The origins of what we know today as ranching in North America date back to the 16th century when the Spaniards introduced cattle and horses to Mexico. Livestock raising had diverged in Mexico from what it had been in Spain due to an over abundance of land and, because of the rapid multiplication of livestock, an over abundance of cattle and horses. In a letter to the King of Spain in 1544, Cristóbal de Benavente, prosecutor of Mexico (fiscal de audiencia), wrote that livestock of all species were multiplying rapidly, almost double every 15 months. Although all livestock species took root and multiplied rapidly, there was a preponderance of cattle, so much so that, soon after, there was more cattle in Mexico than in Spain. According to Spanish army captain,
Bernardo de Vargas Machuca, out of all the kingdoms, Mexico was where cattle were the most abundant. Cattle had multiplied so much that, just in the
Sotavento region of
Veracruz alone, cattle had quintupled to around 2.5 million head in 1630 from half a million in 1570. The Franciscan friar,
Antonio de Ciudad Real, who accompanied friar Alonso de Ponce to New Spain in 1584, argued that the reason why cattle was so abundant in the Province of Mexico was because it was easier to produce and raise, at less cost and with less work, because pasturelands were abundant, the climate was temperate and there were no wolves or other predators to prey upon them as in Spain, multiplying so much that it seemed to be native to the land, that many men were able to brand more than 30 thousand calves a year. Because it was a much greater territory, land was plentiful, thus, any Spanish laws that were applied back in Spain regarding pasturelands and land ownership were never applied. Initially, a generalized common grazing regime was established, in which all vacant land was free and open to all, as was the stubble after the harvest. This regime allowed cattle to multiply in a semi-wild state, with minimal intervention from man, diverging, once again, from Spanish tradition. However, over time, the authorities were forced to recognize a somewhat stable occupation of the land by the first cattle barons. The first sites or
sitios intended for cattle and other livestock were called
Estancias (stays, stations), and were given in the form of grants upon verification of the occupation or "purchase" made from the Indians. These grants didn’t grant ownership, but rather the usufruct of the land, and were revocable if the beneficiary was absent. Thus, the cattle-barons reserved the exclusive use of the land, without actually owning it. There were two types of estancias:
estancias de ganado mayor (cattle and horse estancias) and
estancias de ganado menor (sheep & goat estancias). Both types had to be square in shape, going from east to west. Cattle estancias had to be 1 league in length, on each side, or 5000
varas or 1750 hectares, approximately 4400 acres. While sheep and goat estancias had to measure 3333 varas in length or 780 hectares, approximately 2000 acres. The
caballeria, the piece of land allotted to a Caballero and his mount, while not defined as estancia, had to be 43 hectares or approximately 110 acres. The Estancias de labor were the ones that combined livestock raising with agriculture. However, the estancias far exceeded the established limits, since fencing the land was prohibited (unlike in Spain), allowing the cattle to graze freely in the intermediate spaces and, thus, allowing the cattle-barons to annex the land. Most Cattle barons usually possessed a set of estancias that were situated side by side, encompassing a vast area. Estancia was also the name of the houses or “cottages” where the vaqueros (cowherds) would gather. By 1554, there were 60 estancias de ganado mayor in the
Valley of Toluca in central Mexico, with more than 150,000 head of cattle and horses. It’s estimated that just in central Mexico, there were around 1.3 million head of cattle by 1620. Between 1550 and 1619, 103 cattle estancias (+444,789 acres), 118 sheep estancias (approximately 200,000 acres); 42 mare estancias (186,000 acres) and 130 caballerías (approximately 14000 acres) were granted in the
Huasteca region of
San Luis Potosí. The earliest cattle estancias were located in the highlands of Central Mexico and in the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico. Because the lands in central Mexico were beginning to be insufficient, the cattle barons were forced to relocate. According to Franciscan friar,
Juan de Torquemada, cattle barons began to move operations north of Central Mexico, to the valleys and lands stretching for more than 200 leagues (500 miles), from
Querétaro in the
Bajío region, passing through
Zacatecas, to the valley of Guadiana (
Durango). By 1582 there were more than 100,000 head of cattle, 200,000 sheep and 10,000 horses grazing in the
San Juan del Río valley in Querétaro. In 1576 there were around 30,000 head of cattle in
Nueva Vizcaya and by the end of the 18th century, just in the
Bolsón de Mapimí alone, there were 325,000 head of cattle, 230,000 horses, 49,000 mules, 7,000 donkeys, 2 million sheep and 250,000 goats. In early 17th century, prior to the
Tepehuán uprising of 1616, there were in the vicinity of the city of Durango, capital of Nueva Vizcaya, more than 200,000 head of cattle and horses, from where thousands of steers were driven to Mexico City. By the late 18th century and early 19th century, there were more than 5 million head of cattle in the province of Xalisco in the Intendancy of Guadalajara, the greatest cattle ranching region of all New Spain, producing between 300,000 and 350,000 calves a year. From both regions, Guadalajara and Durango, more than 50,000 head of cattle were taken out and driven each year to New Spain, to the cattle markets of Mexico City,
