The Deer Hunter

Three Russian-American friends in Clairton, Pennsylvania—Mike, Steven, and Nick—work in a steel mill and hunt deer with co-workers Stan and Axel, and bartender friend John. Mike, Steven, and Nick have enlisted for the Vietnam War. Steven is marrying Angela, pregnant by another man. The stoic Mike and amiable Nick are close friends and roommates; Nick dates Linda, with whom Mike is secretly infatuated. With Mike’s approval, Nick allows Linda to stay in their house while they are away to escape her abusive alcoholic father. After catching the bouquet at Steven and Angela's wedding at a veterans hall, Linda accepts Nick's spontaneous marriage proposal. At the bar, Mike, Steven, and Nick meet a traumatized Green Beret, who curtly dismisses their attempt to ask about Vietnam. Later, after a drunken run through the neighborhood, Nick implores Mike to promise never to leave him stranded in Vietnam. The next day, the group goes on a final hunting trip where Mike kills a deer with "one shot," a code by which he proudly lives. The scene cuts to Vietnam, where Mike, now a Green Beret, coincidentally crosses paths with Nick and Steven, who land in a village during an air assault mission. Imprisoned by the Viet Cong in a cage along a river, the three are forced to participate in Russian roulette while the jailers wager. Firing his round into the ceiling, Steven is forced into a cage with rats and the dead bodies of previous victims. During Mike and Nick's turn to play, Mike convinces the captors to increase the stakes by loading three bullets into the revolver rather than one. When the next two chambers luckily fall on empty, Mike and Nick suddenly get the drop on the captors, killing them. Although Nick is wounded in the leg, they rescue Steven and escape. The trio floats down the river on a felled tree trunk, but Nick and Steven quickly grow weak from their wounds. They are found by an American helicopter, which Nick boards. Steven falls back into the river while trying to hold onto the helicopter skids, and Mike drops down to help him. Steven breaks both legs in the fall, Mike carries him until they meet up with a South Vietnamese Army convoy. In Saigon, Nick is treated at a U.S. military hospital. When released, Nick wanders into a gambling den where wagers are betting on Russian roulette. French businessman Julien forces him to come inside. Upset, Nick interrupts the game, pulling the trigger on a player and himself then assaulting the bouncer. Mike, who happens to be a spectator, is unsuccessful in reaching Nick, who hurriedly is taken away by Julien, who becomes Nick's bankroller for future games. Returning home, Mike remains traumatized and avoids Linda's welcome-home party with friends, opting to stay in a hotel instead. Seeing Linda the next day, he learns that Nick has deserted and Angela has slipped into near-catatonia following her child's birth and Steven's return. On a hunting trip with his friends, Mike loses interest in shooting a deer and returns to the cabin, finding Stan cavalierly threatening Axel with a pistol. Mike takes the pistol, inserts a single round, and triggers an empty chamber at Stan's head. Finding consolation in their mutual grief over Nick’s disappearance, Mike and Linda begin a sexual relationship. Mike visits Steven at a veterans' hospital, finding that both his legs and one arm have been amputated and he is refusing to go home. Steven shows Mike that he has been regularly receiving large sums of cash from Saigon. Realizing that Nick is the source of these payments, Mike checks Steven out of the hospital so he can return to Angela. Mike returns to Saigon, now in chaos shortly before its fall, to find Nick. He locates and persuades Julien to take him to another gambling den where a drug-addled Nick has become a high-stakes pawn in Russian roulette and fails to recognize Mike. Mike attempts to bring Nick back to reason, but Nick remains unresponsive, spitting in Mike's face. Resorting to entering in a game with Nick, Mike tries to connect with Nick by describing their hunting trips; Nick recalls Mike's "one shot" mantra about the deer and smiles before pulling the trigger, killing himself. Mike, Steven, friends, and loved ones attend Nick's funeral. As they convene at the bar for breakfast, John begins to sing "God Bless America" and all join in. ==Cast==

