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National Police Agency (Taiwan)

The National Police Agency, is a statutory body under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. Headquartered in Taipei, the agency oversees all police forces on a national level.

Police organization and structure
Hierarchy Most actual law enforcement and day-to-day policing duties on a city and county level are delegated to local police departments, which answer to the NPA but are considered agencies of their local government. However, the NPA has direct control over several specialized units which may be deployed to assist local forces, as well as the national highway patrol. Unlike the law enforcement in the United States, the central government appoints the head positions of city and county police departments in the ROC and forms a solid chain of command for all police personnel. The Director-General of the NPA has full control over personnel rotation and transfer, as well as administrative commendations and reprimands over all high ranking police officers, including local police department chiefs. One exception is the President of the Central Police University, who is directly subordinate to the Minister of the Interior and is not subject to the NPA personnel review board. NPA Units In addition to its own internal administrative offices, the NPA has direct control over the following units and agencies: Criminal Investigation Bureau The Criminal Investigation Bureau (CIB) is responsible for the investigation of high-profile crimes, forensics, and computer-related crimes. Its staff is split into the following groups: (CIB) Special Tactical Unit • Crime Prevention and Detection Command Center: Code-named Telephone Extension Number 8. • Crime Prevention Section • Crime Investigation Section • Anti-Hoodlum Section • Laws & Regulations Research Section • Criminal Records Section • International Criminal Affairs Section • INTERPOL Radio Center • Research & Development Office • Public Relations Office • Logistics Section • Secretariat • Internal Affairs Office • Public Security Office • Personnel Office • Accounting Office • Special Tactical Unit There are also nine active field police squads • 1st brigade: Homicide and unregistered weapons. • 2nd brigade: Robbery and sex-related crimes. • 3rd brigade: Controlled substances and organized crime. • 4th brigade: Burglary, kidnapping and blackmail. • 5th brigade: Bombs Disposal and Investigation. • 6th and 8th brigades: Rapid reaction units in central and southern Taiwan. • 7th brigade: Financial crimes. • 9th brigade: Cybercrimes. Two task-force-grouped centers include: It was formed on 6 April 2006. ::9th brigade ::Electronic surveillance and monitoring center (on cellular telephone networks in private corporations, such as FET) ::Information management office Special Operations Group (SOG) There are seven individual Special Operations Groups, named the "Special Police Corps" (). They are mobile, rapid deployment police forces. They also execute various sentry duties and serve as a pool of reserve formations for police manpower. Three task-force-grouped SWAT units referred to as Peace Enforcing Special Service Forces or "Wei-An" Forces; literally “Safety Maintenance Special Mission Group” () officially translated into English as the Special Operations Group (SOG), the national counterterrorism unit consisting of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Special Operations Groups. The uniforms and equipment of the SOG units are similar to local Police tactical unit (equivalent of SWAT in the US), which are referred to in english as Thunder Squads (). The Thunder Squads are subordinate to local police departments. However, the SOG Forces are the only police units equipped with V-150S armor vehicles and M998 Humvee, which were transferred from the ROC Army after the 2004 shootout with . The First Corps A training base for courses of on-the-job training and mobile task force. Riot control, Special Weapons and Tactics, counterterrorism in northern Taiwan. It commands six special police brigades and one S.O.G "Wei-an" Forces (). Three brigades of conscripts, 2nd, 5th and 6th, served like combat police in Korea, are usually deployed for Riot control. • Corps Headquarters, 2nd, 3rd, 4th brigades, and one "Wei-An" Forces, are stationed in Si-pai, Taipei City. • "Wei-an" Forces: Formed in June 1992. Its mission specialties are counter-terrorism, high-profile hostage rescues, and presidential protection. These forces are composed of SWAT units divided into two companies, which are supported by the 3rd brigade. • 1st and 5th brigades are stationed in Sanxia District, New Taipei City. • The 6th brigade is stationed in Bade District, Taoyuan City. The Second Corps There are 4 brigades commended by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. It is for security duty of all governmental business units and Taiwan Power Company under the Ministry of Economic Affairs and all Science Parks of National Science Council. • The first brigade is especially tasked for the copyright protection and the enforcement of counterfeit and infringement in related to intellectual property. It is usually code-named Intellectual Property Protection Brigade. • The 2nd is to guard three nuclear power plants (Nuclear No.1, No.2, and