University of Tokyo

Origins by Hokusai The University of Tokyo traces its roots to three independent institutes founded during the Edo period (1603–1868). This school was renamed the and came to be operated directly by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1791 as part of the Kansei Reforms. The Tenmongata, founded in 1684, was the astronomical research and education arm of the Shogunate. It evolved into the , a school for Western learnings, after the Meiji Restoration. The Kanda Otamagaike Vaccination Centre, established in 1858, evolved into a school of Western medicine called . Although plans to establish the country's first university had been in place just after the Meiji Restoration, it was not until around 1875 that it was decided to form the university by merging these schools. Founding and early days (Red Gate), built in 1827, as seen The University of Tokyo was chartered on April 12, 1877, by the Meiji government. Corresponding to the fields covered by the predecessor schools, it started with four faculties: Law, Science, Letters, and Medicine. The Imperial College of Engineering later merged into the university as the Faculty of Engineering. In 1886, the university was renamed Imperial University, and it adopted the name Tokyo Imperial University in 1897 after the founding of another imperial university. By 1888, all faculties had completed their relocation to the former site of the Tokyo residence of the Maeda family in Hongo. Among the few extant structures predating this relocation is a gate called Akamon, which has since become a widely recognised symbol of the university. In the early Meiji period, the government looked to different countries for different disciplines, drawing especially on British, French, German, and American traditions. Following this policy, UTokyo and its predecessor institutions sent their graduates to universities in these respective countries and also invited lecturers from those countries. By the 1880s, however, the government had grown concerned about the political ideas associated with foreign models of higher learning, and Minister of Education Takato Oki instructed the university to reduce the use of English as a language of instruction and to adopt Japanese instead. This shift coincided with the return of UTokyo alumni who had completed their education in Europe, and these returnees began filling roles that had been predominantly held by foreign scholars. This movement was ushered in by the concept of Minpon Shugi by Sakuzō Yoshino, as well as Tatsukichi Minobe's interpretation of sovereignty as inherent to the state rather than the monarchy. Both were alumni and professors at the Faculty of Law. As such ideas were came to be accepted widely, prime minister Takaaki Katō, an alumnus of UTokyo, extended suffrage to all males aged 25 and over in 1925, as promised in his manifesto. This liberal tendency was also shared among students, exemplified by the labour movement organisation the UTokyo Association of New People (東大新人会, ) and the UTokyo Settlement (東大セツルメント, ). However, strong reactions against these liberal and socialist ideas also emerged at the university, notably from Shinkichi Uesugi, who mentored and greatly influenced three future prime ministers among his students at UTokyo: Nobusuke Kishi, Eisaku Satō, Great Kanto Earthquake On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Kanto Plain, inflicting immense damage upon the university. This damage included the complete destruction of almost all of its main buildings, including the library, as well as the loss of scientific and historical materials. This led to a university-wide debate as to whether it should relocate to a larger site, such as Yoyogi, but ultimately, such plans were rejected. Instead, the university purchased additional land in its vicinity, which was still owned by the Maeda family, and expanded there. today were built during the reconstruction period in a style known as Uchida Gothic, including Yasuda Auditorium and the General Library. The reconstruction of the university and its library was discussed at the fourth General Assembly of the League of Nations in September 1923, where it was decided to provide support. John D. Rockefeller Jr. donated $2 million, and in the United Kingdom formed a committee led by Arthur Balfour to assist the rebuilding effort. Many of the buildings on the Hongo Campus today were built during this reconstruction period in the style known as Uchida Gothic, after the architect Yoshikazu Uchida The earthquake also led to the expansion of its seismology studies. The university already had a long tradition of seismological research, to which its alumnus and professor Fusakichi Omori had made important contributions. The university set up an independent seismology department in November 1923, which was followed by the establishment of the Earthquake Research Institute in 1925. World War II after the war. In 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the American bases at Pearl Harbor and entered World War II. By late 1943, as Japan faced defeats in the Pacific theatre, a decision was made to enlist university