Surface anatomy of the thorax , showing surface relations of
bones,
lungs (purple),
pleura (blue), and
heart (red outline).
Heart valves are labeled with "B", "T", "A", and "P".First heart sound: caused by atrioventricular valves -
Bicuspid/Mitral (B) and
Tricuspid (T). Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves --
Aortic (A) and
Pulmonary/Pulmonic (P). Knowledge of the surface anatomy of the
thorax (chest) is particularly important because it is one of the areas most frequently subjected to
physical examination, like
auscultation and
percussion. In cardiology, '''Erb's point''' refers to the third
intercostal space on the left sternal border where
S2 heart sound is best auscultated. Some sources include the fourth left interspace. Human female
breasts are located on the chest wall, most frequently between the second and sixth
rib.
Anatomical landmarks • On the trunk of the body in the thoracic area, the shoulder in general is the
acromial, while the curve of the shoulder is the
deltoid. • The back as a general area is the
dorsum or dorsal area, and the lower back as the limbus or
lumbar region. • The shoulderblades are the
scapular area and the breastbone is the
sternal region. • The
abdominal area is the region between the chest and the
pelvis. • The breast is called the mamma or mammary, the armpit as the
axilla and axillary, and the
navel as the umbilicus and
umbilical. • The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the
thighs. • The
groin, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area. • The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial, the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and
antecubital, the back of the elbow as the
olecranon or olecranal, the
forearm as the antebrachium and antebrachial, the
wrist as the
carpus and carpal area, the
hand as the manus and manual, the palm as the palma and palmar, the
thumb as the pollex, and the
fingers as the digits,
phalanges, and phalangeal. • The
buttocks are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the
pubis. • Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the
hip and the
knee) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the
ankle). • The thigh is the
femur and the femoral region. • The kneecap is the
patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area. • The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the
peroneal area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. • The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot the planta and plantar. • As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal area. • The big toe is referred to as the hallux. ==List of features==