No.4) of Taiwan Power Company in New Taipei City. • The 3rd is in northern Taiwan for the security duty of two Science Parks in Hsinchu and Taichung under National Science Council, and the other industrial parks, import-export districts, and certain government installations of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. • The 4th is in southern Taiwan for the security duty of all governmental business installations under the National Science Council and the Ministry of Economic Affairs, which includes one nuclear power plant: "Nuclear No.3." The Third Corps It is a part of border police and provides supportive and supplemental duty of Customs Services of Ministry of Finance. The Fourth Corps Riot control, Special Weapons and Tactics, counter-terrorism in central Taiwan. • "Wei-an" Forces: In March 2003, two more task force-sized SWAT groups of "Wei-an" Forces were formed. One of them is attached to the 4th Special Police Corps in Taichung, which is located in central Taiwan. The Fifth Corps Riot control, Special Weapons and Tactics, counter-terrorism in southern Taiwan. • "Wei-an" Forces: In March 2003, two task-force SWAT groups were formed. One is attached to the 5th Special Police Corps in southern Taiwan. The Sixth Corps Responsible for the physical security of central government buildings, high-ranking civilian officials, foreign embassies, and liaison institutes. The Seventh Corps The Seventh Special Police Corps, 7SPC, was established on January 1, 2014, aiming to solve the growing problems of nature reservation, environment protection and forest and National Parks guarding. The structure of the 7SPC is similar to that of National Park Service rangers in the United States, who are government officials tasked with maintaining law and order.Their duties primarily involve the enforcement of the Forestry Act, the National Park Law, and the Environmental Protection Act. Taiwan Special Police Corps There are 6 Special Police Brigades inherited from the late Taiwan Provincial Police Administration. • The first 3 brigades are for the security duty of 3 governmental financial banks: Taiwan Land Bank, Taiwan Cooperative Bank, and Bank of Taiwan. • The 4th is to guard the government installations related to the late Taiwan Province. • The 5th and 6th are attached to Water Resources Agency (水利署), Ministry of Economic Affairs to protect the water supply and water-and-land-related environmental cases. Civil Defense Force The Civil Defense Force (民防防情指揮管制所) is administered by the NPA. Other NPA Units The Immigration Bureau (入出境管理局) was removed from NPA and reorganized as the National Immigration Agency on 2 January 2007. • National Highway Police Bureau (國道公路警察局): Jurisdiction over national highways. • Harbor Police Offices (港務警察局): Part of border police in Taiwan. There are four separate offices with jurisdictions over the ports of Keelung, Taichung, Kaohsiung and Hualien. • Railway Police Bureau (鐵路警察局): Jurisdiction over stations and facilities of Taiwan Railway (then Taiwan Railway Administration) since 1949 and Taiwan High Speed Rail since 26 December 2006. :The 1st section: facilities of TR, north of Taichung in western Taiwan :The 2nd section: facilities of TR, south of Taichung in western Taiwan :The 3rd section: facilities of TR in eastern Taiwan :The THSR section: facilities of THSRAviation Police Bureau (航空警察局): The Airport police is a part of border police and responsible for safeguarding, traffic administration, crime investigation, documents inspection, security examination etc. at local civil airports in the ROC. Its headquarters is at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. • National Park Police Corps (國家公園警察大隊): Jurisdiction over the national parks, specialization in search and rescue operations. • Taiwan Police CollegePolice Armory (警察機械修理廠) • Police Telecommunications Office (警察電訊所) • Police Radio Station (警察廣播電臺): A government public radio station run by civilians. It broadcasts regular radio show programs, news, and real-time traffic situations. Task-Force Formations under NPA By separate decrees of The Executive Yuan, three task-force formations, each consisting of approximately two hundred police officers with different specialties, is formed under the National Police Agency but attached to two cabinet-level institutions or other units. • Telecommunication Police Corps (電信警察隊): In January 1998, a task force called the "Telecommunication Police Corps" was formed and attached to the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Since 2 February 2006, the Telecommunication Police Corps are re-attached to the National Communication Commission. Its job is to enforce laws concerning the radio spectrum and telecommunications. • Environmental Protection Police Corps (環保警察隊): It was formed in 1999 and is attached to the Environmental Protection Administration. There are currently 192 policemen serving as Environmental Protection Police and assigned to three brigades at Taipei City, Taichung City and Fongshan City in Northern, Central and Southern Taiwan, respectively. • Forest & Nature Conservation Police Unit (森林暨自然保育警察隊): This was formed with 178 policemen on 1 July 2004 by the decree of the Executive Yuan on 6 August 2003, after ten forest arson cases in the mountain area of Taichung County (now part