students in the humanities. During the war, 1,652 students and alumni of UTokyo were killed, including those from varied civilian professions such as doctors, engineers, and diplomats, as well as those killed in action. They are commemorated in a memorial erected near the front gate of the Hongo Campus. Most students studying engineering and science remained at university or worked as apprentice engineers, as the knowledge of science and technology was deemed indispensable for the war effort. The buildings and facilities of UTokyo were largely immune from air raids, allowing education and research activities to continue. The increased demand brought about by the war for engineers led to the establishment of the Second Faculty of Engineering () at UTokyo in 1942. At the newly built Chiba Campus, around 800 students were enrolled at a time, and military engineering research was conducted there. It was closed in 1951, and as a successor organisation, the Institute of Industrial Science was established on the site of the former headquarters of the Third Infantry Regiment in Roppongi. During the war, the Imperial Army attempted to use the university's facilities several times. In 1945, plans were made to relocate the university to Sendai and use the Hongo Campus as a fortress for the anticipated Allied landing, but President Yoshikazu Uchida dissuaded the army. In September 1945, Uchida and Shigeru Nambara, Dean of the Faculty of Law, prevented the campus from becoming the Allied Headquarters. Nambara succeeded Uchida as president in December 1945. Post-war period , the first post-war president of the university (1945–1951)In 1947, following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, the university dropped the word 'Imperial' from its name and reverted to the University of Tokyo. During the occupation period, Japan's education system was reformed, and under President Shigeru Nambara the university was reorganised under the new post-war system. Nambara was also appointed chairman of the Education Reform Committee and oversaw changes at other educational institutions nationwide. In 1949, as part of the reforms, UTokyo merged with two Higher Schools, which were university preparatory boarding schools. It thereby became a four-year university instead of the pre-war three-year one. One of the higher schools that merged with UTokyo, the First Higher School, became the College of Arts and Sciences on the Komaba campus. At the request of SCAP, the Department of Education was separated from the Faculty of Letters to form the Faculty of Education. University of Tokyo Struggles The 1960s saw an intensification of student protests across the world, including the Anti-Vietnam War protests and the May 68 protest in France. In Japan, the 1960 Anpo protests marked an early stage of this unrest, during which the death of UTokyo student Michiko Kamba drew nationwide attention. In 1968, the began with medical students demanding improvements in internship conditions, under which they worked long unpaid hours before qualifying as doctors. Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, who was an alumnus of UTokyo himself, visited the site the day after the students were removed, and decided to cancel that year's admission process. The aftermath saw 633 prosecutions, and varied sentences. 21st century Women's education The university first admitted female students in 1946. While the student body has remained predominantly male, various attempts have been made to achieve a more equal gender ratio. In 2023, women made up 23 per cent of first-year undergraduates, the highest percentage in the university's history. A quarter of graduate students were female in 2022. Reforms in the 21st century detected cosmic neutrinos for the first time in human history and later proved neutrinos have mass, resulting in Nobel Prizes in 2003 and 2015. Questions of international standing and competitiveness were a recurring concern in national higher-education policy and in the university's own strategic planning throughout the 2010s. One widely cited indicator was the university's position in international rankings: In response, UTokyo has implemented a series of reforms. In 2004, the University of Tokyo Edge Capital Partners (UTEC) was established to support entrepreneurship arising from university research. In 2006, the first phase of development was completed at Kashiwa Campus. Located in the suburb of Kashiwa, this research-focused campus spans 405,313 square metres (100 acres) and has a focus on advanced scientific research. In addition, UTokyo expanded autumn matriculation opportunities for international students and adopted other measures to strengthen its international competitiveness and research environment. == Organisation ==

