Joanne (album)

Lady Gaga's third studio album Artpop was released in November 2013 to mixed reviews. It debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, and had sold 2.5 million copies as of July 2014. Gaga split from her longtime manager Troy Carter in late 2013. By June 2014, she and new manager Bobby Campbell had joined Artist Nation, the artist management division of Live Nation Entertainment. The ambivalent reception to Artpop, controversies surrounding the album and Born This Way (2011) and negative press reactions led Gaga's management to come up with an image change for her. Along with a more subdued appearance in the media, Gaga emphasized her vocal prowess. A tribute to the 50th anniversary of The Sound of Music at the 87th Academy Awards, where she sang a medley of songs from the film, was critically lauded. She and Tony Bennett also released Cheek to Cheek, an album of jazz duets, in September 2014 to generally favorable reviews. It debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Gaga's third consecutive number-one album in the United States, and won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. Gaga also starred in American Horror Story: Hotel (2015–2016), the fifth season of the American anthology television series American Horror Story, winning a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film. At the awards ceremony, the singer confirmed she would be releasing her fifth studio album later in 2016, and was working on the logistics and changing her image. Throughout most of 2015 and 2016, Gaga teased fans about the album's creative and recording processes on her social media accounts. She was seen collaborating with longtime producer RedOne, as well as new collaborators like Giorgio Moroder, Mark Ronson and Nile Rodgers. ==Writing and recording==

(pictured) and Gaga served as the album's executive producers. According to Gaga, she wanted "fans to be surprised [by the album] ... it's a wonderful, soul-searching experience. And it's very unlike [Artpop] in that way". In an interview with Billboard, producer RedOne said the singer was mentally in a "cleaner" state of mind, hearkening back to her earlier days, which he felt was beneficial. Recording continued until the album's final mastering session. He later said that the music recorded with Gaga was "some of my favorite music I've really ever worked on. It's incredible – I love it. ... I can't wait until you can hear it because the music speaks for itself". Ronson also hinted at the involvement of Kevin Parker, frontman for the Australian psychedelic rock band Tame Impala, which BBC Music later confirmed. (pictured) is a featured vocalist on "Hey Girl". Many prominent musicians make guest appearances on Joanne. Gaga invited Father John Misty to play drums on the record. Ronson invited Josh Homme to play guitar on the song "John Wayne" because of his work for the band Queens of the Stone Age; in addition, Homme drummed and was a co-producer. Ronson also invited Beck to collaborate on the album, resulting in the song "Dancin' in Circles". Gaga, a longtime fan of Beck's, was initially starstruck at working with him. Gaga and Florence Welch developed the concept of their duet, "Hey Girl", during a meeting at New York's Electric Lady Studios. Ronson crafted the album's organic sound by recruiting musicians he had previously worked with on projects for Rufus Wainwright and Amy Winehouse. He credited producer BloodPop with bringing the album "into the modern era". In 2017, Gaga released her documentary film Gaga: Five Foot Two on Netflix, which included scenes of the singer and Ronson shot during the album's recording sessions. Themes and influences Family is an underlying theme on Joanne. Gaga explained that the album "goes through all of [life]'s emotions". The singer's experience working on American Horror Story influenced Joannes creative process. Gaga said: "I have returned to something I've believed in so much, which is the art of darkness." Being on the show also impacted her vocals. She explained that she would "listen" more to the music and then write. She added that Joanne would talk less about her painful time during the Artpop era and would have more clarity: "Now I'm thinking more about what it is I want to say and what I want to leave on Earth. It's less an expression of all my pain." Other influences came from the men in Gaga's life, including her father Joe Germanotta and ex-fiancé Taylor Kinney. She said that using her "rebellious spirit", she wanted to understand the different relationships she had gone through, saying that Joanne was not a "sad album. It's an album that is very revealing of me as a woman." According to Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast: "The act of being Lady Gaga had drowned out the brilliant music, and the importance of Lady Gaga had somehow muddied the simple pleasure of being her fan: It was her authenticity, in all of its strangeness and lofty artistic pursuit, that spoke to us. That seemed to have gone missing." He felt that with Joanne, Gaga was able to eliminate that redundancy and present herself as an "evolved performer", who could "lay bare" emotions in the songs, rather than "mask" them in electronic music beats. ==Title and packaging==

