•
Apremilast, a
phthalimide derivative that was approved by the U.S. FDA in March 2014 for use as a treatment for
psoriatic arthritis, and in September 2014 for the treatment of
plaque psoriasis under the brand name
Otezla. •
Caffeine is a weak, non-selective PDE inhibitor. A metabolite of caffeine, theophylline, is a more potent PDE inhibitor. •
Crisaborole (AN2728), a
boron-containing drug for the topical treatment of
psoriasis and
atopic dermatitis. It was approved by the FDA on December 14, 2016 under the brand name
Eucrisa for the treatment of mild-to-moderate
atopic dermatitis (eczema) in patients 2 years of age and older. •
Diazepam, a benzodiazepine anxiolytic, amnesic, hypnotic, sedative and muscle relaxant. •
Difamilast: PDE4B inhibitor •
Drotaverine •
Ensifentrine •
Glaucine, an
aporphine alkaloid, low-potency PDE4 inhibitor,
calcium channel blocker,
dopamine antagonist and
5-HT2A positive allosteric modulator, used as
antitussive in Eastern Europe and Iceland. •
Ibudilast, a neuroprotective and bronchodilator drug used mainly in the treatment of asthma and stroke. It inhibits PDE4 to the greatest extent, but also shows significant inhibition of other PDE subtypes, and so acts as a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, depending on the dose. •
Luteolin, supplement extracted from peanuts and other plants that also possesses
IGF-1 properties. •
Mesembrenone, an alkaloid from the herb
Sceletium tortuosum (Kanna). •
Mesembrine, an
alkaloid present in
Sceletium tortuosum (kanna). •
MRM3379: PDE4D inhibitor •
Mufemilast •
Nerandomilast: PDE4B inhibitor •
Piclamilast, a more potent inhibitor than rolipram. •
Roflumilast, licensed for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the EU, Russia and U.S. by
Merck & Co. under the trade names
Daxas •
Rolipram, used as investigative tool in pharmacological research. •
Zatolmilast: PDE4D inhibitor •
Orismilast: PDE 4B/4D dual inhibitor •
Revamilast: PDE4B inhibitor ==Mode of action==