Bozal Spanish Bozal Spanish is a possibly extinct Spanish-based creole language that may have been a mixture of
Spanish and
Kikongo, with
Portuguese influences. Attestation is insufficient to indicate whether Bozal Spanish was ever a single, coherent or stable language, or if the term merely referred to any idiolect of Spanish that included African elements. Bozal Spanish was spoken by
African slaves in the
Spanish Caribbean and other areas of
South and
Central America from the 17th century up until its possible extinction at around 1850. It's influenced the variety spoken in
the Chota Valley in
Ecuador, and a Spanish-based creole is still spoken in the
Bolivian Yungas.
Chavacano Chavacano (also Chabacano) is a group of Spanish-based creole language varieties spoken in the
Philippines that emerged during the 18th century following the colonization of the Spaniards in the Philippines. While Chavacano refers to a large number of varieties, there are three main varieties: Ternate, Manila/Cavite, and Zamboanga.Ternate and Manila/Cavite are Northern dialects from Manila Bay on Luzon Island, while Zamboanga is a Southern dialect from Mindanao Island; both of these dialects are genetically related. The variety found in Zamboanga City has the largest number of speakers and is considered to be the most stable while the other varieties are considered to be either endangered or extinct (i.e. Ermitaño). Creole varieties are spoken in Cavite City and Ternate (both on Luzon); Zamboanga, Cotabato and Davao (on Mindanao),
Isabela City and other parts of province of Basilan and elsewhere. According to a 2007
census, there are 2,502,185 speakers in the Philippines. It is the major language of
Zamboanga City. While the different varieties of Chavacano are mostly intelligible to one another, they differ slightly in certain aspects such as in the usage of certain words and certain grammatical syntax. Most of the vocabulary comes from
Spanish, while the
grammar is mostly based on the Austronesian structure. In Zamboanga, its variant is used in
primary education,
television, and
radio. Recently English and Filipino words have been infiltrating the language and
code-switching between these three languages is common among younger speakers. The name of the language stems from the Spanish word
Chabacano which roughly means "tasteless", "common", or "vulgar", this Spanish word, however, has lost its original meaning and carries no negative connotation among contemporary speakers. For more information see the article on
Chavacano, or the
Ethnologue Report on Chavacano.
Palenquero Palenquero (also
Palenque) is a Spanish-based creole spoken in
Colombia. The ethnic group which speaks this creole consisted of only 2,500 people in 1989. It is spoken in
Colombia, in the village of
San Basilio de Palenque which is south and east of
Cartagena, and in some neighborhoods of
Barranquilla. The village was founded by fugitive slaves (
Maroons) and
Native Americans. Since many slaves had been only slightly exposed to contact with European people, the
palenqueros spoke creole languages derived from Spanish and from their ancestral African languages. Spanish speakers are unable to understand Palenquero. There is some influence from the
Kongo language of the
Democratic Republic of Congo. In 1998, only 10% of the population younger than 25 spoke Palenquero. It is most commonly spoken by the elderly. For more information see the
Ethnologue Report on Palenquero. ==Spanish-influenced creole languages==