. Gaga named the album after Joanne Stefani Germanotta, her father's sister. She died on December 18, 1974, at age 19, due to complications arising from lupus. After she wrote the song "Joanne" with Ronson, they decided to use the name as the album's title as a tribute to her aunt. The milliner explained to The Daily Beast that one of the hats was inspired by English singer Marianne Faithfull. She said that "Gaga was the first to ever request this hat in pink", stating it is the singer's favorite color. Tamez also named it "Lady Joanne" and added that Gaga had her change the shape, color and the ribbon on the hat. While designing the cover and the overall image, Tamez and Gaga spoke of using more pastel colors, inspired by the aesthetics of the 1970s. Dominique Redfearn of Billboard noted that the cover appeared simpler compared to those for Born This Way (2011) and Artpop (2013). Billboards Andrew Unterberger described it as "thoughtfully composed", adding it was an indication that the album's music was much more straightforward than her earlier work. The standard version of the album contains 11 songs; the deluxe edition includes three additional tracks – two bonus songs and a demo. The booklet includes Gaga and her father's pictures, and Joanne's driving license and handwriting. Gaga felt it was "nice to include family heirlooms that carry meaning to me still today", as well as "a Polaroid of me and [Ronson] in the studio". ==Music and lyrics==

Journalists have described Joanne as a dance-pop, with elements of country music. According to Rolling Stone, Gaga "didn't give much thought to genre" while creating Joanne, which ranges "from the dance-rock of [its] lead single[,] 'Perfect Illusion'[,] to the introspective country songwriting of the title track". Gaga stated she professed a fascination with all aspects of country music, which in turn influenced the album. In terms of production and composition, Joanne continued the "stripped-down" approach to music Gaga had taken following Artpop, emphasizing her vocals and the songwriting. on the Joanne World Tour. The song marks the first time the general tempo of the album drops. The singer called it the "true heart and soul of the record". It opens with the track "Diamond Heart". Hearkening back to her earlier works, The second track, "A-Yo", has "touches of country", and is reminiscent of the music played in dive bars, with double hand claps. The singer described the track as "the true heart and soul of the record". The electronic "John Wayne" is more "tongue-in-cheek" lyrically, with Gaga including "cowboy references" in the lyrics: "I just love a cowboy, I know it's bad, but I'm, like, can I just hang off the back of your horse and can you go a little faster?". According to Mark Savage of BBC Music, "Perfect Illusion" is a disco-rock song, composed around a "building chord sequence", which he felt leads to a "compelling sense of urgency". The composition consists of "pulsing verses" and a "guitar-and-vocals breakdown before the final chorus", where Gaga sings the title multiple times. Around the two-minute mark, there is a key change for the final chorus. In "Million Reasons" Gaga talks about love which does not last, uttering "several variations" of the title in the verses. Tom Rasmussen of Vice feels "Million Reasons" has the strongest country music influence of all the songs on Joanne. The lyric, "Her love for him ain't cheap / But it breaks just like a knockoff piece from Fulton Street" references Fulton Street in Manhattan, New York, where cheap trinkets are available. The second bonus track, "Just Another Day" was inspired by glam and the work of David Bowie. ==Release==

Gaga's manager Bobby Campbell confirmed the album would not be released until the latter half of 2016; Elton John said it would not be released until 2017. In September 2016, Gaga updated her official website announcing the new album and revealed the title of the lead single, "Perfect Illusion". On September 15, the singer appeared on Apple Radio's Beats 1 and announced the album was titled Joanne and its release date would be October 21, 2016. She also confirmed that within the next 48 hours, the recording would be finished. Gaga confessed that finally announcing the album's name and release date was a bittersweet moment for her, acknowledging "this isn't the end just the end of this moment. It's also the beginning of this moment." During the same interview, the singer confirmed that, unlike recent releases, the album would not be available exclusively on streaming services like Apple Music or Tidal. "I told my label that if they signed those contracts with Apple Music and Tidal, I'd leak all my own new music", she explained to host Zane Lowe. Gaga was opposed to these services having exclusive streaming rights to an artist's releases. Before its release, the album was leaked several times. On Amazon, the album was listed for pre-order, but using Amazon's Echo speaker allowed listeners to preview 30 second snippets of each track that if they instructed it to "play Joanne by Lady Gaga". Amazon later disabled previews for the whole album. Three days prior to the official release date of October 21, the album was mistakenly put out for sale in shops in Belgium, leading to additional leaks. ==Promotion==