of Taichung City) within six years. It is attached to the Forest Bureau of the Council of Agriculture. Besides its headquarters in Taipei City, there are eight squadrons in Taiwan mountain area. Its main task is to support the forest patrolmen to preserve and protect the ecology system and all historic monuments in all the forests in Taiwan. Ranks Rank insignias are worn over the right breast pocket when in uniform. The rank system of the National Police Agency is as follows: Before 1999, the lowest-grade street policemen held the rank of Police Officer II, denoted by an insignia of two stars on one horizontal bar, sometimes referred to colloquially as "一毛二" or "one dime and two cents." On 3 March 1999, an adjustment of "the table of police positions and corresponding ranks" or "各級警察機關學校警察官職務配階表", from the Ministry of Interior resulted in regular policemen or women on street holding the rank of Senior Police Officer, denoted by "three stars on one horizontal bar", nicknamed "一毛三" or "one dime and three cents." To emphasize the independence of the ranks and the professions, the rank of ROC police may not perfectly match their positions in a station. In 2007, a highest rank above Police Supervisor Rank 1 is created for the highest position, Police General, who is in charge of and oversees the public safety of the entire nation. == Equipment ==
Equipment
Weapons Aside from firearms, police officers are also equipped with Non-lethal weapon such as batons, Pepper Spray and Tasers. Vehicles ==History==
History
The current police service in Taiwan traces its roots back to police forces established in Taiwan during Japanese colonial rule, as well as police services established in mainland China during the early 20th century. In 1972, to streamline organizational costs, the National Police Department was merged with the Taiwan Police Administration to form the new National Police Agency (NPA). Post-Martial Law era reforms In 1990, Chuang Heng-dai (莊亨岱), by then the Commissioner of Railway Police Bureau, became the first career police officer with the background of a criminal investigator to take over the chief of NPA. Since then, all the successive directors-general of NPA are promoted from career police officers in active duty within the Taiwan police system. Past concerns of police corruption have largely been replaced by concerns of police ineffectiveness, particularly in light of several high-profile cases in recent years. Gun related crime has also increased, though the overall crime rate in Taiwan remains lower than that of most western and Asian nations. On 22 July 2000, four workers carrying out riverbed construction work in the Pachang River of Chiayi County, were surrounded by the quickly rising torrent on Saturday afternoon. The four stood in the center of the river for three hours, waiting for a helicopter that never came, and were finally washed away at around 7:08pm in sight of family members, helpless would-be rescuers, and the lens of news cameras on the riverbank. The delay was attributed to bureaucratic red tape and three top government officials resigned, including Yu Shyi-kun, the vice Premier of Executive Yuan and two Director-Generals from National Police Agency and National Fire Agency. This Pachang-Creek incident (:zh:八掌溪事件) caused a field day for the news media in Taiwan and triggered a reform of the airborne emergency management system. On 10 March 2004, the newly formed National Airborne Service Corps (NASC) of the Ministry of Interior absorbed four civil airborne squadrons :The Airborne Squadron of National Police Agency, :The Preparatory Office of the Airborne Fire Fighting Squadron of National Fire Agency, :The Aviation Team of Civil Aeronautics Administration of Ministry of Transportation and Communications, :The Air Patrol Squadron of the Coast Guard Administration. NASC takes over the responsibilities of five major airborne tasks:Search and Rescue, Disaster Relief, Emergency Medical Services, Reconnaissance and Patrol, and Transportation. On 26 July 2004, members of the Criminal Investigation Bureau engaged in what was arguably the largest gun battle in the history of modern Taiwan with members of a kidnapping gang in Kaohsiung County (now part of Kaohsiung City). Though they held a numerical advantage, the officers found themselves outgunned by the suspects who possessed bulletproof vests and M16's. In the ensuing gunfight four police officers were injured, and two suspects were shot and arrested. However the ringleader of the gang managed to escape along with a cohort after holding a passing civilian hostage and escaping in a hijacked car on live TV. On 28 February 2006, Hou You-yi, the Criminal Investigation Bureau Commissioner, assumed command as the director-general of the National Police Agency. He, a career criminal investigator, is the youngest-ever to hold that post. , Chief of Taipei City Police Department, was named as the new director-general effective June 2008. On 2 Jan 2007, according to "the Organic Law of the National Immigration Agency" enacted on 30 Nov 2005, the NPA's former Immigration Office was expanded to become the National Immigration Agency under the direct control of the Ministry of the Interior, and Wu Cheng-chi (吳振吉) was named the first director general of NIA. ==Other duties==
Other duties
