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Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter

The Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter is a four-engined, piston-powered United States strategic tanker aircraft based on the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter. It replaced the KB-29 and was succeeded by the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.

Design and development
The KC-97 Stratofreighter was an aerial refueling tanker variant of the C-97 Stratofreighter (which was itself based on the Boeing B-29 Superfortress), greatly modified with all the necessary tanks, plumbing, and a flying boom first developed for the KB-29 bomber. The cavernous upper deck was capable of accommodating oversize cargo accessed through a very large right-side door. Transferable jet fuel was contained in tanks on the lower deck (G-L models). Both decks were heated and pressurized for high altitude operations. The boom operator lay prone, viewing operations through a window at the bottom of the tail, a configuration later used on the KC-135. Note: Occasionally the KC-97 has been referred to as "Stratotanker". However, all reputable sources refer to the KC-97 as Stratofreighter, not -tanker. This includes both Boeing and the USAF themselves. ==Operational history==
Operational history
s refueling from a KC-97. The USAF began operating the KC-97 in 1950. It received 811 KC-97s from Boeing, and 74 of the C-97 cargo version, while ordering 819 KC-97s and 74 C-97s. These tankers were vitally important to the world-wide Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic operations. An example was the support of Arctic reconnaissance flights from Thule Air Base. During Operation Creek Party, which started in 1967 and lasted for 10 years, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve tankers supported active duty USAF and NATO units in Europe, including an 160th Air Refueling Group Ohio Air National Guard KC-97L. was adapted into the Aero Spacelines Super Guppy, a transport plane designed to carry Apollo Program rocket stages from California to Florida. The aircraft carried the Saturn S-IVB stage, which served as the second stage of the Saturn IB, the third stage of the Saturn V, and the fourth stage for the never-built Nova rocket. This modified KC-97, constructed in 1953, was purchased by NASA in 1997. It is still in service supporting NASA, other Federal agencies, and Federal contractors. It is one of two KC-97s left still in flyable condition, the other being former KC-97G 52-2718, "Angel of Deliverance", flown by Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation as YC-97A 45-59595. ==Variants==
Variants
;KC-97A: Three C-97As were converted into aerial refueling tankers with rear loading door removed and a flight refueling boom added. After the design was proven, they were converted back into the standard C-97A. ;KC-97E: Company designation Model 367-4-29. Aerial refueling tankers with rear loading doors permanently closed, 60 built. Some were later converted into transports as the C-97E. ;KC-97F: Company designation Model 367-76-29. ;KC-97L: 81 KC-97Gs modified with two J47 turbojet engines on underwing pylons. The codenames "Eager Beaver" and "Rivet Box" were used for Big Safari-built photoreconnaissance modifications to the C-97G for the 7405th Support Squadron along the Berlin air corridors. ==Operators==
Operators
; • Spanish Air Force (3 ex-USAF, 1972-1976) ; • United States Air Force The following USAF wing organizations flew the various KC-97 models at some time during their existence: Active duty2d Bombardment Wing (Medium)Hunter AFB, Georgia (1953–1963) • 2d Air Refueling Squadron9th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Mountain Home AFB, Idaho (1954–1965) • 9th Air Refueling Squadron11th Air Refueling WingAltus AFB, Oklahoma (1957–1958) • 96th Air Refueling Squadron19th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Homestead AFB, Florida (1955–1961) • 19th Air Refueling Squadron100th Air Refueling Squadron303d Air Refueling Squadron22d Bombardment Wing (Medium)March AFB, California (1952–1962) • 22d Air Refueling Squadron22d Air Refueling Squadron – (relocated as a GSU to McChord AFB, Washington) • 320th Air Refueling Squadron26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (Medium)Lockborne AFB, Ohio (1953–1955; 1956–1958) • 26th Air Refueling Squadron321st Air Refueling Squadron28th Bombardment Wing (Heavy)Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota (1962–1964) • 97th Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Malmstrom AFB, Montana40th Bombardment Wing (Medium) Schilling AFB, Kansas(1953–1960) • 40th Air Refueling Squadron42d Bombardment Wing (Heavy)Limestone AFB, Maine (1955–1957) • 42d Air Refueling Squadron43d Bombardment Wing (Medium)Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona (1953–1960) • 9th Air Refueling Squadron43d Air Refueling