(1535 edition), the first complete
Modern English translation of the
Christian Bible The first
proto-Protestant Bible translation was
Wycliffe's Bible, that appeared in the late 14th century in the vernacular
Middle English. Wycliffe's writings greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech proto-Reformer
Jan Hus ( 1369–1415). The
Hussite Bible was translated into
Hungarian by two
Hussite priests,
Tamás Pécsi and
Bálint Újlaki, who studied in
Prague and were influenced by Jan Hus. They started writing the Hussite Bible after they returned to Hungary and finalized it around 1416. One of the foundational events in the development of the Protestant Bible was the publication of
Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Excluding the proto-Protestant translations, the first complete Protestant Bible was the
Reformation-era German-language
Worms Bible published in 1529 by the printer
Peter Schöffer the Younger. In the absence of copyright law, Schöffer combined the already published parts of the
Zurich Bible (first published in its entirety in 1531), the 1522 translation of the New Testament by Martin Luther and other sources. Following the
Protestant Reformation, Protestants Confessions have usually excluded the books which other Christian traditions consider to be
deuterocanonical books from the
biblical canon (the canon of the
Roman Catholic,
Eastern Orthodox, and
Oriental Orthodox churches
differs among themselves as well), most early Protestant Bibles published the
Apocrypha along with the Old Testament and New Testament. of the
Christian Bible (1769 edition), listing "The Books of the Old Testament", "The Books called Apocrypha", and "The Books of the New Testament". In the
English language, the incomplete
Tyndale Bible published in 1525, 1534, and 1536, contained the entire New Testament. Of the Old Testament, although
William Tyndale translated around half of its books, only the
Pentateuch and the
Book of Jonah were published. Viewing the canon as comprising the Old and New Testaments only, Tyndale did not translate any of the Apocrypha. However, the first complete Modern English translation of the Bible, the
Coverdale Bible of 1535, did include the Apocrypha. Like Luther,
Miles Coverdale placed the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. Other early Protestant Bibles such as the
Matthew's Bible (1537),
Great Bible (1539),
Geneva Bible (published by
Sir Rowland Hill in 1560),
Bishop's Bible (1568), and the
King James Version (1611) included the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament. Protestant translations into Italian were made by
Antonio Brucioli in 1530, by
Massimo Teofilo in 1552 and by
Giovanni Diodati in 1607. Diodati was a Calvinist theologian and he was the first translator of the Bible into Italian from Hebrew and Greek sources. Diodati's version is the reference version for Italian Protestantism. This edition was revised in 1641, 1712, 1744, 1819 and 1821. A revised edition in modern Italian,
Nuova Diodati, was published in 1991. Several translations of Luther's Bible were made into Dutch. The first complete Dutch Bible was printed in
Antwerp in 1526 by
Jacob van Liesvelt. However, the translations of Luther's Bible had
Lutheran influences in their interpretation. At the Calvinistic
Synod of Dort in 1618/19, it was therefore deemed necessary to have a new translation accurately based on the original languages. The synod requested the
States-General of the Netherlands to commission it. The result was the
Statenvertaling or
States Translation which was completed in 1635 and authorized by the States-General in 1637. From that year until 1657, a half-million copies were printed. It remained authoritative in Dutch Protestant churches well into the 20th century. The early French Protestant scholar
Pierre Robert Olivétan was the first translator of the Bible into the French language on the basis of Hebrew and Greek texts. His work, now known as the
Olivetan Bible, was based on that of his teacher
Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples. It was published in 1535 as
La Bible Qui est toute la Saincte scripture at
Neuchâtel. This translation is considered to be the first French Protestant Bible. Protestant translations into Spanish began with the work of
Casiodoro de Reina, a former Catholic monk, who became a
Lutheran theologian. With the help of several collaborators, by 1569 de Reina produced the
Biblia del Oso or
Bear Bible, the first complete Bible printed in Spanish based on Hebrew and Greek sources. Earlier Spanish translations, such as the 13th-century
Alfonsina Bible, translated from Jerome's
Vulgate, had been copied by hand. The Bear Bible was first published on 28 September 1569, in Basel, Switzerland. The deuterocanonical books were included within the Old Testament in the 1569 edition. In 1602
Cipriano de Valera, a student of de Reina, published a revision of the Bear Bible which was printed in
Amsterdam in which the deuterocanonical books were placed in a section between the Old and New Testaments called the Apocrypha. This translation, subsequently revised, came to be known as the
Reina-Valera Bible. The first Protestant
translations of portions of the Bible into Welsh were made in the 16th century with the Gospels and Epistles being published in 1551. In 1567, the entirety of the New Testament along with the Psalms were published in Welsh, while
William Morgan translated the
first version of the whole Bible into Welsh from
Greek and
Hebrew in 1588. For the following three centuries, most English language Protestant Bibles, including the
Authorized Version, continued with the practice of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section after the Old Testament. However, there were some exceptions. A surviving
quarto edition of the
Great Bible, produced some time after 1549, does not contain the Apocrypha although most copies of the Great Bible did. A 1575 quarto edition of the
Bishop's Bible also does not contain them. Subsequently, some copies of the 1599 and 1640 editions of the
Geneva Bible were also printed without them. The
Anglican King James VI and I, the sponsor of the Authorized King James Version (1611), threatened to fine and imprison anyone who omitted the Apocrypha. Similarly, in 1782–83 when the first English Bible was printed in America, it did not contain the Apocrypha and, more generally, English Bibles came increasingly to omit the Apocrypha. ==19th-century developments==