In addition to normal law enforcement duties, police in the ROC are charged with other slightly more unusual duties such as taking census data, as well as immigration and visa related issues. Most jurisdictions also have a Foreign Affairs squad staffed by English speaking officers tasked with visa enforcement and issues relating to foreigners or the foreign community in Taiwan. ==Interdepartmental cooperation==
Interdepartmental cooperation
Bureau of Investigation Regarding drugs, corruption, espionage, and economic crimes, the Investigative Bureau of the Ministry of Justice (MJIB) has developed capabilities to cover cases in such categories for decades. The investigation of these cases, police corruption included, are usually transferred to or led by the Bureau of Investigation. MJIB officers are equipped with a strong laboratory-testing capacity regarding controlled substances. This gives a necessary advantage and training for the investigators of MJIB. However, the police forces in the ROC still maintain several active drug enforcement squads at the local police departments and the Criminal Investigation Bureau of NPA. Historically, counter-intelligence affairs are under the turf of MJIB. Different from "special branch" in the police system in United Kingdom, the security divisions at all levels of Taiwan police system are mainly staff units, not fielded police details. Under the supervision of National Security Bureau, all non-mililary cases of espionage would soon be moved to the Bureau of Investigation. A few years ago, high-ranking police officials tried to develop the strength of investigating white-collar crimes in the ROC police system but gained unnoticed progress. The MJIB is still in the lead position of cracking economic crimes or money-laundering. However, the Criminal Investigation Bureau of NPA has built fair reputation on copyright protection and the safety of computers networks. Also, regarding the copyright issue, the 1st brigade of the 2nd special police corps is especially tasked for the enforcement related to intellectual property. === Ministry of National Defense === Military Police According to the "Law of the dispatching of Judicial Police Personnel", military police can deal with civilian affairs under the supervision of the public prosecutor(s) from all court prosecutors' offices at all levels under the Ministry of Justice. Sometimes public prosecutors will direct military police to handle large-scale searches or arrests when investigating cases of police-related crimes, prostitution, or fugitive recovery. counter-terrorism Special forces Regarding counter-terrorism, there are three company-size troops of special forces under the operational control of the Ministry of National Defense: • Northern Taiwan: Military Police Special Service Company (MPSSC, Code Name: Night Hawk), Military Police Command. • Central Taiwan: Special Warfare Special Service Company, Aviation and Special Forces Command of the Republic of China Army. • Southern Taiwan: Marine Special Service Company, Marine Corps Command of the Republic of China Navy. These three are tasked to handle combat situations involving international terrorists or paramilitary-type criminals. Bound by laws, currently only the Military Police Special Service Company can react to non-military cases, like airplane hijacking. Coast Guard The Coast Guard Administration (CGA) is considered a civilian law enforcement agency under the administration of the Ocean Affairs Council of the Executive Yuan, though during emergencies it may be incorporated as part of the Republic of China Armed Forces. Fire Brigades Taiwan Firemen were a part of the Taiwan Police before 1995. At that time, the Fire Policemen were not the most favorite people in the eyes of certain police chiefs. The most extreme case was in Taipei County (now New Taipei City) Police Department: the Taipei County Police Commissioner Yao Kao-Chiao (姚高橋) assigned all his fire policemen to kitchen duty because he felt his fire policemen were doing nothing except waiting for a fire to happen. It is worth to point out that Yao Kao-Chiao was the Directors-General of Central Police University from May 1995 to June 1996, of National Police Agency from June 1996 to 1997, and of Coast Guard Administration from 28 January 2000 until 21 May 2000. Also, in Taiwan, another contradiction was the radio call signs for the fire trucks or rescue vehicles. For reasons to avoid unwanted attentions and to remain secrecy, all radio call signs for all police vehicles were uncorrelated with the missions of the subject vehicles, unnecessarily including fire trucks, rescue vehicles, and ambulances of fire brigades. When fire police teams were responding to an emergency situation, these confusing call signs inevitably led to chaos and time delay. A successful fire chief, Chao Kang (趙鋼),{{cite news == Auxiliary Police ==
Auxiliary Police
The Auxiliary Police (Traditional Chinese:義勇警察) is an organization of civilians who volunteer to support the police and perform civil defense tasks. Although the auxiliary police do not have a standard rank insignia, the Taipei City auxiliary Police has adopted a non-standard rank insignias with modified colors based on the current police rank insignias. == See also ==
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