He was born in
Kelmė, a small town in the
Kovno Governorate in Lithuania (at the time part of the
Russian Empire). He was given an education considered good according to the standards adopted by a small, isolated and intensely religious
Jewish community. His knowledge of
Hebrew and religious principles was adequate but of secular learning he was absolutely ignorant. At the age of thirteen he was sent away from home to
Telšiai and then to
Vilijampolė, where were situated two of the well known
Yeshivot or academies for the study of
Talmud. There he remained until the age of 15 and studied rabbinical lore with great zeal. About this time there was a revival of Hebrew literature and an attempt was made by many Jewish writers to introduce the learning of the Western peoples to the Jews of Russia. It was in this way that he was brought into contact with European ideas and inspired with a great desire for secular knowledge. His father had previously emigrated to
Liverpool, England and established a tobacco factory, and at the age of 15 he rejoined him together with his mother and sisters. He made up his mind to study, but at the time he was ignorant of any European language except
Yiddish and, although he knew a great deal about religious matters and Hebrew lore, he knew nothing whatever of even the rudiments of secular education. He worked in his father's business and could only study in his spare time. He succeeded, however, in preparing for the
Matriculation Examination of the
University of London which he passed in January 1907. Unfortunately the stress of circumstances made it impossible for him to continue. For some years he was employed as a clerk in a clothing factory, and later in an engineering shop. Eventually he obtained a post as a teacher in a small college at
Margate, where he remained until about 1910. While there, he prepared for the Inter BA examination which he passed in July of that year. As a result, he was awarded the Martin White Scholarship in Sociology which enabled him to study at
University College London for two years. During these two years he took all the first-class prizes offered for Modern and Ancient Philosophy. In 1912 he passed the BA Honours examination with a First Class in Philosophy and Sociology. The professors under whom he had worked were
Dawes Hicks of University College London, and
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse of the
London School of Economics. Hobhouse invited him to do research work in sociology and in 1913 he became Hobhouse's assistant, the result of their joint investigations being published in 1915 (see below). At the
London School of Economics his work was largely on sociology and political science. At the same time he continued his work in philosophy. He won the
John Stuart Mill studentship three times in succession. Ginsberg incidentally acquired a good working knowledge of French and German, and outside his main sphere of studies, he took courses in biology, chemistry and physics. In 1914 he passed the MA examination with special distinction. His thesis consisted of a dissertation on the philosophy of
Malebranche and was accompanied by a translation of his
Discourses on Metaphysics (1923). In the meantime he had been appointed Lecturer in Philosophy at University College London, where he gave courses on the history of
modern philosophy,
logic, and
social philosophy. At the London School of Economics he lectured on sociology, ethics and the history of political ideas. During
World War I the London School of Economics requested that his military service be postponed as he was standing in to give the courses which had previously been given by
R.H. Tawney,
Clement Attlee and
Charles Mostyn Lloyd. In 1921 he was reappointed Assistant at the London School of Economics, and full Lecturer in 1923. A year later he was appointed to the Readership in Sociology, being supported by recommendations from
Bronisław Malinowski and
C.G. Seligman as well as
Dawes Hicks from University College London. He published
The Psychology of Society in 1921 and by 1964 it had reached its ninth edition and had been translated into many languages ranging from Spanish to Japanese. In 1930 he succeeded Hobhouse to the Martin White Professorship of Sociology at the London School of Economics. His
Sociology, written in 1934, was described by
The Guardian in their obituary as "probably the best introduction to the subject ever written". (Guardian, 1 September 1970). In 1931, Ginsberg married Ethel Street (died 1962); the couple had no children. He was president of the
Ethical Union (now Humanists UK) from 1954 to 1957. == Main ideas ==