, the 31st president of the University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo operates under a centralised administrative structure, with key policies set by the administrative council, which is chaired by the president. However, due to the university's historical development as a merger of various institutions, each of the constituent colleges, faculties, and research institutes maintains its own administrative board. Today, the University of Tokyo is organised into 10 faculties and 15 graduate schools. The leader of the University of Tokyo is known as the and it is a substantive leadership role. The president is elected by the university's board council from among the faculty members for a term of six years. The current president is Teruo Fujii, a scholar in applied microfluidics, who assumed the role in April 2021 and is expected to serve until March 2027. Faculties and graduate schools The University of Tokyo's academic structure consists of 10 faculties and their affiliated graduate schools. This organisational structure was introduced as a result of reforms in the 1990s. In addition to the graduate schools affiliated with specific faculties, the University of Tokyo also includes two independent graduate institutions: the Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies and the Graduate School of Public Policy (GraSPP). In 2025, UTokyo announced a plan to launch a five-year programme called the College of Design, starting in the autumn of 2027. This would be the first faculty to be established in nearly 70 years, since the founding of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in 1958. Research institutes at Hongo Apart from the faculties and graduate schools, the University of Tokyo hosts eleven . Simultaneously, they function as educational institutions for the graduate schools. • • Earthquake Research Institute • Historiographical Institute • Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia (formerly known as Institute of Oriental Culture, ) • Institute for Cosmic Ray Research • • • Institute of Medical Science • • • UTokyo Institutes For Advanced Study (UTIAS) UTokyo Institutes For Advanced Study (UTIAS) started in January 2011. There are four UTIAS institutes as of November 2023. • Tokyo College • Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe • International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN) • The University of TOkyo Pandemic preparedness, Infection and Advanced research center (UTOPIA) University of Tokyo library system The University of Tokyo Library System consists of three comprehensive libraries located on the main campuses—Hongo, Komaba, and Kashiwa—along with 27 other field-specific libraries operated by various faculties and research institutes. As of 2024, the University of Tokyo library has a collection of over 10 million books and numerous materials of historical importance. This collection ranks it as the second-largest library in Japan, surpassed only by the National Diet Library, which holds a collection of approximately 46.8 million books. It also subscribes to about 170,000 journals. The headquarters of the library is situated in the General Library at Hongo, which underwent thorough renovation in the late 2010s. It now features a 46-metre-deep automated underground storage capable of housing approximately 3 million books. University of Tokyo Hospital The University of Tokyo Hospital is an academic health science centre operated by the Faculty of Medicine. The hospital finds its roots in the Kanda Otamagaike Vaccination Centre, established in 1858. It has 37 clinical examination rooms for a wide range of specialisations including Cardiovascular Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, among others. With a capacity of 1,210 beds, the hospital facilitated medical services for 389,830 inpatients and 794,454 outpatients in the fiscal year 2010. Newsweek's ''World's Best Hospitals 2023'' ranks it 17th in the world, 2nd in Asia, and 1st in Japan. It serves as the primary hospital for the Imperial Family of Japan, with both the current emperor and the emperor emeritus having undergone major operations there. Museums The University of Tokyo operates eight museums, three of which fall under the purview of the University Museum (UMUT). in autumn Apart from the aforementioned museums, the University of Tokyo operates several other facilities that are open to the public, among which are two botanical gardens managed by the Faculty of Science: Koishikawa and Nikko. • Established in 1684, Koishikawa Botanical Garden has been operated by the University of Tokyo since its foundation as a modern university in 1877. In 1894, Hirase Sakugoro the discovered spermatozoids of the ginkgo there, proving that gymnosperms produce sperm cells. • Nikko Botanical Garden was opended in 1902 in Nikko as an annex to the Koishikawa Garden and primarily focuses on alpine plants. Finances In 2021–2022, the university had an income of 264.1 billion yen. Of this, 93.4 billion yen (35.1%) was funded by the government, primarily through the Expense Management Grant (運営費交付金). Despite being a national university, this grant from the government has been consistently reduced, dropping from 95.5 billion yen in 2005 to 79.9 billion yen in 2022. A total of 81.2 billion yen (30.5%) was self-earned, through sources such as the university hospitals (54.7 billion yen) and academic fees (16.6 billion yen). The remainder, 91.7 billion yen (34.4%), came from external funding, such as research grants and endowments. Although