• Robert De Niro as Staff Sergeant Mikhail Vronsky ("Mike"). After Roy Scheider withdrew from the cast two weeks before the start of filming due to creative differences, producer Michael Deeley pursued De Niro, who was paid one million dollars for the role, in search of star power to sell a film with a "gruesome-sounding storyline and a barely known director". De Niro later said, "I liked the script, and [Cimino] had done a lot of prep. I was impressed." • Christopher Walken as Corporal Nikanor Chevotarevich ("Nick"). His performance won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. • John Savage as Corporal Steven Pushkov. • John Cazale as Stanley ("Stan"/"Stosh"). All scenes involving Cazale, who had terminal cancer, were filmed first. Because of his illness, the studio wanted to dismiss him, but Streep, with whom he was in a romantic relationship, and Cimino threatened to withdraw from the project if Cazale was released. He was almost uninsurable, and according to Streep, De Niro paid for his insurance because he wanted Cazale in the film. This was Cazale's last film, as he died shortly after filming wrapped. He never saw the finished film. • Meryl Streep as Linda. In the screenplay, Streep's role was negligible, but Cimino explained the role to her and suggested that she write her own lines. • George Dzundza as John Welsh. • as Julien Grinda. • Shirley Stoler as Steven's mother. • Chuck Aspegren as Peter Axelrod ("Axel"). Aspegren was not an actor; he was the foreman at an East Chicago steel factory that was visited by De Niro and Cimino during pre-production. They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role. He was the second person to be cast in the film, after De Niro. Deeley felt that De Niro was "the right age, apparently tough as hell, and immensely talented". De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel-mill sequence, and rehearsed with the actors to use the workshops as a bonding process. Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in his back pocket depicting them all together as children to enhance the sense of camaraderie among them. Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete photo IDs for each of them, including driver licenses and medical cards, to enhance each actor's sense of his character. ==Production==