Chris Willman of Billboard wrote that the promotional "blitz" for Joanne "felt like something from a bygone era" due to the traditional route taken by Gaga and her team, in place of surprise album launches. Singles " in her characteristic Joanne pink hat during the Joanne World Tour "Perfect Illusion" was released as the album's first single on September 9, 2016. It received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, many of whom complimented its catchiness, the song's key change and Gaga's vocal delivery. Others deemed it a disappointing choice as a lead single compared to the singer's previous releases. The song debuted at number one in France while reaching a peak of number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100. This was followed by the release of two promotional singles – "Million Reasons" on October 6 and "A-Yo" on October 18, 2016. "A-Yo" was initially chosen as the second single of the album, but "Million Reasons" proved to be more successful commercially and was released first. The song debuted at number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100, initially peaking at number 54. However, after Gaga's Super Bowl performance, it re-entered the chart at number four, becoming her fourteenth top-ten in the nation. The placement was aided by the song reaching number one on the Digital Songs Chart with sales of 149,000 copies, 7.6 million US streams and 15 million radio airplays. Most critics reacted positively to the song, highlighting its simple nature and the lyrics. It was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). For further promotion, both singles were accompanied by music videos, with the clip for "Million Reasons" being a continuation of "Perfect Illusion". The loose narrative contained in the two clips was continued later in a video for "John Wayne". "Joanne" was released as the third single from the album in Italy on December 22, 2017, and a piano version of the song as well as its music video (dedicated to her deceased aunt Joanne) was released as a digital download worldwide on January 26, 2018. Performances " at her 2017 Coachella set Promotional activities for Joanne began with the announcement of "Perfect Illusion" as the album's lead single. Gaga performed it live for the first time at MOTH Club in London, on September 10, 2016. She featured "Perfect Illusion" in a trailer for American Horror Story: Roanoke (2016). Gaga released a number of commercials for Apple Music featuring the track. She gave interviews to Good Morning America and The New York Times, and appeared at a Best Buy in Manhattan to purchase Joanne for unsuspecting customers. On October 25, 2016, Gaga appeared on The Late Late Show with James Corden in the Carpool Karaoke segment singing her previous singles, along with "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons". Later, she sang "A-Yo" on the main stage of The Late Late Show. The following week Gaga headed to Japan to promote Joanne. She performed a piano version of "Perfect Illusion" on Sukkiri, "Joanne" on News Zero and a medley of "Million Reasons", "Perfect Illusion" and "A-Yo" on SMAP×SMAP. Gaga sang "Million Reasons" at the 2016 American Music Awards and the Ali Forney Center, an LGBT pride center. Album tracks "Come to Mama" and "Angel Down" were performed at presidential candidate Hillary Clinton's final campaign stop in Raleigh, North Carolina. Gaga traveled to Paris where she performed "Million Reasons", "A-Yo" and "John Wayne" at the 2016 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. In the United Kingdom, Gaga began her promotion of Joanne with a surprise gig at London's Westfield shopping center. She later performed "Million Reasons" on the semi-final of the 13th season of The X Factor, and at the 2016 Royal Variety Performance, attended by Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, as well as on ''Alan Carr's Happy Hour''. Gaga was the headliner of the Super Bowl LI halftime show, where along with past material, she performed "Million Reasons" on the piano. She was also a main headliner at the 2017 Coachella. Her setlist included "John Wayne", "A-Yo" and "Million Reasons" from the album. In 2018, Gaga performed "Joanne" and "Million Reasons" on the piano at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, where she was joined on stage by Mark Ronson, who played guitar. Tour Shortly before the release of the album, Gaga announced her Dive Bar Tour, sponsored by Bud Light. The 3-date long concert series saw her visit dive bars in the United States on October 5, 20 and 27, 2016. Her performances were live streamed on Bud Light's Facebook page. Gaga described the dive bar sets as an opportunity to return to her roots, and said that she aimed to make a closer connection with her audience after her stadium and arena shows. On February 5, 2017, Gaga announced she would embark on the Joanne World Tour to support the album. It began on August 1, 2017, and ended on February 1, 2018. Gaga postponed the European leg of the tour due to severe pain caused by fibromyalgia and was forced to cancel the last 10 shows. The tour's concerts were deemed "more minimalist" compared to previous tours, but received praise for its visuals, Gaga's singing abilities and her connection with the audience. The tour ultimately grossed $95 million from sales of 842,000 tickets. ==Critical reception==