Squadron44th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Lake Charles AFB, Louisiana (1953–1960) • 44th Air Refueling Squadron68th Bombardment Wing (Medium) – Lake Charles AFB, Louisiana (1953–1957) • 68th Air Refueling Squadron70th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (Medium)Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (1955–1961) • 70th Air Refueling Squadron90th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Fairchild AFB, Washington (1955–1960) • 90th Air Refueling Squadron91st Bombardment Wing (Medium)Glasgow AFB, Montana (1952–1957) • 26th Air Refueling Squadron68th Air Refueling Squadron91st Air Refueling Squadron100th Air Refueling Squadron93d Bombardment Wing (Medium)Castle AFB, California (1953–1957) • 90th Air Refueling Squadron93d Air Refueling Squadron96th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Altus AFB, Oklahoma (1954–1958) • 11th Air Refueling Squadron96th Air Refueling Squadron321st Air Refueling Squadron380th Air Refueling Squadron97th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Biggs AFB, Texas (1954–1957) • 97th Air Refueling Squadron98th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Lincoln AFB, Nebraska (1954–1963) • 98th Air Refueling Squadron307th Air Refueling Squadron100th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Portsmouth AFB/Pease AFB, New Hampshire (1956–1966) • 100th Air Refueling Squadron509th Air Refueling Squadron301st Bombardment Wing (Medium)Barksdale AFB, Louisiana/Lockborne AFB, Ohio (1953–1963) • 301st Air Refueling Squadron303rd Bombardment Wing (Medium)Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona (1953–1956; 1960) • 9th Air Refueling Squadron43d Air Refueling Squadron96th Air Refueling Squadron303d Air Refueling Squadron305th Bombardment Wing (Medium)MacDill AFB, Florida (1951–1959) • 305th Air Refueling Squadron306th Bombardment Wing (Medium)MacDill AFB, Florida (1951–1962) • 306th Air Refueling Squadron307th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Lincoln AFB, Nebraska (1955–1960) • 307th Air Refueling Squadron308th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Hunter AFB, Georgia (1953–1959) • 303d Air Refueling Squadron308th Air Refueling Squadron310th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Smoky Hill AFB/Schilling AFB, Kansas (1952–1963) • 40th Air Refueling Squadron310th Air Refueling Squadron320th Bombardment Wing (Medium)March AFB, California (1952–1960) • 320th Air Refueling Squadron321st Bombardment Wing (Medium)Pinecastle AFB, Florida (1954–1956) • 307th Air Refueling Squadron321st Air Refueling Squadron340th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Whiteman AFB, Missouri (1954–1962) • 34th Air Refueling Squadron340th Air Refueling Squadron341st Bombardment Wing (Medium)Dyess AFB, Texas (1956–1960) • 11th Air Refueling Squadron376th Bombardment Wing (Medium)Barksdale AFB, Louisiana/Lockborne AFB, Ohio (1953–1963) • 91st Air Refueling Squadron376th Air Refueling Squadron379th Bombardment WingHomestead AFB, Florida (1956–1961) • 19th Air Refueling Squadron384th Air Refueling Wing (Heavy)Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (1961–1963) • 70th Air Refueling Squadron397th Bombardment Wing (Heavy)Dow AFB, Maine (1963–1964) • 71st Air Refueling Squadron341st Air Refueling Squadron407th Strategic Fighter WingGreat Falls AFB, Montana (1953–1957) • 407th Air Refueling Squadron497th Air Refueling WingPlattsburgh AFB, New York (1962–1964) • 26th Air Refueling Squadron380th Air Refueling Squadron499th Air Refueling WingWestover AFB, Massachusetts (1963–1965) • 11th Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Dover AFB, Delaware19th Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Otis AFB, Massachusetts99th Air Refueling Squadron (operated KC-135 & EC-135 aircraft only) • 303d Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Kindley AFB, Bermuda305th Air Refueling Squadron- GSU McGuire AFB, New Jersey384th Air Refueling SquadronWestover AFB, Massachusetts (1963–1965) • 500th Air Refueling WingSelfridge AFB, Michigan (1963–1964) • 44th Air Refueling Squadron307th Air Refueling Squadron509th Bombardment Wing (Heavy)Walker AFB, New Mexico/Pease AFB, New Hampshire (1954–1965) • 509th Air Refueling Squadron4397th Air Refueling Training WingRandolph AFB, Texas (1958–1963) • 4397th Combat Crew Training Squadron4050th Air Refueling WingWestover AFB, Massachusetts (1955–1962) • 11th Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Dover AFB, Delaware19th Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Otis AFB, Massachusetts26th Air Refueling SquadronWestover AFB, Massachusetts303d Air Refueling Squadron – GSU Kindley AFB, Bermuda305th Air Refueling Squadron- GSU McGuire AFB, New Jersey384th Air Refueling SquadronWestover AFB, Massachusetts (1963–1965) • 4060th Air Refueling WingDow AFB, Maine/Plattsburgh AFB, New York (1955–1962) • 4108th Air Refueling WingPlattsburgh AFB, New York (1961–1965) • 4045th Air Refueling WingSelfridge AFB, Michigan4061st