Preproduction There has been considerable debate and controversy about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written. Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called The Man Who Came to Play, written by Louis A. Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker, for $19,000. When the film was being planned during the mid-1970s, the Vietnam War was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios. According to Deeley, the standard response was that "no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam". Cimino was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of the original. According to Deeley, Cimino questioned the need for the Russian-roulette element of the script, but Redeker fervently fought to preserve it. Cimino and Deeley discussed the work that would be needed in the first part of the script, and Cimino believed that he could develop the stories of the main characters in the film's first twenty minutes. Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Steven Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running (1972). According to producer Barry Spikings, Cimino said that he wanted to work with Washburn again. '''Deeley's reaction to the revised script''' Deeley felt that the revised script, now called The Deer Hunter, broke fresh ground for the project. The protagonist in the Redeker/Garfinkle script, Merle, was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences, but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts. Cimino and Washburn's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle's personality and separated them into three distinct characters. They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill, and in due course, were drafted to serve in Vietnam. In the original script, the roles of Merle (later renamed Mike) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film. Nick returns home to Linda, while Mike remains in Vietnam, sends money home to help Steven, and meets his tragic fate at the Russian-roulette table. A Writers' Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole "Screenplay by" credit. Meryl Streep accepted the role of the "vague, stock girlfriend" to remain for the duration of filming with John Cazale, who had been diagnosed with lung cancer. De Niro had spotted Streep in the stage production of The Cherry Orchard and suggested that she play his girlfriend Linda. Meryl Streep wrote all of her lines. Streep is said to have accepted the role to primarily be with Cazale. Before the beginning of principal photography, Deeley met with the film's appointed line producer Robert Relyea, whom Deeley hired after meeting him on the set of Bullitt (1968) and being impressed with his experience. However, Relyea declined the job, refusing to disclose his reason. Because Deeley was busy overseeing the production of Sam Peckinpah's Convoy (1978), he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino's shoot. Peverall's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea, and Peverall knew enough about the picture to be elevated to the status of producer. "John is a straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor," wrote Deeley, "and we employed him as EMI's watchman on certain pictures." but were set in the fall. The production manager asked each of the extras who were portraying Russian immigrants to bring to the location a gift-wrapped box to double for wedding presents. The manager figured that if the extras did this, not only would the production save time and money, but the gifts would look more authentic. After the unit unwrapped and the extras disappeared, the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes were not empty but filled with real presents, from china to silverware. "Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings," wrote Deeley, "is a mystery I never quite fathomed." At this point in the production, nearly halfway through principal photography, Cimino was already over budget, and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project. Hunting the deer The first deer to be shot was depicted in a "gruesome close-up", although it was hit with only a tranquilizer dart. Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes The Viet Cong Russian-roulette scenes were shot with real rats and mosquitoes, as the three principals (De Niro, Walken and Savage) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai. The woman who was given the task of casting extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious-looking individual who runs the game. The first hired actor was incapable of slapping De Niro in the face. The casting agent found a local Thai man, Somsak Sengvilai, who held a particular dislike of Americans, and so he was cast. De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped by one of the guards without any warning, and Walken's reaction was genuine. Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Viet Cong Russian-roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film. De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river, filming the drop 15 times in two days. During the helicopter stunt, the skids got caught on the rope bridge as the helicopter ascended, threatening to seriously injure De Niro and Savage. The actors gestured and shouted to the crew in the helicopter to warn them. Footage of this is included in the film. According to Cimino, De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette, to heighten the intensity of the situation. Cazale agreed without protest, Although appearing later in the film, the first scenes shot in Thailand were the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor. Deeley believed that this scene was "the spur that would earn him an Academy Award". In the final scene between Mike and Nick in the gambling den, Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take. His direction to his actors: "You put the gun to your head, Chris, you shoot, you fall over and Bobby cradles your head." Filming locations Thailand • Patpong, Bangkok, the area used to represent Saigon's red light district. • Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi Province • Mississippi Queen, go-go bar location used in the film. • River Kwai, prison camp and initial Russian-roulette scene. United States • St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene. • Lemko Association Hall, Cleveland, Ohio. Also located in Tremont, the wedding banquet was filmed here. The name is clearly visible in one scene. • U.S. Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland, Ohio. Opening sequence steel mill scenes. Also North Cascades Highway (SR 20), Diablo Lake. • Steubenville, Ohio, for some mill and neighborhood shots. • Struthers, Ohio, for external house and long-range road shots. As well, the town's bowling alley is the Bowladrome Lanes, located at 56 State Street, Struthers, Ohio. • Weirton, West Virginia, for mill and trailer shots. Post-production By this point, The Deer Hunter had cost $13 million, and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production. Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut, which ran for three-and-a-half hours. "We were thrilled by what we saw," wrote Deeley, "and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film." Executives from Universal, including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg, were not very enthusiastic. "A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day," wrote Deeley, "but at three hours you've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas, distributors, and profit participants." Ironically, Zinner won the Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter. Regarding his clashes with Cimino, Zinner stated, "Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end, but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards." Sound design The Deer Hunter was Cimino's first film to use the Dolby noise-reduction system. "What Dolby does," replied Cimino, "is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound—a richness so you can demolish the wall separating the viewer from the film. You can come close to demolishing the screen." It took five months to mix the soundtrack. One short battle sequence—200 feet of film in the final cut—took five days to dub. Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon; Cimino brought the film's composer Stanley Myers to the location to listen to the auto, tank and jeep horns while the sequence was being photographed. The result, according to Cimino: Myers composed the music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds, so that the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring, desolate experience. Previews Both the long and short versions of the movie were previewed to Midwestern audiences, although there are differing accounts among Cimino, Deeley and Spikings regarding how the previews panned out. ==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on CD on October 25, 1990. Selected tracks • Stanley Myers's "Cavatina" (also known as "He Was Beautiful"), performed by classical guitarist John Williams, is commonly known as "The Theme from The Deer Hunter". According to producer Deeley, he discovered that the piece was originally written for a film called The Walking Stick (1970) and, as a result, had to pay the original purchaser an undisclosed sum. • "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", a 1967 hit song sung by Frankie Valli. It is played in John's bar when all of the friends sing along and at the wedding reception. According to Cimino, the actors sang along to a recording of the song as it was played instead of singing to a beat track, a standard filmmaking practice. Cimino felt that it would make the singalong seem more realistic. • In the scene before the film shifts to Vietnam, John plays Chopin's "Nocturne in G Minor" on the bar piano as the others listen in silence. George Dzundza appears to be actually playing it. ==Theatrical release==