research grants are primarily earned by research groups and not by the university, the university can typically claim up to 30% of them for university operations, which is included in this number. The total assets of the university are valued at 1.47 trillion yen as of March 31, 2024. Land holdings make up the largest percentage of this figure, valued at 878 billion yen. UTokyo's endowment fund is relatively small, at 44 billion yen as of March 2023. This is because national universities in Japan, including UTokyo, were not allowed to invest in high-risk assets until 2018, so endowments were spent rather than invested until that point. The UTokyo Foundation is the primary fundraising arm of the university, and it accepts both endowments for the university as a whole and purpose-specific donations. UTokyo's tuition fees have been fixed at 535,000 yen annually for undergraduates and master's students since 2005, regardless of their status (whether domestic or international). This makes up approximately 5% of the university's income. However, the decline in government funding and the university's international standing have brought about discussions on whether to raise these fees. == Student life ==

Admissions The (東大入試, tōdai nyūshi) is regarded as the most selective in Japan and is almost synonymous with something that is difficult to achieve. To apply, candidates must achieve high scores in the Common Test for University Admissions, a standardised multiple-choice examination. UTokyo applicants are required to take at least seven subjects in this examination. Applicants for natural sciences take two mathematics tests, Japanese, one foreign language, two science subjects chosen from physics, chemistry, biology, and geology, and one social studies subject chosen from geography, Japanese history, or world history. Humanities applicants take two social studies subjects and one science subject instead. On the basis of the Common Test scores, approximately three times the number of the final admission slots are invited to take the second-stage examination in late February. In that examination, mathematics, Japanese, and one foreign language are compulsory for all applicants. Science applicants are examined in advanced mathematics, English, Japanese, and two science subjects, while humanities applicants take mathematics, a foreign language, advanced Japanese, and two social studies subjects. All applicants, including those for the natural sciences, sit for a written examination in Japanese and Chinese classics as part of the Japanese paper. Some applicants are called upon to take an interview. Successful candidates are notified in March and are matriculated in April. The published acceptance rate for undergraduate admission is around 30 per cent, but this figure is calculated only for the second-stage examination, after candidates have already been screened on the basis of Common Test scores. Moreover, because applicants to national universities in Japan are effectively limited to a single choice in the main admissions round, candidates with little prospect of admission often apply to other institutions instead. Junior division The matriculation ceremony takes place on April 12, the foundation day of the university. All first-year students are matriculated at the College of Arts and Sciences at Komaba, which is a remnant of the time when the Komaba Campus was a separate university-preparatory boarding school called the First Higher School until 1949. They spend the first one and a half years of their degrees at Komaba. All students study a foreign language they have not previously studied. Undergraduates at Komaba face shingaku sentaku (, or colloquially , shinfuri) in September of their second year, where they are assigned to departments based on their grades at Komaba. Student housing Despite its roots as a boarding school, most undergraduates at the university either live with their families or in private accommodation. Since the closure of the (駒場寮, Komaba-ryō) in August 2001, there has been no on-campus accommodation for domestic students at the university. There are four university dormitories available for undergraduate students: Mitaka, Toshima, Oiwake and Mejirodai. In 2021, approximately five per cent of the undergraduate students lived in one of the university dormitories. The university offers more options for international students, with on-campus dormitories available for them at Komaba and Kashiwa. Student newspapers and magazines The Todai Shimbun (東大新聞) is one of the university's longest-running student publications, with its first issue in 1920. Recruit was spun off from its advertising branch in 1961. Other student publications include Kokasha (恒河沙), whose start-of-term issues contain student evaluations of lecturers and are widely used by students in the junior division when choosing courses. Senior division After completing the Shingaku Sentaku, second-year students enter senior-division departments to specialise in their chosen fields. With the exception of the senior division of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Mathematics, which are located in