Puebla and surrounding areas in the 18th century. The province of Sonora had 121,000 head of cattle in 1783, the province of
California had 68,000 head of cattle and 2187 horses in 1802, up from 25000 cattle in 1792. Prior to the establishment of
rancho as a cattle-farm, the term seems to have been used to refer to provisional houses, like those of the indigenous people, or a camping site. Similarly, the term “estancia” appears to have been used originally to denote a point where herdsmen and their herds finally came to rest, or as the Spanish-Mexican horseman and historian,
Don Juan Suárez de Peralta, described it in 1580: “the houses where the vaqueros gather or assemble, where they have corrals to enclose some cattle to brand and mark.” The
rancho under the Mexican definition, as we know it today, would emerge sometime in the 17th century, being defined as: “A small hacienda, with a small amount of land for cultivation, a small workforce, and a proportionate amount of tools and equipment; different from the estancia or big hacienda which has more land, a bigger workforce, more oxen, and more tools and equipment.” This definition from 1687, shows that both terms, estancia and
hacienda, were synonymous; apparently the term estancia begins to fall into disuse in the country, being replaced by the term hacienda, sometime in the early 18th century. The French historian,
François Chevalier, states that the terms
estancia and
caballería were gradually divested of their original meanings and ultimately restricted to
units of measurement, in favor of the term hacienda which had become popular. Ultimately, according to Chevalier, a hacienda was just a combination of cattle estancias and caballerías into one huge rural estate. Towards the 19th century, ranchos were either small independent cattle farms or were dependent of a hacienda. Both haciendas and ranchos were divided according to type. In the case of haciendas, there were two types, the “hacienda de beneficio” and the “hacienda de campo”. The “hacienda de beneficio” were mining operations, typically silver. The “haciendas de campo” were the landed estates, and were divided into two types: the hacienda de labor (agricultural estate) and the hacienda de ganado (livestock estate); the latter was divided into two types, the
hacienda de ganado mayor (cattle estate) and the
hacienda de ganado menor (sheep and goat estate). Ranchos were either “de ganado mayor” (cattle), “de caballada o mulada” (horses or mules), or “de ganado menor” (sheep and goats). The inhabitants of haciendas and ranchos of the high-lands and interior of the country were called
rancheros, and were tenants or worked for the landowner; rancheros who took care of the livestock were
vaqueros, while those who lived and worked as vaqueros in the haciendas of Veracruz, in the low-lands, were called
Jarochos. The largest hacienda/ranch in the world during Colonial times was the
Sanchez Navarro estate with more than 16 million acres. The hacienda “San Ignacio del Buey” owned by the friar Don Juan Caballero in the
Huasteca region of
San Luis Potosi had, at its height, 600,000 hectares or 1.5 million acres. The hacienda “San Juan Evangelista del Mezquite” owned by Felipe de Barragán in the same region was 450,000 hectares or 1.2 million acres at its height in the 18th century. One of the largest cattle-barons in 16th century Mexico was Don Diego de Ibarra, governor of Nueva Vizcaya, who in the year 1586 had branded more than 33,000 calves at his Trujillo hacienda in Zacatecas where, at the time of his death in 1600, owned more than 130,000 head of cattle and more than 4000 horses. His successor as governor, Don Rodrigo del Rio de la Loza, had branded at his Poanas hacienda more than 42,000 calves that same year. The wealthiest, most important and renowned hacienda was the “Jaral de Berrio” owned by the Count and Marquis Juan Nepomuceno de Moncada y Berrio in
Guanajuato, considered the wealthiest man in Mexico in the 1830’s and possibly the largest landowner in the world at the time. His vast landholdings stretched for more than 200 miles from Guanajuato to Zacatecas. His vast wealth consisted, among other things, of more than 3 million head of livestock of cattle, horses, sheep and goats. El Jaral was such a large and influential hacienda, that songs, poems and proverbs were written about it. The horses and fighting bulls of El Jaral de Berrio were considered to be the finest and most renowned of all of New Spain-Mexico, which led to the famous Mexican ranchero proverb:
Pa’ los Toros del Jaral los Caballos de allá mesmo (For the Bulls of Jaral, only the Horses from there too). , hacendado from
Chihuahua (state). The largest hacienda/ranch in the world, prior to the
Mexican Revolution of 1910, was the Terrazas family estate headed by
Don Luis Terrazas in the state of
Chihuahua, with more than 8 million acres in size (some sources say 15 million acres) stretching for more than 160 miles north to south and 200 miles east to west. At its height in the early 1900’s, Terrazas owned more than 1 million head of cattle, 700,000 sheep, and 200,000 horses. It employed more than 2000 workers of which 1000 were vaqueros. It was the only ranch in the world that had its own slaughtering and packing plant at the time.