The producer Allan Carr took control of the movie's marketing and convinced the studio to allow the film to be played on the Z Channel before theatrical release. The Deer Hunter debuted at one theater in New York and one in Los Angeles for a week on December 8, 1978. The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest. The film eventually grossed $48.9 million at the US box office. the Russian-roulette scene was deemed controversial. ==Home media==

The Deer Hunter has been released on DVD twice in the US. The first 1998 issue was by Universal, with no extra features and a non-anamorphic transfer, and has been discontinued. A second version, part of the "Legacy Series", was released as a two-disc set on September 6, 2005, with an anamorphic transfer of the film. The set features a cinematographer's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond, as well as deleted and extended scenes and production notes. The Region 2 release of The Deer Hunter, released in the UK and Japan, features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino. The film was released on HD DVD on December 26, 2006. StudioCanal released the film on the Blu-ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11, 2009. It was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. on March 6, 2012. On May 26, 2020, Shout! Factory released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray featuring a new Dolby Vision transfer. ==Analysis==

Controversy over Russian roulette One of the most talked-about sequences in the film, the Viet Cong's use of Russian roulette with POWs was criticized as being contrived and unrealistic because there were no documented cases of Russian roulette in the Vietnam War. Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the war, wrote in the Los Angeles Times, "In its 20 years of war, there was not a single recorded case of Russian roulette ... The central metaphor of the movie is simply a bloody lie." In her review, Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote, The Deer Hunter is the newest version of the "American 'gentleman' of the wilderness" and "the fullest screen treatment so far of the mystic bond of male comradeship." She goes on to say "The Vietcong [sic] are treated in the standard inscrutable-evil Oriental style of the Japanese in the Second World War movies ... The impression a viewer gets is that if we did some bad things there we did them ruthlessly but impersonally; the Vietcong were cruel and sadistic." In his Vanity Fair article "The Vietnam Oscars", Peter Biskind wrote that the political agenda of The Deer Hunter was something of a mystery. "It may have been more a by-product of Hollywood myopia, the demands of the war-film genre, garden-variety American parochialism, and simple ignorance than it was the pre-meditated right-wing road map it seemed to many." Director Cimino's autobiographical intent Cimino frequently referred to The Deer Hunter as a "personal" and "autobiographical" film, although subsequent investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of ''Harper's Magazine'' revealed inaccuracies in Cimino's accounts and reported background. ==Reception==

Critical response On its release, The Deer Hunter received acclaim from critics, who considered it the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather. The film holds an approval rating of 86% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 130 reviews, with an average score of 8.60/10. The consensus reads: "Its greatness is blunted by its length and one-sided point of view, but the film's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep, and Christopher Walken". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100 based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and called it "one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune praised the film, saying, "This is a big film, dealing with big issues, made on a grand scale. Much of it, including some casting decisions, suggest inspiration by The Godfather." Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars, calling it a "sensitive, painful, evocative work". Vincent Canby of The New York Times called The Deer Hunter "a big, awkward, crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since The Godfather. Its vision is that of an original, major new filmmaker." David Denby of New York magazine called it "an epic", with "qualities that we almost never see any more—range and power and breadth of experience." Stephen Farber pronounced in New West magazine that the movie is "the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion." Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer wrote that the film was "massively vague, tediously elliptical, and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play." In a review for Chicago magazine, Studs Terkel wrote that he was "appalled by its shameless dishonesty", and that "not since The Birth of a Nation has a non-Caucasian people been portrayed in so barbaric a fashion". Cimino's dishonesty "was to project a sadistic psyche not only onto 'Charlie' but to all the Vietnamese portrayed". Author Karina Longworth notes that Streep "made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept—a normal lady from an average American small town, for whom subservience was the only thing she knew". She states that The Deer Hunter "evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force". It has a "credibly humanist message", and that the "slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it". Despite its critical acclaim and awards, some critics derided what they considered the film's simplistic, bigoted and historically inaccurate depictions of the Viet Cong and America's position in the Vietnam War. The central theme of the Viet Cong forcing American captives to play Russian roulette has been widely criticized as having no historical basis, a claim that Cimino denied but did not refute with evidence. During the 29th Berlin International Film Festival in 1979, the Soviet delegation expressed its indignation with the film that, in their opinion, insulted the Vietnamese people in numerous scenes. Other communist states also voiced their solidarity with the "heroic people of Vietnam". They protested the screening of the film and insisted that it violated the statutes of the festival because in no way does it contribute to the "improvement of mutual understanding between the peoples of the world". The ensuing domino effect led to the walk-outs of the Cubans, East Germans, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Poles and Czechoslovaks, and two members of the jury resigned in sympathy. Top-ten lists • 3rd—Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times. Ebert also placed Deer Hunter on his list of the best films of the 1970s. • 3rd—Gene Siskel, Chicago Tribune Academy Award-winning film director Miloš Forman and Academy Award-nominated actor Mickey Rourke consider The Deer Hunter to be one of the greatest films of all time. Revisionism following ''Heaven's Gate'' Cimino's next film, ''Heaven's Gate (1980), debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales, effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt. The failure of Heaven's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter. Canby said in his famous review of Heaven's Gate, "[The film] fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter'', and the Devil has just come around to collect." Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of ''Heaven's Gate'', "I'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm." Film critic Mark Kermode described Deer Hunter as "a genuinely terrible film". However, many critics, including David Thomson maintain that The Deer Hunter is a great film, the power of which has not diminished. ==Awards==