Komaba, all other senior departments are situated in Hongo. Consequently, approximately 85 per cent of the students move to Hongo at this point of their studies. Graduation ceremonies take place towards the end of March. Approximately one-third of the graduates enter the workforce upon graduation, while the remainder continue their studies at graduate schools within the university or at universities abroad. Common destinations include academia, government ministries, major private-sector employers, trading houses, consulting firms, and investment banks. International students As of November 1, 2023, the University of Tokyo hosts 5,106 international students, who represent 17.7 per cent of the total student body. Of these, 4,874 are postgraduate students and 460 are undergraduates. Exchange students and postdoctoral researchers are not included in these numbers. At the undergraduate level, international students may enter through Japanese-language admissions for students educated overseas, English-medium programmes such as PEAK, or exchange programmes. A wider variety of postgraduate programmes are offered in English, making the international student ratio significantly higher for postgraduate studies (31.32 per cent in November 2023). Approximately 100 students will be matriculated annually, with half of them coming from overseas. == Academic rankings and reputation ==

{{Infobox Japanese university ranking The University of Tokyo has been ranked in a range of university rankings based on different criteria. • The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked UTokyo 26th in the world in 2025 (1st in Japan). Its subject rankings ranked UTokyo 1st in the country for all subjects it covers. • The QS World University Rankings ranked UTokyo 32nd in the world in 2024 (1st in Japan). Its subject rankings ranked UTokyo 1st in Japan for all academic disciplines the university covers except for Classics and Ancient History, for which KyotoU was recognised as the best. The university was ranked 11th in the world for Natural Sciences, 18th for Engineering and Technology, 35th for Social Sciences & Management, and 32nd for Arts and Humanities. • UTokyo has consistently been the largest recipient of the KAKENHI Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Japan's largest national research grant) in the country. In FY2022, it alone received approximately 10 percent of the total grants awarded to 1,370 institutions across Japan. • In 2023, Newsweek recognised the University of Tokyo Hospital as the 17th best hospital in the world (2nd in Asia after Singapore General Hospital, 1st in Japan). Subject rankings == Sites ==

The University of Tokyo is organised around three principal campuses: Hongo, Komaba, and Kashiwa. Apart from these main campuses, the university has a number of smaller campuses, research stations, farms, observatories, and other facilities in Japan and overseas. Hongo campus The Hongo campus has been the university's centre since 1884, when the university's administration office relocated to the site. The campus faces Shinobazu Pond in Ueno Park to the east and has in its vicinity the electric district Akihabara, the city's bookshop hub, Jimbōchō, and the city's largest indoor stadium, Tokyo Dome. The campus is served by three Tokyo Metro stations: Hongo-sanchome, Todai-mae, and Nezu. It occupies the former estate of the Maeda family, Edo period feudal lords of Kaga Province. One of the university's best known landmarks, Akamon (the Red Gate), is a relic of this era. The symbol of the university is the ginkgo leaf, from the trees found throughout the area. The Hongo campus also hosts UTokyo's annual May Festival. File:東京大学総合図書館外観.jpg|General Library File:Faculty of Medicine Building 2, the University of Tokyo.jpg|Faculty of Medicine Building 2 File:Faculty of Law & Letters Bldg1 Tokyo University 2010.jpg|Building one, Shared by the Faculties of Law and Letters File:University of Tokyo - university hospital.JPG|University Hospital File:Wongwt 東京大學 (16663967103).jpg|Engineering Building 3 File:東京大学理学部化学東館.jpg|Chemistry East Building Komaba Campus The Komaba Campus, serving as the educational hub for the first two years of undergraduate studies, provides general education to around 6,000 first and second year students. The campus, also home to the Graduate Schools of Arts, Sciences, and Mathematical Sciences, has advanced research facilities. It also provides specialised education for about 450 senior division undergraduate students in the College of Arts and Sciences and 1,400 graduate students across various disciplines. It is served by Komaba-Todaimae Station on the Keio Inokashira line, which is directly connected to the main gate of the campus. hosts the Institute of Medical Science, which is entirely dedicated to postgraduate studies. The institute was originally established by Shibasaburo Kitasato and moved to the current site in Shirokanedai, Minato in 1906. The campus is focused on genome research, including among its research groups the Human Genome Center, which has at its disposal the largest supercomputer in the field. The main building of the building was designed