AnyDecentMusic? summed up the critical consensus as 6.4 out of 10. British music journalist Neil McCormick gave the album 4 out of 5 stars in The Daily Telegraph, stating "for all its bravura exuberance and pop slickness it is old fashioned to its core". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing that unlike Gaga's previous endeavors, where she appeared as a "high-wire act", Joanne was more "earth-bound" and is a "record made by an artist determined to execute only the stunts she knows how to pull off. ... Gaga's feet remain firmly planted in dance-pop even when she brings in a number of collaborators." Rolling Stones Rob Sheffield also awarded the album 3.5 out of 5 stars, and described the release as an "old-school Nineties soft rock album, heavy on the acoustic guitar". Writing for The A.V. Club, Annie Zaleski commended the "genre fluidity" of Joanne. In a 3 out of 5 star review for Slant Magazine, Sal Cinquemani criticized the album for its oversung ballads and lack of strong hooks, but deemed it more consistent and focused than Artpop. Maeve McDermott of USA Today complimented Gaga for "expanding her artistic vision and toying with different genres [on the album], while still recording the customary pop tracks listeners have come to expect". Andy Gill gave the album 3 out of 5 stars in a review for The Independent. Gill commended the album's rock-leaning tracks, and Homme's work on "A-Yo" and "John Wayne" as highlights, but called "Perfect Illusion" dull. The Guardians Caroline Sullivan considered Joanne a "brave move" for Gaga and rated it 3 out of 5 stars. She explained that "Gaga's huge voice adds a self-protective veneer, as does the presence of the other musicians, but at least she's done the groundwork for future albums that might show her with true transparency". Digital Spy's Lewis Corner wrote: "Joanne is clearly Gaga's most personal album, popping aside the synthetic personas for something more honest and, well, human. Mother Monster may be retired for now, but Lady Gaga's sheer musical brilliance still shines through." For Evan Sawdey of PopMatters, the album—with its "flaws and all"—was a correct musical step for Gaga, which he believed would make "fans and observers once again rethink what they know about the daring diva". Similarly, Amanda Petrusich of Pitchfork remarked how Gaga explored an alternative path musically, diverging from the "visual provocations" that had permeated most of her career. Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times felt that most songs on the album "lacked strong stories" and were "mere stylistic exercises" on Gaga's part. Rich Juzwiak, who reviewed Joanne for Spin, did not find the musical evolution that Gaga presented on the album authentic. Rating the album 2 out of 5 stars, journalist Greg Kot wrote in the Chicago Tribune that "[Gaga] sounds like she's just trying too hard" with Joanne. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted the album's elemental sound did not come as a surprise and felt that it was not "daring or radical—it's logical, a rejoinder to her past and also to the candy-striped pop that surrounds her". ==Commercial performance==