Lead-up to awards season Film producer and "old-fashioned mogul" Allan Carr used his networking abilities to promote The Deer Hunter. "Exactly how Allan Carr came into The Deer Hunters orbit I can no longer remember," recalled producer Deeley, "but the picture became a crusade to him. He nagged, charmed, threw parties, he created word-of-mouth – everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project. Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion, it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual." On the Sneak Previews special "Oscar Preview for 1978", Roger Ebert correctly predicted that The Deer Hunter would win for Best Picture, while Gene Siskel predicted that Coming Home would win. However, Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Deer Hunter and Jill Clayburgh would win for Best Actress for An Unmarried Woman, while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voight as Best Actor and Jane Fonda as Best Actress, both for Coming Home. Both Ebert and Siskel correctly predicted the win for Christopher Walken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor. Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign: Julie Christie, serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Deer Hunter was screened, joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members. Jane Fonda also criticized The Deer Hunter in public. Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Coming Home vying with The Deer Hunter for Best Picture. According to Deeley, he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen The Deer Hunter. Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer David Puttnam, whose film Midnight Express was nominated, that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won, the winner would give the loser the $500 to "drown his sorrows in style". Complete list of awards ==Legacy==

The Deer Hunter is among the early, and most controversial, major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Vietnam after 1975, when the war officially ended. Although the film opened in the same year as Hal Ashby's Coming Home, Sidney Furie's The Boys in Company C, and Ted Post's Go Tell the Spartans, it is the first film about Vietnam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim, culminating in winning the Oscar for Best Picture. Other films that illustrate the conditions of the Vietnam War combat include: In a 2011 interview with Rotten Tomatoes, actor William Fichtner stated that he and his partner were silenced after seeing the film, stating that "the human experience was just so pointed; their journeys were so difficult, as life is sometimes. I remember after seeing it, walking down the street—I actually went with a girl on a date and saw The Deer Hunter, and we left the theater and walked for like an hour and nobody said anything; we were just kind of stunned about that." The deaths of approximately 25 people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie. Honors and recognition In 1996, The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". American Film Institute included the film as #79 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, #30 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, and #53 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). The film ranks 467th in the Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time, noting: Cimino's bold, powerful 'Nam epic goes from blue-collar macho rituals to a fiery, South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of America the Beautiful [sic]. De Niro holds it together, but Christopher Walken, Meryl Streep and John Savage are unforgettable. Jan Scruggs, a Vietnam veteran who became a counselor with the U.S. Department of Labor, thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Vietnam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979, and he established and operated the memorial fund that paid for it. Director Cimino was invited to the memorial's opening. ==See also==