United States () is part of
Guadalupe Mountains National Park in west
Texas, United States. As settlers from the
United States moved west, they brought cattle breeds developed on the east coast and in
Europe along with them, and adapted their management to the drier lands of the west by borrowing key elements of the Spanish
vaquero culture. of a round-up in or near the town of
Cimarron, Colorado However, there were cattle on the eastern seaboard.
Deep Hollow Ranch, east of
New York City in
Montauk, New York, claims to be the first ranch in the United States, having continuously operated since 1658. The ranch makes the somewhat debatable claim of having the oldest cattle operation in what today is the United States, though cattle had been run in the area since European settlers purchased land from the
Indian people of the area in 1643. Although there were substantial numbers of cattle on Long Island, as well as the need to herd them to and from common grazing lands on a seasonal basis, the cattle handlers actually lived in houses built on the pasture grounds, and cattle were ear-marked for identification, rather than being branded. The only actual "cattle drives" held on Long Island consisted of one drive in 1776, when the island's cattle were moved in a failed attempt to prevent them from being captured during the
Revolutionary War, and three or four drives in the late 1930s, when area cattle were herded down Montauk Highway to pasture ground near Deep Hollow Ranch.
The open range near the
Bruneau River in
Elko County, Nevada The
prairie and
desert lands of what today is
Mexico and the western
United States were well-suited to "
open range" grazing. For example,
American bison had been a mainstay of the diet for the
Native Americans in the Great Plains for centuries. Likewise, cattle and other livestock were simply turned loose in the spring after their young were born and allowed to roam with little supervision and no fences, then rounded up in the fall, with the mature animals driven to market and the breeding stock brought close to the ranch headquarters for greater protection in the winter. The use of
livestock branding allowed the cattle owned by different ranchers to be identified and sorted. Beginning with the settlement of
Texas in the 1840s, and expansion both north and west from that time, through the
Civil War and into the 1880s, ranching dominated western economic activity. Along with ranchers came the need for agricultural crops to feed both humans and livestock, and hence many
farmers also came west along with ranchers. Many operations were "diversified", with both ranching and farming activities taking place. With the
Homestead Act of 1862, more settlers came west to set up
farms. This created some conflict, as increasing numbers of farmers needed to fence off fields to prevent cattle and sheep from eating their crops.
Barbed wire, invented in 1874, gradually made inroads in fencing off privately owned land, especially for homesteads. There was some reduction of land on the
Great Plains open to grazing.
End of the open range . The end of the open range was not brought about by a reduction in land due to
crop farming, but by
overgrazing. Cattle stocked on the open range created a
tragedy of the commons as each rancher sought increased economic benefit by grazing too many animals on
public lands that "nobody" owned. However, being a non-native species, the grazing patterns of ever-increasing numbers of cattle slowly reduced the quality of the rangeland, in spite of the simultaneous massive slaughter of
American bison that occurred. The
winter of 1886–87 was one of the most severe on record, and livestock that were already stressed by reduced grazing died by the thousands. Many large cattle operations went bankrupt, and others suffered severe financial losses. Thus, after this time, ranchers also began to fence off their land and negotiated individual grazing leases with the American government so that they could keep better control of the pasture land available to their own animals.
Ranching in Hawaii Ranching in
Hawaii developed independently of that in the continental United States. In colonial times, Capt.
George Vancouver gave several head of cattle to the Hawaiian king,
Pai`ea Kamehameha, and by the early 19th century, they had multiplied considerably, to the point that they were wreaking havoc throughout the countryside. About 1812, John Parker, a sailor who had jumped ship and settled in the islands, received permission from Kamehameha to capture the wild cattle and develop a beef industry. The Hawaiian style of ranching originally included capturing wild cattle by driving them into pits dug in the forest floor. Once tamed somewhat by hunger and thirst, they were hauled out up a steep ramp, and tied by their horns to the horns of a tame, older steer (or
ox) and taken to fenced-in areas. The industry grew slowly under the reign of Kamehameha's son Liholiho (
Kamehameha II). When Liholiho's brother, Kauikeaouli (
Kamehameha III), visited
California, then still a part of
Mexico, he was impressed with the skill of the Mexican
vaqueros. In 1832, he invited several to Hawaii to teach the Hawaiian people how to work cattle. The
Hawaiian cowboy came to be called the
paniolo, a
Hawaiianized pronunciation of
español. Even today, the traditional Hawaiian saddle and many other tools of the ranching trade have a distinctly Mexican look, and many Hawaiian ranching families still carry the surnames of vaqueros who made Hawaii their home. ==Ranching in South America==