In the United States, Joanne debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, moving 201,000 album-equivalent units of which 170,000 were pure sales, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It became Gaga's fourth album to top the chart following Born This Way (2011), Artpop (2013), and Cheek to Cheek (2014). It was 2016's second-highest debut for an album by a woman in the US after Beyoncé's Lemonade opened with 653,000 copies. As a result, Gaga became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s. The album-equivalent units for Joanne consisted of 135,000 song sales and 26 million streams along with 170,000 traditional album sales. Joannes debut helped Gaga rise to number one on the Billboard Artist 100, which measures artist activity across the publication's most influential charts. The album's sales dropped by 70% to 61,000 units in the second week, with it falling to number five on the Billboard 200. Following Gaga's Super Bowl halftime show performance, Joanne rose from number 66 to number 2 on the Billboard 200, selling 48,000 copies and 74,000 album-equivalent units. It has sold 649,000 units as of February 2019 in the United States and was certified Platinum in October 2017 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over a million equivalent units in the country. On November 4, 2016, the album was certified Gold by Music Canada for shipments of 40,000 copies in the country. In the United Kingdom, Joanne debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 26,694 copies, behind Elvis Presley's posthumous release, The Wonder of You, and Michael Bublé's Nobody but Me. On the UK Album Downloads Chart, Joanne entered the chart at number one. It also reached number two on the Official Albums Streaming Chart and number five on the Official Physical Albums Chart. The following week it dropped to number 14, with sales of 9,602 units. Following the Super Bowl performance, the record rose from number 88 to number 11 on the chart with sales increasing to 5,289 copies. As of June 2020, the album has sold 168,564 copies in the UK and has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). Joanne debuted at number three on the Irish Albums Chart. By year end, they deemed Joanne one of the commercially disappointing albums in France, achieving total sales of only 12,000 copies. Two years after its release, the album earned a Gold certification for selling 50,000 equivalent units there. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) reported that Joanne was Gaga's second consecutive solo album to debut at number two on the chart following Artpop. In Japan, Joanne debuted at number 10 on the Oricon Albums Chart with first week sales of 8,026 copies. ==Accolades and impact==

Joanne was ranked in several publications' year-end lists. Billboard ranked it as the 32nd best album of 2016, stating that the "kitchen-sink pop album" had an "instant-classic breakup ballad" in "Million Reasons", which enabled Gaga to reclaim "her sweet spot with Joanne". Digital Spys Lewis Corner placed the record at number nine, believing that "simplicity" was the key to the album's success. Joanne was NME magazine's 20th best album of the year, with the publication highlighting how it hearkened back to the stripped-down sound employed by Gaga in her early years as an artist. For Rolling Stone, the album was the seventh best pop release of 2016, stating that "Gaga's soft-rock transformation takes the pop star into a new direction without losing her flair for the dramatic and penchant for the kitschy." The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, while "Million Reasons" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance. "Million Reasons" was one of the award-winning songs at the BMI Awards. The piano version of the title track won Best Pop Solo Performance at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. While reviewing Kesha's third studio album, Rainbow (2017), Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic noted the use of analogue instruments in lieu of electric ones as had been done with the songs on Joanne. Kesha also tamed down her image like Gaga, but kept her distinct personality. In a Vanity Fair article, Josh Duboff wrote that singer Justin Timberlake's "countryfied" musical endeavors with his Man of the Woods (2018) album era recalled Joanne. Kornhaber and Billy Nilles from E! News identified Miley Cyrus's sixth studio album Younger Now (2017) and Kylie Minogue's fourteenth studio album Golden (2018) as part of a trend of pop singers going through a country phase, which they compared to Gaga's work on Joanne. Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone observed that Joanne served as singer Noah Cyrus's "muse", leading her to incorporate the country-themes of Gaga's endeavor. In Billboard, Gary Trust noted that with the release of "Million Reasons", Gaga had brought her vocal abilities to the forefront. He interviewed radio programmers who theorized that releasing the song was part of a bigger musical picture and believed that the musical scene was "entering a new era of traditional ballads and big vocals". == Track listing ==

