U4 • U4a • U4a1 • U4a1a • U4a1a1 • U4a1a2 • U4a1a3 • U4a1b • U4a1b1 • U4a1b1a • U4a1b2 • U4a1c • U4a1d • U4a1e • U4a2 • U4a2a • U4a2a1 • U4a2a2 • U4a2a3 • U4a2b • U4a2c • U4a2c1 • U4a2d • U4a2e • U4a2f • U4a2g • U4a2h • U4a2h1 • U4a3 • U4a3a • U4b • U4b1 • U4b1a • U4b1a1 • U4b1a1a • U4b1a1a1 • U4b1a2 • U4b1a2a • U4b1a2b • U4b1a3 • U4b1a3a • U4b1a4 • U4b1-T146C! • U4b1b • U4b1b1 • U4b1b1a • U4b1b1b • U4b1b1-T16311C! • U4b1b1c • U4b1b1d • U4b1b2 • U4b2 • U4b2a • U4b2a1 • U4b2a1a • U4b3 • U4c • U4c1 • U4c1a • U4c2 • U4c2a • U4d • U4d1 • U4d1a • U4d1a1 • U4d1a1a • U4d1b • U4d2 • U4d3
Haplogroup U9 Haplogroup U9 is a rare clade in mtDNA phylogeny, characterized only recently in a few populations of Pakistan (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Its presence in
Ethiopia and
Yemen, together with some Indian-specific M lineages in the Yemeni sample, points to gene flow along the coast of the Arabian Sea. Haplogroups U9 and U4 share two common mutations at the root of their phylogeny. It is interesting that, in Pakistan, U9 occurs frequently only among the so-called
Makrani population. In this particular population, lineages specific to parts of Eastern Africa occur as frequently as 39%, which suggests that U9 lineages in
Pakistan may have an
African origin (Quintana-Murci et al. 2004). Regardless of which coast of the Arabian Sea may have been the origin of U9, its Ethiopian–southern Arabian–Indus Basin distribution hints that the subclade's diversification from U4 may have occurred in regions far away from the current area of the highest diversity and frequency of haplogroup U4—East Europe and western Siberia. • U9 • U9a • U9a1 • U9b • U9b1
Haplogroup U7 Haplogroup U7 is considered a West Eurasian–specific mtDNA haplogroup, believed to have originated in the
Black Sea area approximately 30,000 years ago. In modern populations, U7 occurs at low frequency in the Caucasus, West Asia (about 4% in the Near East, while peaking with 10% in Iranians), One third of the West Eurasian-specific mtDNAs found in India are in haplogroups U7,
R2 and
W. It is speculated that large-scale immigration carried these mitochondrial haplogroups into India. and U7b. Haplogroup U7 was reported to have been found in 1200-year-old human remains (dating to around 834), in a woman believed to be from a royal clan who was buried with the Viking
Oseberg Ship in Norway. Haplogroup U7 was found in 1000-year-old human remains (dating to around AD 1000-1250) in a Christian cemetery is Kongemarken Denmark. However, U7 is rare among present-day ethnic Scandinavians. • U7 • U7a • U7a1 • U7a1a • U7a2 • U7a2a • U7a3 • U7a3a • U7a3b • U7a4 • U7a4a • U7a4a1 • U7a4a1a • U7a5 • U7b • U7b1 • U7b2
Haplogroup U8 Haplogroup U8a: The Basques have the most ancestral
phylogeny in Europe for the mitochondrial haplogroup U8a. This is a rare subgroup of U8, placing the Basque origin of this lineage in the Upper Palaeolithic. The lack of U8a lineages in Africa suggests that their ancestors may have originated from West Asia. Haplogroup U8b: This clade has been found in Italy and Jordan. Haplogroup U8b'K: This clade may be synonymous with
Haplogroup K and
Haplogroup UK. The haplogroup U8b's most common subclade is
haplogroup K, which is estimated to date to between 30,000 and 22,000 years ago. Haplogroup K makes up a sizeable fraction of European and West Asian mtDNA lineages. It is now known it is actually a subclade of haplogroup U8b'K, and is believed to have first arisen in northeastern Italy.
Haplogroup UK shows some evidence of being highly protective against AIDS progression. • U8 • U8a • U8a1 • U8a1a • U8a1a1 • U8a1a1a • U8a1a1a1 • U8a1a1b • U8a1a1b1 • U8a1a2 • U8a1a3 • U8a1a4 • U8a1b • U8a2 • U8b'c • U8b • U8b1 • U8b1a • U8b1a1 • U8b1a2 • U8b1a2a • U8b1a2-T16311C! • U8b1a2b • U8b1b • U8b1b1 • U8b1b2 •
K • U8c == Famous members ==