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Housekeeping gene

In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant rates in most non-pathological situations, the expression of other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions.

Housekeeping gene regulation
Housekeeping genes account for majority of the active genes in the genome, and their expression is obviously vital to survival. The housekeeping gene expression levels are fine-tuned to meet the metabolic requirements in various tissues. Biochemical studies on transcription initiation of the housekeeping gene promoters have been difficult, partly due to the less-characterized promoter motifs and transcription initiation process. Human housekeeping gene promoters are generally depleted of TATA-box, have high GC content and high incidence of CpG Islands. In Drosophila, where promoter specific CpG Islands are absent, housekeeping gene promoters contain DNA elements like DRE, E-box or DPE. Transcription start sites of housekeeping genes can span over a region of around 100 bp whereas transcription start sites of developmentally regulated genes are usually focused in a narrow region. Little is known about how the dispersed transcription initiation of housekeeping gene is established. There are transcription factors that are specifically enriched on and regulate housekeeping gene promoters. Furthermore, housekeeping promoters are regulated by housekeeping enhancers but not developmentally regulated enhancers. ==Common housekeeping genes in humans==
Common housekeeping genes in humans
The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete and updated list, see HRT Atlas database compiled by Bidossessi W. Hounkpe et al. • POLR3CPOLR3EPOLR3GLPOLR3K Protein processingPPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D • PPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E • PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F • PPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G • PPIH Cyclophilin H • CANXALDOAGSK3BTPI1ANXA6ANXA7ARPC1A Actin-related peptide • ARPC2ARPC5LCAPZA2CAPZBRHOA also implicated in regulation of cell cycleRHOBRHOT1 mitochondrial trafficking • RHOT2TUBB Tubulin, beta polypeptide • WDR1 actin disassembly? Organelle synthesis A specialized form of cell signalingBLOC1S1BLOC1S2NM_173809 • BLOC1S3NM_212550 • BLOC1S4NM_018366 • BLOC1S6NM_012388 • AP1G1 NM_001128 • AP1M1 NM_032493 • AP2A1 NM_014203 • AP2A2 NM_012305 • AP2M1AP2S1 NM_004069 • AP3B1 NM_003664 • AP3D1 NM_003938 • AP3M1 NM_012095 • AP3S1 NM_001284 • AP3S2 NM_005829 • AP4B1 NM_006594 • AP5M1 NM_018229 • ANXA6 Annexin 6 • ANXA7 Annexin 7 • AP1B1 Coated vesicles • CLTA Clathrin A (vesicles) • CLTB Clathrin B (vesicles) • CLTC MitochondrionMTX2 SurfaceAP2S1CD81GPAA1LGALS9MGAT2MGAT4BVAMP3 Cell adhesionCTNNA1 NM_001903 • CTNNB1CTNNBIP1 NM_020248 • CTNNBL1 NM_030877 • CTNND1 NM_001085458 delta catenin Channels and transportersABCB10 NM_012089 • ABCB7 NM_004299 • ABCD3 NM_002857 • ABCE1 NM_002939 • ABCF1 NM_001090 • ABCF2 NM_005692 • ABCF3 NM_018358 • CALM1 Calmodulin grasps calcium ions • MFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein • MFSD12 NM_174983 • MFSD3 NM_138431 • MFSD5 NM_032889 • SLC15A4 NM_145648 • SLC20A1 NM_005415 • SLC25A11 mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate carrier • SLC25A26 NM_173471 • SLC25A28 NM_031212 • SLC25A3 NM_002635 • SLC25A32 NM_030780 • SLC25A38 NM_017875 • SLC25A39 NM_016016 • SLC25A44 NM_014655 • SLC25A46 NM_138773 • SLC25A5 NM_001152 • SLC27A4 NM_005094 • SLC30A1 NM_021194 • SLC30A5 NM_022902 • SLC30A9 NM_006345 • SLC35A2 NM_005660 • SLC35A4 NM_080670 • SLC35B1 NM_005827 • SLC35B2 NM_178148 • SLC35C2 NM_015945 • SLC35E1 NM_024881 • SLC35E3 NM_018656 • SLC35F5 NM_025181 • SLC38A2 NM_018976 • SLC39A1 NM_014437 • SLC39A3 NM_144564 • SLC39A7 NM_006979 • SLC41A3 NM_017836 • SLC46A3 NM_181785 • SLC48A1 NM_017842 ReceptorsACVR1 NM_001105 similar to ACVRL1 TGF Beta receptor family Rendu-Osler-Weber syndromeACVR1B NM_004302 • CD23 FCER2 low affinity IgE receptor (lectin) HLA/immunoglobulin/cell recognitionBAT1 aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicing • BSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracellular metalloproteinase • MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factorTAPBP Kinases/signallingADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrine • AGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase • ARF1ARF3ARF4ARF5ARL2 RAS Superfamily • CSF1 Colony stimulating factor not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12 • CSK C-src tyrosine kinase • DCT dopachrome tautomeraseEFNA3FKBP1AGDI1 GDP Dissociation inhibitor (Rab family) • GNAS1 ubiquitously expressed, but differentially imprinted • GNAI2HAX1 associated with tyrosine kinases • ILK Integrin linked kinase • MAPKAPK2MAP2K2MAP3K11PITPNM Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein • RAC1 Ro GTPase involved with many signaling pathways • RAP1B GTPase involved with cell adhesion • RAGA Ras-related GTP Binding • STK19STK24 Serine/Threonine Kinase • STK25YWHAB Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta polypeptide • YWHAH Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, h polypeptide • YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptide • YWHAZ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide Growth factorsAIF1HDGF Hepatoma derived growth factor (translocates to nucleus)HGSLTBP4VEGFBZFP36L1 Tissue necrosis factorCD40 formerly TNFRSF5 Casein kinaseCSNK1ECSNK2B MiscellaneousALAS1 Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria) • ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor • ARMET Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor • AES amino terminal enhancer of split • BECN1 involved in autophagy and partners with PI3K • BUD31 formerly Maternal G10 transcript • Creatine kinase CKB (ATP reservoir) • Cytidine deaminase questionable: not present in very high levels at allCPNE1ENSA (gene)FTH1 Heavy chain of Ferritin • GDI2 rab/ras vesicular trafficking • GUK1 Guanylate kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to GMP • HPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase • IFITM1 Induced by interferon, transmembrane proteinJTB (gene) Jumping translocation breakpoint • MMPL2NME2 (formerly NM23B) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase • NONOP4HBPRDX1 peroxiredoxin (reduces peroxides) • PTMA Prothymosin • RPA2 Binds DNA during replication to keep it straightened out • SULT1A3 Sulfate conjugation (note: SULT1C is cited in earlier literature as being ubiquitous but this may be an example of different tags being used to refer to a common area of 2 closely related genes. If the tag is too short, then it may not be specific enough to truly specify one member of a gene family from another)SYNGR2 Synaptogyrin (may participate in vesicle translocation) • Tetratricopeptide, TTC1 small glutamine rich tetratricopeptide Open_reading_frameC11Orf13C14orf2GATD3 Sperm/Testis Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testesSPAG7SRM Spermidine synthase • TEGT Bax-1 inhibitorDAZAP2 Deleted in azoospermiaMEA1 Male enhanced antigen == See also ==
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