Indonesian National Armed Forces

commemorating the anniversary of the Indonesian National Armed Forces in 1985 Before the formation of the Indonesian Republic, the military authority in the Dutch East Indies was held by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and by naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy (KM). Although both the KNIL and KM were not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took the role of foe during Indonesian National Revolution in 1945 to 1949, the KNIL had also provided military training and infrastructure for some of the future TNI officers and other ranks. There were military training centers, military schools and academies in the Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch volunteers and European mercenaries, the KNIL also recruited indigenous, especially Ambonese, Kai Islanders, Timorese, and Minahasan people. In 1940, with the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded Javanese. Some of the indigenous soldiers that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education would later become important TNI officers, for example Suharto and Abdul Haris Nasution. , March 1947 Indonesian nationalism and militarism started to gain momentum and support in World War II during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. To gain support from the Indonesian people in their war against the Western Allied force, Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military training and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called PETA (; Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese intended for PETA to assist their forces and oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military training for Indonesian youth was originally meant to rally local support for the Empire of Japan but later became a significant resource for the Republic of Indonesia during the Indonesian National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. Many of these men who served in PETA, both officers and NCOs alike including Sudirman, formed the majority of the personnel that would compose the future armed forces. , first commander of the Indonesian Armed Forces The Indonesian Armed Forces started out as the People's Security Agency (, BKR), which was formed in the third PPKI meeting, on 29 August 1945. BKR united militias across the newly independent country to maintain civil order; it was more of a constabulary than an army. The decision to create a "security agency", and not an army, was taken to avoid the Allied forces seeing it as an armed revolution and invading in full force. One of the terms of surrender to Japan was to return the Asian colonies they had conquered to their previous rulers, certainly not to make them independent. When confrontations became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, on 5 October 1945 the People's Security Forces (, TKR) was formed on the basis of existing BKR units; this was a move taken to formalize, unite, and organize the splintered pockets of independent troopers () across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders. The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict was the 1945–1949 Indonesian National Revolution, in which the 1945 Battle of Surabaya was especially important as the baptism of fire of the young armed forces. In January 1946, TKR renamed as the People's Safety Forces (, TKR), then succeeded by Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (, TRI), in a further step to professionalize the armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically. In June 1947, the TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the Indonesian National Armed Forces (, TNI) which was a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations () across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the War Forces of the United States of Indonesia (, APRIS), by mid year the War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (, APRI), also absolving native personnel from within both the former KNIL and KM within the expanded republic. According to the official website of Indonesian veterans, there were 863,432 people who joined the struggle for Indonesian independence and this included those who were members of the militia, police, intelligence and auxiliary and as of 2023, there are still 25,676 Indonesian National Revolution veterans alive. On 21 June 1962, the name (TNI) was changed to (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia, ABRI). The POLRI (Indonesian National Police) was integrated under the Armed Forces and changed its name to (Police Force), and its commander maintained the concurrent status of Minister of Defense and Security, reporting to the President, who is commander in chief. The commanding generals (later chiefs of staff) and the Chief of the National Police then all held ministerial status as members of the cabinet of the republic, while a number of higher-ranking officers were appointed to other cabinet posts. On 1 July 1969, the Police Force's name was reverted to "POLRI". After the fall of Suharto in 1998, the democratic and civil movement grew against the acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As a result, the post-Suharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reforms, such as the revocation of the Dwifungsi doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reforms also involved law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. These reforms led to the separation of the police force from the military. In April 1999, the Indonesian National Police officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the armed forces proper. The official name of the Indonesian armed forces also changed from (ABRI) back to (TNI). Future plans rehearsal. At the beginning of 2010, the Indonesian government sought to strengthen the TNI to achieve minimum standards of minimum strength called "" (Minimum Essential Force, or MEF). The MEF was divided into three strategic five-year plan stages, 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. Initially the government budgeted Rp156 trillion (around US$16 billion at the time) for the provision of TNI's main weapon system equipment (known as , an abbreviation for or "Main Weapons System") in the MEF period 2010–2014. Naming history • People's Security Agency (, 22 August – 5 October 1945; spelled ) • People's Security Forces (, 5 October 1945 – 7 January 1946; spelled ) • People's Safety Forces (, 7–26 January 1946; spelled ) • Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (, 26 January 1946 – 3 June 1947; spelled until 17 March 1947) • Indonesian National Armed Forces (, 3 June 1947 – 27 December 1949) • War Forces of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (, 27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950) • War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (, 17 August 1950 – 21 June 1962) • Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (, 21 June 1962 – 1 April 1999; spelled until 1 January 1973)* • Indonesian National Armed Forces (, since 1 April 1999) *the name TNI was still used during ABRI era when it came to the military itself and the branches excluding the Police (e.g. TNI-AD/AL/AU). But when it was Armed Forces as a whole, including the Police, the term ABRI was used instead. == Philosophy and doctrine ==