Air Refueling WingMalmstrom AFB, Montana (1957–1961) • 407th Air Refueling Squadron4081st Strategic WingErnest Harmon AFB, Newfoundland, Canada (1960–1966) • 376th Air Refueling Squadron Air National Guard106th Air Refueling GroupNAS New York/Floyd Bennett Field, then Suffolk County Airport, New York (1962–1972) • 102d Air Refueling Squadron126th Air Refueling WingO'Hare International Airport, Illinois (1953–1976) • 108th Air Refueling Squadron128th Air Refueling WingGeneral Mitchell Air National Guard Base, Wisconsin (1962–1977) • 126th Air Refueling Squadron134th Air Refueling WingMcGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base, Tennessee (1964–1977) • 151st Air Refueling Squadron146th Air Transport Wing- Van Nuys, California (1962–1967) • 115th Air Refueling Squadron136th Air Refueling WingNAS Dallas, Texas (1965–1978) • 181st Air Refueling Squadron139th Air Refueling GroupRosecrans Air National Guard Base, Missouri (1969–1976) • 180th Air Refueling Squadron151st Air Refueling GroupSalt Lake City Air National Guard Base, Utah (1972–1978) • 191st Air Refueling Squadron160th Air Refueling GroupLockborne AFB, Ohio (1965–1975) • 145th Air Refueling Squadron161st Air Refueling GroupGoldwater Air National Guard Base, Arizona (1972–1977) • 197th Air Refueling Squadron171st Air Refueling WingPittsburgh IAP Air Reserve Station, Pennsylvania (1972–1977) • 147th Air Refueling Squadron ==Accidents and incidents==
Accidents and incidents
;27 June 1954:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 52-2654 which departed from Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, encountered poor weather at its destination, March Air Force Base in California, and attempted to divert to Norton Air Force Base, but crashed into Box Springs Mountain north of Riverside, California, killing all 14 people on board. ;4 May 1955:USAF KC-97G 53-0110 was flying in formation when it crashed into the Atlantic 90 mi off Iceland due to loss of control caused by an engine fire, killing all nine on board. ;6 July 1956:USAF KC-97E 51-0220 crashed in a wooded area 45 mile northeast of Goose Bay, Canada after reporting an engine fire, killing all six on board. ;22 January 1957:a KC-97G AF Ser. No. 53-0222 from Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, crashed in the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains, killing its crew of seven. ;9 May 1957:KC-97F AF Ser. No. 51-0258 en route from Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco, to Lajes AB, Azores, ditched in the Atlantic 550 km (343.8 mls) SE of the Azores Islands following a double engine failure. All seven crew survived. The airplane floated for ten days before being sunk by the battleship USS Wisconsin. ;18 July 1957:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 52-2737 from the 380th Air Refueling Squadron with a crew of eight, exploded and crashed into Lake Champlain at 2128 hrs., when two of the four engines failed three minutes after take-off from Plattsburgh AFB, New York. There were three survivors. ;29 October 1957:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 52-2711 of the 509th Bomb Wing, ;22 July 1959:KC-97 AF Ser. No. 52-2703 of Pease Air Force Base crashed near Andover, New Hampshire, while on a nighttime training mission; all seven crewmen were killed. ;14 December 1959:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 53-0231 of the 384th Air Refueling Squadron, out of Westover AFB, Massachusetts, collided with a B-52 during a refueling mission at an altitude of ~15,000 feet. The aircraft lost the whole left horizontal stabilizer and elevator, the rudder, and the upper quarter of the vertical stabilizer. The crew made a no-flap, electrical power off landing at night at Dow AFB, Maine; seven crew okay. "Spokesmen at Dow Air Force, Bangor, said the B52 [sic] apparently 'crowded too close' and rammed a fuel boom into the tail of a four-engined KC95 [sic] tanker plane." Aircraft stricken as beyond economical repair. Two crew on the B-52 ejected, parachuted safely, and were recovered by helicopters in a snow-covered wilderness area. The bomber and remaining eight crew safely landed at Westover AFB. ;30 March 1960:KC-97 AF Ser. No. 51-0363 (Manufacturer's Serial Number 16430) ditched and sank off Cape Canaveral. This particular aircraft was lost due to engine damage caused by hail. The crash resulted in 3 fatalities of the 14 crew. The wreck of the aircraft was discovered in June 2015, in 365 feet of water by divers. ;15 April 1960:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 52-0919 ;27 June 1960:KC-97G AF Ser. No. 52-2728 of the 380th Air Refueling Squadron, Plattsburgh AFB, New York, suffered failure of lubrication on an engine impeller shaft during an evening four-hour training mission to refuel a Boeing B-47 Stratojet. During rendezvous at 15,500 feet, the tanker's number one (port outer) powerplant caught fire. As the bomber moved away from the burning tanker, the crew tried