The place name derives from
Old English heort ("
hart"), referring to
stags seen, and
pōl (
pool), a pool of drinking water which they were known to use. Records of the place-name from early sources confirm this: • 649:
Heretu, or Hereteu. • 1017:
Herterpol, or Hertelpolle. • 1182:
Hierdepol.
Town on the heugh A
Northumbrian settlement developed in the 7th century around
an abbey founded in 640 by
Saint Aidan (an Irish Christian priest) upon a headland overlooking a natural harbour and the North Sea. The monastery became powerful under
St Hilda, who served as its
abbess from 649 to 657. The 8th-century
Northumbrian chronicler
Bede referred to the spot on which today's town is sited as "the place where deer come to drink", and in this period the Headland was named by the
Angles as
Heruteu (
Stag Island). Archaeological evidence has been found below the current high tide mark that indicates that an ancient post-
glacial forest by the sea existed in the area at the time. The Abbey fell into decline in the early 8th century, and it was probably destroyed during a sea raid by
Vikings on the settlement in the 9th century. In March 2000, the archaeological investigation television programme
Time Team located the foundations of the lost monastery in the grounds of St Hilda's Church. In the early 11th century, the name had evolved into
Herterpol.
Hartness During the Norman Conquest, the De Brus family gained over-lordship of the land surrounding Hartlepool.
William the Conqueror subsequently ordered the construction of
Durham Castle, and the villages under their rule were mentioned in records, in 1153, when
Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale became
Lord of Hartness. The town's first charter was received before 1185, for which it gained its first mayor, an annual two-week fair and a weekly market. By the
Middle Ages, Hartlepool grew into an important market town. One of the reasons for its growing wealth was that its harbour was the official port of the
County Palatine of Durham. With fishing as the main industry, Hartlepool became one of the primary ports on England's Eastern coast. In 1306,
Robert the Bruce was crowned
King of Scotland, and became the last Lord of Hartness.
King Edward I confiscated the title to Hartlepool, and began to improve the town's military defences in expectation of war. In the late 15th century, a pier was constructed to assist in the harbour's workload.
Garrison Hartlepool was once again militarily occupied by a Scottish incursion, this time in alliance with the
Parliamentary Army during the
English Civil War, which after 18 months was relieved by an English Parliamentarian garrison. A few weeks later, he wrote in greater detail to James Brown:
Town by the strand By the early nineteenth century, Hartlepool was still a small town of around 900 people, with a declining port. In 1823, the council and
Board of Trade decided that the town needed new industry, so the decision was made to propose a new railway to make Hartlepool a coal port, shipping out minerals from the Durham
coalfield. It was in this endeavour that
Isambard Kingdom Brunel visited the town in December 1831, and wrote: "A curiously isolated old fishing town – a remarkably fine race of men. Went to the top of the church tower for a view." But the plan faced local competition from new docks. to the north, the
Marquis of Londonderry had approved the creation of the new
Seaham Harbour (opened 31 July 1831), while to the south the
Clarence Railway connected
Stockton-on-Tees and
Billingham to a new port at
Port Clarence (opened 1833). Further south again, in 1831 the
Stockton and Darlington Railway had extended into the new port of
Middlesbrough. The council agreed the formation of the
Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company (HD&RCo) to extend the existing port by developing new docks, and link to both local collieries and the developing railway network in the south. In 1833, it was agreed that
Christopher Tennant of
Yarm establish the HD&RCo, having previously opened the Clarence Railway (CR). Tennant's plan was that the HD&RCo would fund the creation of a new railway, the
Stockton and Hartlepool Railway, which would take over the loss-making CR and extended it north to the new dock, thereby linking to the Durham coalfield. After Tennant died, in 1839, the running of the HD&RCo was taken over by Stockton-on-Tees solicitor,
Ralph Ward Jackson. But Jackson became frustrated at the planning restrictions placed on the old Hartlepool dock and surrounding area for access, so bought land which was mainly sand dunes to the south-west, and established
West Hartlepool. Because Jackson was so successful at shipping coal from West Hartlepool through his
West Hartlepool Dock and Railway Company and, as technology developed, ships grew in size and scale, the new town would eventually dwarf the old town. The West Hartlepool Harbour and Dock opened on 1 June 1847. On 1 June 1852, the Jackson Dock opened on the same day that a railway opened connecting West Hartlepool to
Leeds, Manchester and
Liverpool. This allowed the shipping of coal and wool products eastwards, and the shipping of fresh fish and raw fleeces westwards, enabling another growth spurt in the town. This in turn resulted in the opening of the Swainson Dock on 3 June 1856, named after Ward Jackson's father-in-law. In 1878, the William Gray & Co shipyard in West Hartlepool achieved the distinction of launching the largest tonnage of any shipyard in the world, a feat to be repeated on a number of occasions. By 1881, old Hartlepool's population had grown from 993 to 12,361, but West Hartlepool had a population of 28,000. Ward Jackson helped to plan the layout of West Hartlepool and was responsible for the first public buildings. He was also involved in the education and the welfare of the inhabitants. In the end, he was a victim of his own ambition to promote the town: accusations of shady financial dealings, and years of legal battles, left him in near-poverty. He spent the last few years of his life in London, far away from the town he had created.
