Šiauliai

Šiauliai is referred to by various names in different languages: Samogitian ; Latvian (historic) and (modern); Polish ; German ; Belarusian ; Russian (historic) and (modern); . ==History==

The city was first mentioned in written sources as Soule in Livonian Order chronicles describing the Battle of Saule. Thus the city's founding date is now considered to be 22 September 1236, the same date when the battle took place, not far from Šiauliai. Šiauliai was granted Magdeburg city rights in the 16th century when it also became an administrative centre of the area. However, in the 16th to 18th centuries, the city was devastated by The Deluge and epidemics of the Bubonic plague. Šiauliai, being on the crossroad of important merchant routes, started to develop as an industrial town. Already in 1897, it was the third-largest city in Lithuania, with a population of about 16,000. The demographics changed also; 56.4% of the inhabitants were Jewish in 1909. Šiauliai was known for its leather industry. Chaim Frenkel owned the biggest leather factory in the Russian Empire. World War I and independent Lithuania in Šiauliai in 1928 During World War I, about 85% of the buildings were burned down and the city centre was destroyed. German soldiers entered Šiauliai on June 26, 1941. The first mass murder of Šiauliai Jews was perpetrated in the Kužiai forest, about 12 kilometres outside Šiauliai, on June 29, 1941. According to one of the Jewish survivors of Šiauliai, Nesse Godin, some 700 people were shot in nearby woods during the first weeks of occupation after having been forced to dig their own graves. Beginning on July 29, 1941, and continuing throughout the summer, the Germans murdered about 8,000 Jews from Šiauliai and the Šiauliai region in the Kužiai forest. One hundred twenty-five Jews from Linkuva were also murdered there, along with ethnic Lithuanian and Russian members of the Communist Party and the Communist Youth. The Šiauliai Ghetto was established in July 1941. There were two Jewish ghetto areas in Šiauliai, one in the Kaukas suburb, and one in Trakų. During World War II, the Jewish population was reduced from 8,000 to 500. Approximately 80% of the buildings were destroyed. Soviet era The city was largely rebuilt anew in a typical Soviet fashion during the years of subsequent Soviet occupation. Mayors The Mayor of Šiauliai, officially the Mayor of the municipality of the city of Šiauliai (Lithuanian: "Šiaulių miesto savivaldybės meras"), is the head of the Lithuanian municipality of the city of Šiauliai. The current incumbent is Artūras Visockas, who has been mayor since 2015. • 1990–1991: Kazimieras Šavinis • 1991–1995: Arvydas Salda • 1995–2000: Alfredas Lankauskas • 2000–2002: Vida Stasiūnaitė • 2002–2003: Vaclovas Volkovas • 2003–2007: Vytautas Juškus • 2007–2011: Genadijus Mikšys • 2011–2015: Justinas Sartauskas • 2015–present: Artūras Visockas ==Geography==

Šiauliai is located in the eastern part of the northern plateau, Mūša, Dubysa, and Venta River divide. There is a distance of to get to Vilnius, to Kaunas, to Klaipėda, to Riga, and to Kaliningrad. The total city area is , with the green areas making up and water covering . Urban land outside the perimeter of the administrative . Altitude: Lake Rėkyvos water level – above sea level, Talsos lake level – in the city center – , Salduvės Hill – above sea level. Water on the Lake Rėkyva The total water area – 1,280 ha, 15.7% in urban areas. • Šiauliai Lakes • Lake Rėkyva, 1,179 ha • Lake Talkša, 56.2 ha • Lake Ginkūnai, 16.6 ha • Rivers • Kulpė • Rūdė • Vijolė • Švedė • Šimša • Tilžė • Šventupis Climate Under the Köppen climate classification, Šiauliai has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb). The average temperature in January; in July; +. The amount of precipitation in a year – . In 1942, the city recorded the lowest Lithuanian year mean temperature (+3.6 °C). {{Weather box ==Demographics==