(CARAT) The Indonesian military philosophy about the defense of the archipelago is summarily civilian-military defence, called "Total People's Defense", consisting of a three-stage war: a short initial period in which an invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial guerrilla warfare followed by a final stage of expulsion, with the military acting as a rallying point for defense from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the entire population and enable the armed forces to manage all war-related resources. The civilian population would provide logistical support, intelligence, and upkeep with some of the population that is armed forces-trained to join the guerrilla struggle against the aggressor. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD/TMMD) program, begun in 1983, is held three times annually to organize and assist construction and development of civilian village projects. The current developments in Indonesia's defense policies are framed within the concept of achieving "Minimum Essential Force" or MEF by 2024. This concept of MEF was first articulated in Presidential Decree No. 7/2008 on General Policy Guidelines on State Defense Policy which came into effect on 26 January 2008. MEF is defined as a capability based defense and force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defense interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defense strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipment. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of 3 strategic programs with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up to1.5–2% of the GDP. The identity of the Indonesian National Armed forces is as defined by the Article 2 of the Law No 34/2004 on Indonesian National Armed forces is the TNI must aim to become the: • People's Military Forces, the armed forces whose serving personnel come from Indonesian citizens from all walks of life; • Military of Warriors, which are soldiers who fought to establish the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and do not recognize surrender in carrying out and completing its obligations; • National Armed Forces, the Indonesian national armed forces who serve in the interest of the country and her people over the interests of the regions/provinces, ethnic groups, races, and religions; • and Professional Armed Forces, an armed forces that is well-trained, well-educated, well-equipped, non-practicable, prohibited to do business and politics and guaranteed welfare, and following the country's political policies that embrace democratic principles, civil supremacy, human rights, and the provisions of national law and international laws in force, as ratified and approved in the 1999–2003 amendments to the Constitution. ==Operations==

The military in Indonesia has evolved as an apparatus for defense based on political decisions. Indonesia has deployed forces in several UN peacekeeping operations, including in Lebanon and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and has sent over 24,000 peacekeeping personnel to UN missions since 1957. The armed forces are tasked with military operations other than war, which include deterring radicalism and terrorism, securing critical infrastructure such as border controls, protecting dignitaries, providing disaster relief, and assisting the government in securing flight and maritime routes against hijacking, piracy, and trafficking. == Organization ==