unsuccessfully to put out the blaze. The plane went into a spin as the wing failed outboard of the engine; the aircraft crashed on Jonathan Smith Mountain, a hill east of Puzzle Mountain in Newry, Maine. The flash of the fire was seen from as far away as Lewiston and Bridgton. All five crew were killed. Wreckage covering five acres was still there as of 2010. ;28 February 1961:KC-97 AF Ser. No. UNKNOWN of Selfridge Air Force Base, MI. Aircraft crashed shortly after take-off due to engine failure. All five crew members were killed. The aircraft struck houses and an ornamental windmill that was a landmark along Gratiot Rd. (M-25), just north of the base. The attached article incorrectly identifies Selfridge AFB as Selfridge ANGB. Selfridge was not transferred to the Air National Guard July 1971. https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-boeing-kc-97-stratotanker-selfridge-afb-5-killed ; 10 December 1962: U.S. Air Force Boeing KC-97G Stratofreighter (serial number 52-2685) experienced an in-flight fire, forcing the crew of ten to bail out over Watkins Glen, New York. The aircraft continued flying more than 600 miles before crashing in a remote area near Mistassini Lake, Quebec, Canada. One crew member was killed during the bail-out attempt when his parachute malfunctioned.https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/333185 ; 5 November 1964:KC-97 AF Ser. No. unknown of Pease Air Force Base crashed on takeoff; all five crewmen were killed. ;19 December 1964: USAF KC-97G 52-907 ran off the runway at Ernest Harmon AFB after the pilot landed too far down the runway, killing all five on board. The pilot attempted to abort the landing, but the aircraft struck approach lights and crashed into a pond. ;19 January 1969: Wisconsin Air National Guard KC-97L 52-0904 crashed short of the runway at General Mitchell Airport, killing four of 11 on board. ;17 September 1971:KC-97G IAF Serial 4X-FPR/033 of the Israeli Air Force, was shot down by Egyptian missiles over Suez, Egypt; seven of eight-man crew were killed. ==Surviving aircraft==
Surviving aircraft
On display KC-97G • 52-895 – Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport in Central Point, Oregon. • 52-905 – Wisconsin National Guard Museum at Volk Field Air National Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. • 52-2604 – Cleveland I-X Center grounds in Cleveland Ohio. • 52-2624 – Florence Air & Missile Museum, Florence Regional Airport, Florence, South Carolina, which is now closed. Following museum closure, parts were used complete the KC-97, AF Ser. No. 53-0335, on display at the Carolinas Aviation Museum. • 52-2630 "Zeppelinheim"National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. • 52-2736 – Israeli Air Force Museum adjacent to Beersheba, Israel. • 53-151 – Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona. • 53-189 (Spanish Serial Number TK1-3) – Museo del Aire (Spain) at Cuatro Vientos Airport in Madrid, Spain. Former USAF aircraft. • 53-198 – Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum near Ashland, Nebraska. • 53-218 – Minnesota Air National Guard Museum, St. Paul, Minnesota. Displayed in C-97G configuration. • 53-230 – Air Mobility Command Museum at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. • 53-240 – Barksdale Global Power Museum at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. • 53-272 – Milestones of Flight Museum, General William J. Fox Airfield, Lancaster, California, which is now closed. • 53-282 – Dyess Linear Air Park at Dyess Air Force Base in Abilene, Texas. • 53-283 – The Airplane Restaurant adjacent to Peterson Air Force Base and Colorado Springs Municipal Airport in Colorado Springs, Colorado. • 53-298 – Museum of Aviation at Robins Air Force Base in Georgia. • 53-327 – Whiteman Air Force Base in Knob Noster, Missouri. • 53-335 – Carolinas Aviation Museum, north of Charlotte Air National Guard Base at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina. The museum is closed with a planned re-opening in 2022. • 53-354 – Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. • 53-360 – Malmstrom Museum, Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. Displayed as 52-2638. • 53-363 – March Field Air Museum at March Air Reserve Base (former March AFB) in Riverside, California. Stored KC-97G • 52-918 – privately owned in Riverton, Wyoming. • 52-2698 – privately owned in Greybull, Wyoming. KC-97L • 52-2695 – privately owned in Greybull, Wyoming. • 52-2761 – privately owned in Greybull, Wyoming. • 53-208 – privately owned in Riverton, Wyoming. • 53-265 – privately owned in Riverton, Wyoming. • 53-350 – privately owned in Riverton, Wyoming. ==In popular culture==
In popular culture
The KC-97 Stratofreighter is shown in both its cargo and tanker tasks in the 1955 film Strategic Air Command, refueling a B-47 in flight, and in the 1957 film Bombers B-52, refueling B-52s. ==Specifications (KC-97L)==
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