Hong Kong written Chinese

With the formal standardisation of the Mandarin Chinese language in the Republic of China, teaching materials began being exported to the British crown colonies Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaya. The Chinese Communist Party's victory over the Chinese Nationalist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan and the subsequent diplomatic isolation of the People's Republic of China from Britain under the One-China policy propagandised by the government of the Republic of China led to a diversification of the Standard Chinese (Mandarin) language. There are four primary standardised forms of Mandarin today: that of mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. Hong Kong, on the other hand, was a British colony until 1997 and for most of the British colonial era, English had been the only official language. Chinese was recognised as a co-official language in 1974 after recurring riots as well as scholarly activism. Although legal texts were translated from English into Chinese in the late 1970s, the English versions alone continued to be the ultimately valid ones. This meant that there was not much historical effort on the British side to standardise a written standard of Chinese in Hong Kong. This lack of political intervention facilitated the formation what was coined Hong Kong written Chinese ( by Shi, 2006 In recent years, the Chinese government and the Hong Kong government have ramped up their promotion of spoken Standard Mandarin in Hong Kong in line with the growing economic dependence on mainland China, migration of mainland Chinese into Hong Kong and cultural and political assimilation of Hong Kong into China, factors which have increased the need for locals to learn spoken Standard Mandarin, the national common language (國家通用語言) of the People's Republic of China, too. These and other political issues have led to tensions between the pro-Beijing camp, which are in favour of assimilating with China, and localist camp, which are in favour of protecting the widespread use of Hong Kong Cantonese in Hong Kong. Some localist xenophobes have also conducted discriminatory acts under the presumption that all mainland Chinese are part of the pro-Beijing camp. == Phonology ==

Although Hong Kong written Chinese is variety of Mandarin Chinese, it is usually read aloud in Cantonese. However, the colloquial and literary Cantonese readings of Chinese characters can sometimes differ. The latter are based on traditional rime dictionaries and employed when reading out loud texts in Classical or written vernacular Mandarin Chinese. Thus, students in Hong Kong schools get corrected by their teachers if they read aloud a character in a written vernacular Mandarin Chinese text using the colloquial pronunciation. Some regular differences between colloquial and literary readings in Cantonese include: • The Late Middle Chinese (LMC) initial */fɦ-/ corresponds to colloquial /p-/ and /pʰ-/, but to literary /f-/, e.g. LMC */fɦuə̌/, coll. /pʰou˩˧/ and lit. /fu˩˧/, '(married) woman'. • The LMC syllables /ŋiCnasal/ and /ŋi̯eCnasal/ correspond to colloquial /ŋɐCnasal/ and /ŋa:Cnasal/ respectively, but to literary /jɐCnasal/ and /jiCnasal/, e.g. LMC /ŋīm/, coll. /ŋɐm˨˩/ and lit. /jɐm˨˩/ 'to recite; to groan'; LMC /ŋi̯ên/, coll. /ŋaːn˨˩/ and lit. /jin˨˩/ 'research'. • The colloquial rimes /-ɛːC/ and /-ɛːu̯/ correspond to literary rimes /-ɪC/ and /-iːu̯/ respectively, e.g. coll. /mɛːŋ˨˩/ versus lit. /mɪŋ˨˩/, 'name'. • The colloquial rime /-ɐɪ̯/ corresponds to literary /-ɔɪ̯/ when going back to LMC */-ʌi/, whereas it corresponds to literary /-iː/ when going back to LMC */-i/. • The colloquial rime /-œː/ corresponds to literary /-ɔː/. • LMC syllables with voiced/breathy obstruent initials and rising-tone rimes correspond to colloquial readings with aspirate initials and low-rising-tone rimes, but to literary readings with tenuis initials and low-even-tone rimes, e.g. LMC /pɦə̌ŋ/, coll. /pʰaːŋ˩˧/ and lit. /paːŋ˨/. Here the colloquial variant preserves the phonetic realisation of the LMC tone more authentically. The literary reading imitates the correspondence of LMC syllables with voiced obstruent initials and rising-tone rimes with Mandarin syllables with falling-tone rimes (the Cantonese mid- and lower-even tone rimes correspond to Mandarin falling-tone rimes). == Lexicon ==

Lexical differences between the different varieties of written Chinese Some lexical differences between the varieties of formal written Standard Chinese in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: It is worth noting that some mainland Chinese and Taiwanese terms are occasionally used in Hong Kong and Macau when writing in the highest register. Notes Semantic differences between the varieties of written Chinese Some lexemes appear both in Hong Kong written Chinese and Standard Mandarin Chinese, but may differ in their semantic range and value when the former is used outside of its highest register: Notes == Grammar ==

The grammar of HKWC when used outside of its highest register is slightly different from that of Standard Mandarin: • Conjunction words that are paired in Standard Mandarin can be used alone in HKWC. For example, the latter parts of ("even if") and are commonly omitted in HKWC. Shi & Wang (2006) argues this is due to influence from English. • Conjunction words are used in pairings not seen in Standard Mandarin. • Null anaphoric forms can refer to the object of a preposition. • Null anaphoric forms have longer-ranged antecedents compared to Standard Mandarin; there is no requirement for a strict, linear order. • Null anaphoric forms can refer to an antecedent in a different level. • The resumptive pronoun ("this") is commonly elided, compared to Standard Mandarin. • The Standard Mandarin demonstrative is not commonly used. Instead, three demonstratives, , function for specific types of nouns. • The use of is expanded compared to that of Standard Mandarin, being no longer limited to singular nouns with no morphemes between the demonstrative and the noun. • The demonstrative is commonly elided. • The indefinite functions more like in Standard Mandarin. • Several sentence structures borrowed from English exist. == Comparison with written Cantonese ==

The highers registers of Hong Kong written Chinese generally differ almost as much from written Cantonese as formal spoken Standard Mandarin Chinese does. Some examples: == References ==