Notes •  signifies a co-producer == Personnel ==

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Joanne. Music • Lady Gaga – vocals (all tracks), piano (tracks 7, 9–11, 13–14), percussion (tracks 2–3), backing vocals (track 9) • Mark Ronson – bass (tracks 1–4, 7, 9, 12–13), guitar (tracks 2–7, 9, 12–13), keyboards (tracks 3, 13), Mellotron strings (tracks 3, 11), electric piano (track 1), synthesizer (track 6) • BloodPop – synthesizer (tracks 4–6, 8, 12), keyboards (tracks 3, 7, 11), organ (track 2), bass (track 6), drums (track 11) • Emile Haynie – drums, additional synths (track 9) • Kevin Parker – drums, guitar, synthesizer (track 6) • RedOne – guitar (track 14) • Josh Homme – guitar (tracks 1–2, 4, 6), drums (track 4), slide guitar (track 8) • Jeff Bhasker – synthesizers (track 1) • Hillary Lindsey – additional vocals (tracks 7, 12), guitar (track 7), background vocals (track 8) • Kelsey Lu – cello (track 10) • Josh Tillman – drums (track 1) • Thomas Brenneck – guitars (tracks 2, 8, 10) • Victor Axelrod – piano (track 8), synthesizer (track 10) • Florence Welch – vocals (track 10) • Jack Byrne – guitar (track 10) • Brian Newman – trumpet (tracks 2, 13) • Anthony Rossomando – guitar (track 12) • J. Gastelum Cochemea – tenor saxophone (track 2) • Dave Guy – trumpet (track 2) • Este Haim – percussion (track 2) • Matt Helders – drums (track 1) • Ian Hendrickson-Smith – baritone saxophone (track 2) • James King – baritone, tenor and alto saxes (track 9) • Brent Kolatalo – drums (track 9) • Steve Kortyka – saxophone (track 13) • Don Lawrence – vocal instruction • Sean Lennon – slide guitar (track 8) • Ken Lewis – drums (track 9) • Leon Michels – keyboards, Mellotron (track 8) • Tom Moth – harp (track 10) • Nicholas Movshon – bass (tracks 8, 10) • Harper Simon – guitar (track 3) • Homer Steinweiss – drums (tracks 8, 10, 13) Production • Lady Gaga – production (all tracks) • Mark Ronson – production (tracks 1–13) • BloodPop – production (tracks 1–12), rhythm track (tracks 1–7, 12), rhythm programming (tracks 8, 10), string programming (track 7), synthesizer programming (track 9) • Emile Haynie – production (track 9) • Kevin Parker – production (track 6) • RedOne – production, mixing, programming (track 14) • Josh Homme – co-production (track 1) • Jeff Bhasker – co-production (track 1) • Ben Baptie – mixing (tracks 11, 13) • Joshua Blair – recording (tracks 1–13) • Brandon Bost – mixing assistance (tracks 1, 3–4, 7–10, 12), recording (track 7) • Johnnie Burik – recording assistance (track 3) • Christopher Cerullo – recording assistance (track 10) • Chris Claypool – recording assistance (track 10) • David "Squirrel" Covell – recording assistance (tracks 1–10, 12), recording (track 11) • Tom Coyne – mastering (all tracks) • Matthew Cullen – recording (track 8) • Riccardo Damian – recording (tracks 1, 13) • Abby Echiverri – recording assistance (track 8) • Tom Elmhirst – mixing (tracks 1, 3–4, 7–10, 12) • Serban Ghenea – mixing (tracks 2, 5–6) • John Hanes – mix engineering (tracks 2, 5–6) • Michael Harris – recording assistance (track 10) • T.I. Jakke – mixing (track 14) • Jens Jungkerth – recording (tracks 8, 10) • Brent Kolatalo – recording (track 9) • Ken Lewis – recording (track 9) • Barry McCready – recording assistance (tracks 2, 4–7, 9, 11–13), recording (track 13) • Ed McEntee – recording assistance (track 8) • Randy Merrill – mastering (all tracks) • Trevor Muzzy – recording (track 14) • Charley Pollard – recording assistance (track 4) • Benjamin Rice – recording (tracks 2, 12) • Dave Russell – recording (track 3) • Brett "123" Shaw – recording (track 10) • Justin Smith – recording (tracks 1, 3, 8), recording assistance (tracks 2, 4, 6, 11) • Joe Visciano – mixing assistance (tracks 1, 3–4, 7–10, 12), recording (track 7) • Alekes Von Korff – recording (track 14) Management • Lady Gaga – executive production, creative direction, photography • Mark Ronson – executive production • Bobby Campbell – management • John Janick – A&R • Andrea Gelardin – creative direction, photography • Ruth Hogben – creative direction, photography • Brandon Maxwell – creative direction, fashion direction • Florence Welch – photography • Collier Schorr – photography • Sandra Amador – styling • Frederic Aspiras – hair • Sarah Tanno – makeup • An Yen – graphic design • Brian Roettinger – graphic design • Lisa Einhorn-Gilder – production coordination • Ashley Gutierrez – assistance to Lady Gaga == Charts ==

Weekly charts Year-end charts == Certifications and sales ==