The Indonesian armed forces have long been organized around territorial commands. Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of the Army General Reserve, "CADUAD", the precursor of today's Kostrad, was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure. Following a decision in 1985, a major reorganization separated the Ministry of Defense and Security from the ABRI (, the name of the armed forces used during the New Order) headquarters and staff. MoDS was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The ABRI Commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in the country, while continuing to be a part of the cabinet. The administrative structure of Ministry of Defense and Security consisted of a minister, deputy minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, deputy minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers; the secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were, as is the case today, active-duty military officers, while employees and staff were personnel of the armed forces and of the civil service. The 1985 reorganization also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multi-service Regional Defense Commands ("Kowilhans") and the National Strategic Command ("Kostranas") were eliminated from the defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command ("Kodam"), or area command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the "ABRI" commander in chief to the ten "Kodam" commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from the structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the "Kodam" staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operational Commands ("Ko-Ops") while the navy had its two Fleet Commands, the Western and Eastern Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command ("Kohanudnas") remained under the "ABRI" commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the early warning system. After Suharto's presidential era collapsed in 1998, the Indonesian National Police was separated from the Armed Forces making the Indonesian Armed Forces under the direct auspices command of the Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (the then name "ABRI") was composed of four service branches: Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name, in 1999, was changed to TNI () literally meaning: "The National Military of Indonesia" and the independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI () literally meaning: "The National Police Force of Indonesia". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces of Indonesia and the National Police of Indonesia has been separated, they still cooperate and conduct special duties and tasks together for the sake of the national security and integrity of Indonesia. On 13 May 2018, Commander Hadi Tjahjanto reorganized the armed forces once more by inaugurating 4 new military units: Kostrad's 3rd Infantry Division, Navy's 3rd Fleet Command, Air Force's 3rd Air Force Operations Command, and Marine Force III. The new military units are intended to reduce response time against any threats and problems in Eastern Indonesia. He also officially renamed the Western and Eastern Fleet Commands to 1st and 2nd Fleet Commands. The Indonesian National Armed Forces is structured into the following in accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 66/2019, later revised with Presidential Regulation No. 84/2025. The organization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces consists of Indonesian National Armed Forces General Headquarters () based in the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta, of which it oversee the headquarters of the three branch of the military: • Indonesian Army Headquarters (), based in Gambir, Central Jakarta; • Indonesian Navy Headquarters (), based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta; and • Indonesian Air Force Headquarters (), also based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta Armed Forces Headquarters Organization Leadership elements '' (Commander) of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, General Agus Subiyanto of the Army The leadership elements of the Indonesian armed forces consist of the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces () and the Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, both position are held by four-star Generals/Admirals/Air Marshals appointed by and reporting directly to the President of Indonesia, who is the overall commander-in-chief of the armed forces. As of August 2025, the deputy commander of the armed forces is General Tandyo Budi Revita. • Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (); and • Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (). Leadership support elements • Armed Forces General Staff () • Armed Forces Inspectorate General () • Armed Forces Strategic Policy and General Planning Staff () • Armed Forces Operations Staff () • Armed Forces Commander Advisory Staff () • Armed Forces Intelligence Staff () • Armed Forces Personnel Staff () • Armed Forces Logistics Staff () • Armed Forces Territorial Staff () • Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Staff () Service Elements • Armed Forces Electronics and Communication Unit () • Armed Forces Operations Control Center () • Armed Forces Secretariat General () • Armed Forces General Headquarters and Services Detachment () Central Executive Agencies • Armed Forces Command and Staff Colleges () based in Bandung, which consist of: • Army Command and Staff College, based in Bandung; • Naval Command and Staff College, based in Cipulir, South Jakarta; and • Air Force Command and Staff College, based in Lembang, West Bandung. • Armed Forces Academy (), based in Cilangkap, which consist of: • Military Academy, based in Magelang; • Naval Academy, based in Surabaya; and • Air Force Academy, based in Yogyakarta. • Armed Forces Strategic Intelligence Agency (); • Armed Forces Education, Training and Doctrine Development Command (); • Army Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in Bandung; • Naval Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in Surabaya; and • Air Force Training, Education and Doctrine Development Command, based in East Jakarta. • Armed Forces Special Operations Command (); • Indonesian Presidential Security Forces (); • Armed Forces Legal and Human Rights Agency (), which also oversee the Armed Forces prosecutors' office () and correctional facilities. • Armed Forces Logistics Agency (); • Armed Forces Information Center (); • Armed Forces Medical Center (); • Armed Forces Military Police Center (); • Armed Forces Finance Center (); • Armed Forces Peacekeeping Missions Center () • Armed Forces Strategic Assessment, Research, and Development Center (); • Armed Forces Psychology Center ( TNI) • Armed Forces Mental Guidance and Chaplaincy Center (); • Armed Forces Historical Heritage Center (); • Armed Forces Information and Data Processing Center (); • Armed Forces International Cooperation Center (); • Armed Forces Physical Fitness and Basic Military Regulation Center (); • Armed Forces Procurement Center (); • Armed Forces Maritime Information Center (); • Armed Forces Bureaucratic Reform Center ( TNI); • Armed Forces Personnel Administration Center ( ); • Armed Forces Permanent Garrison Commands (), which consist of: • 1st Permanent Garrison Command/Jakarta • 2nd Permanent Garrison Command/Bandung • 3rd Permanent Garrison Command/Surabaya • Armed Forces Cyber Operations Unit () Principal Operational Commands Infantry soldiers is one of the main combatant forces of the Indonesian armed forces The Principal Operational Commands () are the centralized TNI forces which are under the command of the Armed Forces General Headquarters. The Navy has one centralized fleet command (Indonesian Fleet Command at Jakarta) which consists of three navy fleets which are the 1st Fleet Command (Koarmada I) based in Tanjungpinang, the 2nd Fleet Command (Koarmada II) based in Surabaya, and the 3rd Fleet Command (Koarmada III) based in Sorong, all three fleet forces commands holding responsibility for the defense of the three maritime and naval territorial commands. The Navy also has a management of aircraft and aviation systems which are operated by the Naval Aviation Center (). The Navy operates 63 fixed wing aircraft and 29 combat and transport helicopters. The Navy also includes the Indonesian Marine Corps (, or KorMar). It was created on 15 November 1945 and has the duties of being the main naval infantry and amphibious warfare force with quick reaction capabilities and special operations abilities. Sukhoi Su-30 fighter at Sultan Hasanuddin Air Force Base • The TNI-AU (Indonesian Air Force) is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. Its Order of Battle is under the Air Operations Commands (Koopsud) which consists of three operational commands (Koopsud I, Koopsud II, and Koopsud III). Most of its airbases are located on the island of Java. Presently, the Air Force has up-to 34,930 personnel equipped with 202 aircraft including Sukhoi Su-27s, Su-30s, F-16 Fighting Falcons, Hawk 100/200s, KAI T-50 Golden Eagles, and EMB 314 Super Tucanos. The Air Force also has air force infantry corps which is known as Kopasgat that are tasked for airbase defense, airborne troops and special forces unit. While no longer a part of the Armed Forces since 1 April 1999, the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) often operate in paramilitary roles independently or in co-operation with the other services on internal security missions, usually in cooperation with the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). The National Police Mobile Brigade Corps are the main paramilitary forces which are usually put on to these roles and tasks with the service branches of the armed forces. Until today, both the TNI and the POLRI still holds strong ties and cooperation for the sake of the nation's national security and integrity purposes. Special Forces Unit Indonesian Military Special Forces • TNI AD (Indonesian Army): Kopassus, Tontaipur • TNI AL (Indonesian Navy): Kopaska, Taifib, Denjaka • TNI AU (Indonesian Air Force): Bravo Detachment 90 In the immediate aftermath of 2018 Surabaya bombings, President Widodo has agreed to revive the TNI Joint Special Operations Command (Koopssusgab) to assist the National Police in antiterrorism operations under certain conditions. This joint force is composed of special forces of the National Armed Forces as mentioned above, and is under the direct control of the Commander of the National Armed Forces. In July 2019, President Widodo officially formed the Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus TNI) which comprised 400 personnel each from Sat-81 Gultor of Kopassus, Denjaka, and Den Bravo of Kopasgat to conduct special operations to protect national interests within or outside Indonesian territory. in 2017 Equipment • TNI AD List of equipment of the Indonesian Army • TNI AL List of equipment of the Indonesian Navy • TNI AU List of equipment of the Indonesian Air Force Jokowi and Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto inaugurates reserve component (Komcad) in ILSV vehicle Reserves The Indonesian National Armed Forces Reserve Component (Komponen Cadangan TNI, abbreviated into KOMCAD) is the military reserve force element of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. On January 12, 2021, President Joko Widodo, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, issued Government Regulation Number 3 of 2021 implementing Law 23 on the Management of National Resources for Defense of the Nation which established the Reserve as a directly reporting unit under the General Headquarters, in order to supplement the Principal Component, i.e. the Armed Forces and the National Police. Under the regulation, the Reserve officially consists of army, naval, and air reserve forces. Membership in the reserve is voluntary for all citizens, even for members of the civil service. == Budget ==