In 1795, there were 3,700 people living in Šiauliai, rising to 16,128 by 1897, when it was the third-most populous city in Lithuania after Kaunas. By the outbreak of World War I, 12,000 of the town's inhabitants were Jews, making Šiauliai majority Jewish. • Lithuanians – 94.12% (94,735) • Russians – 3.15% (3,173) • Ukrainians – 0.43% (436) • Belarusians – 0.25% (249) • Poles – 0.14% (138) • Others / did not specify – 1.92% (1936) ==Economy==

Beginning in the 19th century, Šiauliai became an industrial centre. During the Russian Empire period, the city had the largest leather factory in the whole empire, owned by Chaim Frenkel. Šiauliai contributed to around 85% of all leather production in Lithuania, 60% of the footwear industry, 75% of the flax fibre industry, and 35% of the sweets industry. During the Soviet years, the city produced electronics (Nuklonas), mechanical engineering, wood processing, construction industry. Most of the industrial enterprises were concentrated in urban areas. According to 2005 data, the city has: • Manufacturing and service companies – 3195 • Commercial enterprises – 781 • Shopping centres – 30, including • Akropolis, opened March 2009 • Saulės Miestas, opened March 2007 • Bruklinas, opened November 2007 • Tilžė, opened February 2008 • Arena, opened November 2007. In 2020, construction of Europe's largest aircraft maintenance and repair centre began on the territory of Šiauliai International Airport. The related company repairs Airbus A320, Boeing 737 Classic, and Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft and also provides aircraft administration and parking services. It is planned that the centre will create 1000 new jobs. ==Education==

• 1851 - Boys' Gymnasium (now Julius Janonis Gymnasium) was opened • 1898 - Girls' Gymnasium (now Didždvaris Gymnasium) was opened • 1920 - Jewish Gymnasium was opened • 1920 - Šiauliai Teachers seminary was founded • 1928 - Primary education became compulsory • 1930 - Vincas Kudirka primary school was opened • 1939 - The Institute of trade was moved from Klaipėda, it was the first Higher Education school in Šiauliai • 1948 - Šiauliai Teachers Institute was founded. In 1954, it became the Pedagogical Institute, and since 1996, when the Šiauliai faculty of Kaunas Polytechnic Institute was connected, it is Šiauliai University. In 2021, Šiauliai University was reorganised to Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy. Students in the city (in 2006): • In Šiauliai University – 10,440 • In Šiauliai College – 2,770 • In Northern Lithuania College – 700 • In Šiauliai region College of Management and Languages – 517 • In Šiauliai Conservatory – 149 • In Šiauliai Vocational Training Center – 2,663 There are 8 gymnasiums, 7 high schools, 16 secondary schools, 7 primary schools, 9 children's non-formal education schools, and 29 kindergartens. 21,000 students studied in general education schools in 2006. ==Parks==

The city park to the creation of Anton Tyzenhaus essentially graduated Vladimir Zubov. The 19th-century park was of a rectangular shape and was similar to English-style freely designed parks. For a small fee, citizens were allowed to walk in the park. In 1931, the Park and Alley chestnut was officially donated to the Šiauliai city municipality. Šiauliai has 16 parks, covering an area of 1,177 hectares. Didždvario province and Rėkyvos parks add to the cultural values of the registry. ==Transport==

's F-16 Fighting Falcons flying over the Šiauliai Air Base as a part of the Baltic Air Policing Šiauliai has always been a major intersection. The famous Saulės battle took place near a trade route from Riga to Bubiai and Tauragė. Between 1836 and 1858, the Riga–Tilsit (Sovetsk) highway was built near it. Around 1912, the first cars appeared on the city's streets. Highways passing through Šiauliai : • A9 / E272 Šiauliai – Panevėžys (79 km) • A11 / E272 Šiauliai – Palanga (147 km) • A12 / E77 Riga – Šiauliai – Sovetsk (186 km). • City has is western bypass A18. In 2006, Šiauliai had of roads, of which 32% had a gravel surface. The longest streets are Tilžės street – and Vilnius street – with of it being a pedestrian boulevard. In 1871, the Liepaja-Romny railway was built. The Tilžė–Riga and Šiauliai–Klaipeda railways were built in 1916 and 1931, respectively. The city has a railway station. In 1930, an air strip was developed. It was expanded in 1961 during the Soviet period and developed into a large VVS base. It is now a military base for NATO, and home to the Šiauliai International Airport. The first passenger transport company in Šiauliai was founded in 1940. It was Autotrestas, which had 29 buses. In 1944, a motor firm replaced Autotrestas. In 1947, the first taxi company, Šiauliai cars, appeared. Subsequently, to meet the needs of an increasing population, more buses and Taksomotorų Autoūkis were added in 1955. In 2006, a modern bus station with a trade centre was constructed. The city has 27 city routes, the maximum number is 29. ==Communications==

