Kingdom of Afghanistan

Emir Amanullah Khan was keen on modernizing Afghanistan, provoking several uprisings led by his conservative opponents. One such rebellion broke out while he was visiting Europe in 1927. He abdicated in favour of his brother Inayatullah Khan, who only ruled for three days before the leader of the rebellion Habibullāh Kalakāni took power and reinstated the Emirate. After ten months, Amanullah Khan's minister of war, Mohammad Nadir, returned from exile in India. His armies ousted the Saqqawist government and sacked Kabul. Afterwards, Nadir's forces apprehended and subsequently executed Kalakāni. Mohammed Nadir reinstated the kingdom, was proclaimed King of Afghanistan as Mohammad Nadir Shah in October 1929, and went on to revert the reformist path of the last king, Amanullah Khan. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Zahir Shah, whose rule started in 1933 and lasted for 39 years. Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan, was eventually overthrown by his own cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan who successfully ended the centuries-old monarchy and established a republic. It was under the leadership of Zahir Shah that the Afghan government sought relationships with the outside world, most notably with the Soviet Union, France, the United Kingdom and the United States. Under Zahir Shah, the government initiated numerous concerted efforts to bring education to Darai Nur, majority of the valley being inhabited by the Pashayi people. Because villagers were suspicious of the literacy campaign, wealthier inhabitants in the valley bribed officials and the Royal Afghan Army to keep their sons out of school. Poorer villagers, on the other hand were far more likely to attend, encouraging the view that the school program was not 'un-Islamic' nor 'anti-Islamic', leading more villagers to send their sons to school. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of Zahir Shah, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the League of Nations. During World War II, Afghanistan remained neutral and pursued a diplomatic policy of non-alignment. Though being neutral in World War II, Afghanistan had relations with Nazi Germany, but that was severed after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. In 1947, Afghanistan was the only United Nations member to vote against admitting Pakistan into the United Nations. Afghanistan also became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Daoud Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan at the time, worked hard for the development of modern industries, and education in the country. In July 1973, Daoud Khan staged a bloodless coup d'état while Zahir Shah was abroad convalescing from medical treatment. The next month, Zahir Shah abdicated, hoping to avoid a civil war, which officially marked the end of the Kingdom of Afghanistan and the beginning of the Republic. == Geography ==

The Kingdom of Afghanistan bordered Iran on the west, the Soviet Union in the north, China on the east, and Pakistan] on the south. The mountainous and mostly dry country was . The strange shape and borders of the country, most notably the Wakhan Corridor, were a result of its former role as a buffer state between the Soviet Union and the British India. Snow was common in most areas during winter and rainfall was small. ==Demographics==

The country was made up of various ethnic groups such as the Pashtuns, Hazaras, and many others. The majority of Afghans were Muslim, approximate 94% of the population. Around 90% of the Muslim population were Sunni, the rest were Shia. Majority of non-Muslims were Sikhs and Hindus. Dari and Pashto were the official languages, and many Afghans were bilingual. == Economy ==

Like the past and present-day Afghanistan, the economy relied greatly on agriculture and mining. The United States and the Soviet Union both invested in neutral Afghanistan's economy to try to gain influence during the Cold War. This included the Four Point Program in 1951, when Afghanistan and the United States signed an agreement in Kabul to help assist the economic development in the economy, and the construction of a 100 km pipeline from Termez to Mazar-i-Sharif that was built by Soviet technicians and began in 1954. Afghanistan received $18,500,000 from the Export–Import Bank of the United States to help them purchase U.S. material, equipment, and services for the Helmand River valley developmental project. In August 1961, Pakistan closed the border with Afghanistan, due to Prime Minister Daoud Khan's strong stance on Pashtunistan, but it re-opened the following May after Khan's resignation. The country had deposits of talc, mica, silver, lead, beryl, chromite, copper, lapis lazuli, and iron ore. == Military ==

King Zahir Shah's cousin, Daoud Khan, signed a $3 million arms deal with the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and a 32.5 million arms deal with the Soviet Union in 1956. The deal gave the Afghan military imported T-34 tanks and MiG-17 jet fighters. A quarter to third of all Afghan officers had trained in the Soviet Union by 1973. It was also under the Kingdom of Afghanistan where the Afghan Commando Forces were formed as the Afghan Army's first special formations, notably the 242nd Parachute Battalion in 1965 and later, the 444th and the 455th Battalion in 1966 and 1973. All these battalions had airborne capabilities. For these new commando formations, Captain Habibullah led the 242nd after returning from Fort Benning in the US to Afghanistan, additionally receiving training from the British Special Air Service. Major Rahmatullah Safi would become the Chief of Staff for the 444th, although he would become a commander a year later. Major Safi would prove to be a suitable leader, as he had undergone training in the British Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and in the Soviet Ryazan Higher Airborne Command School. In the years 1962 and 1963, before the establishment of the Afghan Commando Forces, Safi worked alongside the "National Mujahideen of Pashtunistan" against the Pakistani government, after the unsuccessful Bajaur Campaign of 1960–1961. During Afghanistan's "Decade of Democracy", premises of the army university, a technical academy, the Royal Afghan Army Central Repair House were all constructed with the help of Czechoslovakia. == See also ==