*the 2020 budget was changed due to COVID-19 outbreak, while the budget for the Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education and Culture has been increased. == Commander ==

The Indonesian National Armed Forces have three types of uniforms worn by its personnel, which are general service uniforms, specialized service uniforms and branch-specific uniforms. General service uniforms have three subtypes of uniform, which are dress uniform (/PDU), service uniform (/PDH) and field uniform (/PDL). Each uniform subtypes also consists of several categories, which are: This camo is a variant of MultiCam based on US Army OCP with local DPM color palette. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace the older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present. Headquarters were seen wearing the latest field service uniforms. Note: High-ranking officials from various branches were also observed wearing the same uniforms. On 3 October 2025, the Indonesian National Armed Forces introduced a new field uniform featuring a digital camouflage pattern, officially replacing the DPM camouflage that had been in use since 1982. The new pattern is planned to be adopted simultaneously on 5 October 2025, coinciding with the celebration of the National Armed Forces' 80th anniversary. Although the new camouflage design resembles a pattern previously developed for the Airborne Command (Loreng Linud), it has a distinctive coloration that can be detected, at least upon close examination. Originally known as "PDL TNI Motif Baru" or "Sage Green" or "Sage Green Digital" the name was later changed to PDL TNI Prima on 21st January 2026. {{Gallery {{Gallery {{Gallery == Personnel ==

The Indonesian armed forces are voluntary. The active military strength is 404,500 with 400,000 reserves marching with goose step on a parade. Rank structures In the Indonesian Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, and the Police Force, the rank consists of officer (), NCO () and enlisted (). The rank titles of the Marine Corps are the same as those of the Army, but it still uses the Navy's style insignia (for junior ratings and Marine Corps enlisted personnel, blue replaces the red colour stripe in all orders of uniform dress). Seven Commitments (Sapta Marga) The Seven Commitments is a pledge of loyalty and fidelity of the military personnel to the government and people of Indonesia and to the principles of nationhood. Soldier's Oath () The Soldier's Oath is a statement of determination expressed since the inception of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, and has become a value system for Indonesian National Armed Forces soldiers that is still upheld and preserved. The Soldier's Oath as an oath, is uttered during the inauguration ceremony for each student soldier to become a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. == See also ==