Šiauliai of communication in 1897 could be used not only for mail or telegraph, and telephone. Telephone subscribers in 1923 was 170, while in 1937 – 700 rooms. 1936; the city to install a phone machine. 1957, a television tower, which are equipped with radio and antenna lines. In 1995 launched the construction of cable television lines, 1998 started to install the cable internet, since 2003 – Optical Internet line. In 2008, the city has 14 post offices (central LT-76001). ==Sport==

The most popular sports in the city are rugby, basketball, football, athletics, and cycling. The local rugby clubs Vairas and Baltrex are multi-time Lithuanian champions and are the main academies of Lithuanian rugby players. BC Šiauliai, a basketball club established in 1984, has won seven consecutive Lithuanian Basketball League bronze medals sets between 2004–2010 and three consecutive Baltic Basketball League Elite Division titles between 2014–2016. On July 25, 2007, in preparation for the 37th European men basketball championship, a modern Šiauliai Arena was opened to the public. ==Twin towns and sister cities==

Šiauliai is twinned with: • Częstochowa, Poland • Etten-Leur, Netherlands • Fredericia, Denmark • Jelgava, Latvia • Khmelnytsky, Ukraine • Kristianstad, Sweden • Omaha, United States • Pärnu, Estonia • Plauen, Germany The city was previously twinned with: • Baranavichy, Belarus • Kaliningrad, Russia == Notable people ==

According to the population census of 2001, ethnic Lithuanians comprise 93%, Russians – 5%, and the remaining 2% consist of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Jews, Roma, Latvians, Armenians, and other ethnic groups. About 94% of the city's population consider Lithuanian their native language, 5% are Russian speakers and the remainder speak Ukrainian, Belarusian, Latvian, Roma, Armenian etc. About 80% of those older than 20 have a command of the Russian language, while only 17% can speak English and 7% – German. People who were born in or near Šiauliai include: • Regimantas Adomaitis, movie and stage actor • André Andrejew, a classic Russian and French movie art director • Šarūnas Bartas, film director • Ligia B. Bieliukas, WWII underground member, clubwoman • Tobias Dantzig, American mathematician and author. • Yosef Shalom Eliashiv, rabbi • Jacob Gens, self-proclaimed Vilnius Ghetto police commander under the Nazi occupation (1941–1943) • Nesse Godin, Holocaust survivor and Holocaust awareness advocate in the United States. • Robertas Javtokas, professional basketball player • Olga Jegunova, classical pianist • Veniamin Kagan, mathematician specializing in geometry • Anton Luckievič, Belarusian publisher, journalist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918. • Ivan Luckievič, leading figure of the Belarusian independence movement in the early 20th century, publicist and archaeologist. • Virgilijus Noreika, opera singer, • Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, magnate, noble, a duke and a politician. He held the post of Starosta (city foreman) of the city. • Abraham B. Rhine (1877–1941), American rabbi • Meyer Schapiro, art historian • Antanas Sireika, born near Šiauliai was a coach for a hometown basketball team for many seasons. • Olegas Truchanas, Lithuanian photographer, went to school in the city • Mindaugas Žukauskas, professional basketball player • Marius Žaromskis, mixed martial artist fighter • Dovilė Dzindzaletaitė, athlete triple jumper, Lithuanian national record holder and former European Under-23 Champion, World Junior silver medalist, wife of British former World Indoor 60 metres champion Richard Kilty. ==Depictions in popular culture==

• Šiauliai is one of the starting towns of Lithuania in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms. == See also ==