World Wars Hartlepool during the First World War , a plaque in
Redheugh Gardens War Memorial "marks the place where the first ...(German shell) struck... (and) the first soldier was killed on British soil by enemy action in the Great War 1914–1918." The area became heavily industrialised with an
ironworks (established in 1838) and
shipyards in the docks (established in the 1870s). By 1913, no fewer than 43 ship-owning companies were located in the town, with the responsibility for 236 ships. This made it a key target for Germany in the
First World War. One of the first German offensives against Britain was a raid and bombardment by the
Imperial German Navy on the morning of 16 December 1914, Hartlepool was hit with a total of 1150 shells, killing 117 people. Two coastal defence batteries at Hartlepool returned fire, launching 143 shells, and damaging three German ships:
SMS Seydlitz,
SMS Moltke and
SMS Blücher. The Hartlepool engagement lasted roughly 50 minutes, and the coastal artillery defence was supported by the Royal Navy in the form of four destroyers, two light cruisers and a submarine, none of which had any significant impact on the German attackers. Private Theophilus Jones of the 18th Battalion
Durham Light Infantry, who fell as a result of this bombardment, is sometimes described as the first military casualty on British soil by enemy fire. This event (the death of the first soldiers on British soil) is commemorated by the 1921
Redheugh Gardens War Memorial together with a plaque unveiled on the same day (seven years and one day after the East Coast Raid) at the spot on the Headland (the memorial by Philip Bennison illustrates four soldiers on one of four
cartouches and the plaque, donated by a member of the public, refers to the 'first soldier' but gives no name). A living history group, the Hartlepool Military Heritage Memorial Society, portray men of that unit for educational and memorial purposes. Hartlepudlians voluntarily subscribed more money per head to the war effort than any other town in Britain.
Hartlepool between the wars On 4 January 1922, a fire starting in a timber yard left 80 people homeless and caused over £1,000,000 of damage. Hartlepool suffered badly in the
Great Depression of the 1930s and endured high unemployment.
Hartlepool during the Second World War Unemployment decreased during the
Second World War, with shipbuilding and steel-making industries enjoying a renaissance. Most of its output for the war effort were "
Empire Ships". German bombers raided the town 43 times, though, compared to the previous war, civilian losses were lighter with 26 deaths recorded by Hartlepool Municipal Borough and 49 by West Hartlepool Borough. During the Second World War,
RAF Greatham (also known as RAF West Hartlepool) was located on the South
British Steel Corporation Works.
The merger of Old Hartlepool and West Hartlepool on the heugh In 1891, the two towns had a combined population of 64,000. By 1900, the two Hartlepools were, together, one of the three busiest ports in England. The modern town represents a joining of "Old Hartlepool", locally known as the "Headland", and the larger town of
West Hartlepool. The two towns were formally unified in 1967. Today the term "West Hartlepool" is rarely heard outside the context of sport, but one of the town's
Rugby Union teams still retains the name. The name of the town's professional football club reflected both boroughs; when it was formed in 1908, following the success of West Hartlepool in winning the FA Amateur Cup in 1905, it was called "Hartlepools United" in the hope of attracting support from both towns. When the boroughs combined in 1967, the club renamed itself "Hartlepool" before re-renaming itself
Hartlepool United in the 1970s. Many fans of the club still refer to the team as "Pools"
Postwar period After the war, industry went into a severe decline.
Blanchland, the last ship to be constructed in Hartlepool, left the slips in 1961. In 1967, Betty James wrote how "if I had the luck to live anywhere in the North East [of England]...I would live near Hartlepool. If I had the luck". There was a boost to the retail sector in 1970 when Middleton Grange Shopping Centre was opened by
Princess Anne, with over 130 new shops including
Marks & Spencer and
Woolworths. Before the shopping centre was opened, the old town centre was located around Lynn Street, but most of the shops and the market had moved to a new shopping centre by 1974. Most of Lynn Street had by then been demolished to make way for a new housing estate. Only the north end of the street remains, now called Lynn Street North. This is where the Hartlepool Borough Council depot was based (alongside the Focus DIY store) until it moved to the marina in August 2006. In 1977, the
British Steel Corporation closed its Hartlepool steelworks, with the loss of 1500 jobs. In the 1980s, the area was afflicted with extremely high levels of unemployment, at its peak consisting of 30 per cent of the town's working-age population, the highest in the United Kingdom. 630 jobs at British Steel were lost in 1983, and a total of 10,000 jobs were lost from the town in the economic de-industrialization of England's former Northern manufacturing heartlands. Between 1983 and 1999, the town lacked a cinema and areas of it became afflicted with the societal hallmarks of endemic economic poverty:
urban decay, high crime levels,
drug and alcohol dependency being prevalent. The accompanying
National Museum of the Royal Navy opened in 1994, then known as the Hartlepool Historic Quay. A development corporation is under consultation until August 2022 to organise projects, with the
town's fund given to the town and other funds. Plans would be (if the corporation is formed) focused on the railway station, waterfront (including the Royal Navy Museum and a new leisure centre) and
Church Street. Northern School of Art also has funds for a TV and film studios. On 2 August 2024
far-right activists and others
attacked police, threw stones at a mosque and looted shops after anti-immigrant misinformation was spread on social media. ==Governance==