Physalis

Physalis species are herbaceous plants growing to tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or perennial. Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot conditions. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others tolerate cold when dormant in winter. Fossil record A 52-million-year-old fossil fruit of Physalis has been found in Patagonia, named as Physalis infinemundi. ==Cultivation and uses==

Estimates for the earliest use of Physalis for human consumption range from 900 to 5000 BCE. Archaeological sites support the historical use of Physalis as a food for indigenous people in what is now northern Mexico and portions of the United States. Physalis fruit are rich in cryptoxanthin. The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw and used in salads. Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavoring, made into fruit preserves, or dried and used like raisins. They contain pectin and can be used in pie filling. Ground cherries are called poha in the Hawaiian language, and poha jam and preserves are traditional desserts made from Physalis plants grown on the Hawaiian Islands. A 2013 literature review identified more than one hundred works with medical use of various Physalis species from the Americas. Preparations included all parts of the plants (fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots) and took forms including decoction, infusion, and soaking. Herbal preparations are known to be administered internally and externally. Physalis plants grow in most soil types and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common tomato diseases and pests, and other pests such as aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, and the false potato beetle (Leptinotarsa juncta) also attack them. Propagation is by seed. In the United States, Louisiana erroneously classifies Physalis subglabrata (smooth groundcherry) as a hallucinogenic plant, and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed under State Act 159 of 2005. In the Gran Chaco region of South America, the consumption of the different species of Physalis for food has declined due to sociocultural and environmental changes. Factors generally stem from the ongoing effects of colonization, including loss of ancestral territories to forestry exploitation and industrial agriculture as well as the decline of seasonal human migrations which were formerly part of the cycle of propagation, harvest, and consumption of Physalis. ==Subgenera and sections==

(Physalis crassifolia) Physalis is divided into subgenera and sections. The taxonomy of Physalis is still an active area of taxonomic classification. About 75 to 90 species are placed in the genus. Margaret Y. Menzel's research in the 20th century provided new insights into Physalis taxonomy, including the results of her crossing experiments with 28 Physalis species and their karyological data. The groups of species previously set up by Rydberg were raised to sections by this research. A summary of all taxonomic research regarding the genus was published in 1989 by Radovan Hendrych, and the most recent major taxonomic publications were made in 1994 and 1999 by Mahinda Martínez. Genetics and breeding The basic number for Physalis species is 12, and most Physalis species are diploid with 2n = 24. This basic number is typical for members of the Solanaceae family. Research has identified several species that have experienced polyploidy, including Physalis angulata, Physalis floridana, Physalis pubescens, and Physalis peruvania. Physalis species are generally self-compatible and autogamous, although some may exhibit self-incompatibility and require pollen from another plant to bear fruit or produce seed. A study in 2022 found self-compatibility for all seven Physalis that were observed, which included Physalis peruviana and Physalis ixocarpa. The same study found that fruit fixation and viable seed formation occurred in most inter-specific crosses. The authors did not grow offspring to the second generation. Menzel performed crosses between Physalis species to assess hybridization in 1951 which showed that perennial species are prone to hybridization while annual Physalis species exhibited barriers between crossing. Hinton identified natural hybridization events between Physalis virginiana Mill. and Physalis heterophylla Nees, which Hinton hypothesized could be the result of self-incompatibility and lack of Physalis virginiana pollen. Sullivan reported in 1985 that natural hybridization rarely occurs among four species from the Physalis viscosa complex. Physalis subgenus Physalodendron Authority: (G. Don) M. Martinez • Physalis arborescens • Physalis melanocystis Physalis subgenus Rydbergis Authority: Hendrych Section Angulatae Authority: (Rydberg) M. Martinez • Physalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandw. – sharp-leaved groundcherry, Wright groundcherry • Physalis ampla Waterfall • Physalis angulata L. – cut-leaved groundcherry, lance-leaved groundcherry, camapu • Physalis carnosa Standley • Physalis crassifolia Benth. – thick-leaved groundcherry, yellow nightshade groundcherry • Physalis ixocarpa Brot – tomatillo • Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult. • Physalis microcarpa Urb. & Eckman • Physalis minima Linnaeus – pygmy groundcherry, native gooseberry (Australia) • Physalis philadelphica Lam. – tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry, jamberry, Mexican tomato, tomate de cáscara, tomate de fresadilla, tomate milpero, tomate verde • Physalis solanacea (Schlechtendal) Axelius • Physalis sulphurea (Fernald) Waterfall Section Campanulae Authority: M. Martinez • Physalis campanula Standl. & Steyerm. • Physalis glutinosa Schltdl. Section Coztomatae Authority: M. Martinez • Physalis aggregata Waterfall • Physalis angustior Waterfall • Physalis chenopodifolia Lam. • Physalis coztomatl Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal • Physalis greenmanii Waterfall • Physalis hintonii Waterfall • Physalis jaliscensis Waterfall • Physalis lassa Standley & Steyerm. • Physalis lignescens Waterfall • Physalis longilobaVargas, M. Martínez & Dávila • Physalis muelleri Waterfall • Physalis peruviana L. – Cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, Inca berry, uchuva (Colombia), poha • Physalis pumila Nuttall – dwarf groundcherry • Physalis queretaroensis M. Martinez & L. Hernandez • Physalis sordida Fernald • Physalis virginiana Mill. – Virginia groundcherry • Physalis volubilis Waterfall Section Rydbergae Authority: M. Martinez • Physalis minimaculata Waterfall • Physalis rydbergii Fernald Section Tehuacanae Authority: M. Martinez • Physalis tehuacanensis Waterfall Section Viscosae Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel • Physalis angustifolia Nuttall – coastal groundcherry • Physalis cinerascens (Dunal) A.S. Hitchc. – small-flowered groundcherry • Physalis × elliottii Kunze Formerly placed here • Alkekengi officinarum Moench. – Chinese lantern, Japanese lantern, bladder-cherry, winter-cherry, hōzuki (as P. alkekengi L.) • Calliphysalis carpenteri (Riddell) Whitson – Carpenter's groundcherry (as P. carpenteri Riddell) • Darcyanthus spruceanus (Hunz.) Hunz. ex N.A.Harriman (as P. spruceana Hunz.) • Deprea orinocensis (Kunth) Raf. (as P. orinocensis Kunth) • Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydb. (as P. grandiflora Hook.) • Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (as P. lobata Torr.) • Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Baill. (as P. origanifolia Lam.) • Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (as P. somnifera Linnaeus) ==References==