by Yoshikazu Uchida in a style matching that of the adjacent Institute of Public Health, which is now opened to the public as Minato Local History Museum. Other sites File:Bunkyou Koishikawa Botanical Japanese Garden 1 (1).JPG|Koishikawa Botanical Garden, Tokyo File:Norikura Solar Observatory、乗鞍コロナ観測所、8128356.JPG|Norikura Solar Observatory File:TokyoDaigakuKemigawaSougoUndojo20110809.jpg|Kemigawa Athletic Ground, Chiba File:In-construction KAGRA gravitational-wave detector.jpg|KAGRA gravitational wave telescope, Gifu File:Yamanaka Seminar House, University of Tokyo.jpg|Yamanaka Seminar House, Yamanashi File:The moon high above Cerro Chajnantor at sunset.jpg|Atacama Observatory, Mount Chajnator, Chile File:Kemigawa Seminar House, the University of Tokyo.jpg|Kemigawa Seminar House, Chiba File:US Navy 110315-N-5503T-307 An aerial view of damage to Otsuchi, Japan, after a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami devastated the area in northern Japan.jpg|Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Iwate, after the Tsunami of 11 March 2011 File:Nikko Botanical Gardens, the University of Tokyo.JPG|Nikko Botanical Garden, Tochigi File:Tokoro archaeological centre, University of Tokyo, Hokkaido.jpg|Tokoro Archaeological Centre, Tokoro, Hokkaido == Alumni ==

Throughout its history as a modern university since 1877, a considerable number of UTokyo alumni have attained prominence in both academic and other fields. As of 2024, UTokyo's alumni and faculty include 17 of Japan's 64 prime ministers, 20 Nobel Prize laureates, five astronauts, and a Fields Medalist. Additionally, UTokyo alumni have founded some of Japan's largest companies, such as Toyota and Hitachi. UTokyo alumni also hold chief executive positions in approximately a quarter of the Nikkei 225 companies (47 in 2014), a fifth of the total seats in the National Diet (139 out of 713 in 2023), However, when including other affiliates such as non-alumnus faculty members, the total number is on par with Kyoto University. The remainder consists of: Hideki Yukawa (Physics, 1949), who served as a professor from 1942 for a few years; Charles H. Townes (Physics, 1964), who was a visiting scholar for two years in the 1950s; Wolfgang Paul (Physics, 1989), who was a visiting lecturer in 1978; Anthony James Leggett (Physics, 2003), who was a visiting professor for two years beginning in 1972; Gérard Mourou, who was a visiting professor in 1994; Tasuku Honjo (Physiology or Medicine, 2018), who was an assistant professor for six years beginning in 1974; Harry Markowitz (Economics, 1990) and Leonid Hurwicz (Economics, 2007), both of whom served as visiting professors. Law and politics File:Takaaki Kato suit.jpg| Takaaki Kato File:Osachi Hamaguchi posing cropped.jpg|Osachi Hamaguchi File:Shigeru Yoshida suit.jpg|Shigeru Yoshida File:Hatoyama Ichirō.jpg|Ichirō Hatoyama File:Eisaku Sato cropped 1 Eisaku Sato 19641109.jpg|Eisaku Sato File:Yasuhiro Nakasone 19821127.jpg|Yasuhiro Nakasone File:Kiichi Miyazawa cropped 2 Kiichi Miyazawa 19911105.jpg|Kiichi Miyazawa File:Yukio Hatoyama 20070824.jpg|Yukio Hatoyama The University of Tokyo has educated eighteen prime ministers of Japan: Takashi Hara (dropped out), Earl Takaaki Katō (Law, 1881), Baron Reijirō Wakatsuki (Law, 1892), Osachi Hamaguchi (Law, 1895), Kōki Hirota (Law, 1905), Duke Fumimaro Konoe (Letters, dropped out), Baron Hiranuma Kiichirō (Law, 1888), Baron Kijūrō Shidehara (Law, 1895), Shigeru Yoshida (Law, 1906), Tetsu Katayama (Law, 1912), Hitoshi Ashida (Law, 1912), Ichirō Hatoyama (Law, 1907), Nobusuke Kishi (Law, 1920), Eisaku Satō (Law, 1924), Takeo Fukuda (Law, 1929), Yasuhiro Nakasone (Law, 1941), Kiichi Miyazawa (Law, 1941), Yukio Hatoyama (Engineering, 1969). Eisaku Satō received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974, for his commitment to halting the spread of nuclear arms. UTokyo has produced numerous other influential politicians since its establishment. As of December 2023, UTokyo alumni hold 139 seats in the National Diet (the national legislature of Japan), accounting for about a fifth of the total seats. Six members of the cabinet are UTokyo alumni, including the Chief Cabinet Secretary: Yoshimasa Hayashi; Internal Affairs: Takeaki Matsumoto; Justice: Ryuji Koizumi; Foreign Affairs: Yoko Kamikawa; Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology: Masahito Moriyama; and Economy, Trade and Industry: Ken Saito. As of April 2023, 27 out of the 47 incumbent governors of Japanese prefectures have received their undergraduate education at UTokyo. UTokyo has produced a large number of distinguished jurists, judges and lawyers. As of February 2024, eleven out of the fifteen incumbent justices of the Supreme Court are UTokyo alumni. The university is also the alma mater of all four Japanese judges of the International Court of Justice: Kōtarō Tanaka, Shigeru Oda, Hisashi Owada and Yuji Iwasawa. Tomoko Akane has served as the president of the International Criminal Court (ICC) since March 2024. Sciences, engineering and mathematics File:Kodaira Kunihiko.jpg|Kunihiko Kodaira File:Masatoshi Koshiba 2002.jpg|Masatoshi Koshiba File:Nobel Laureates 7428 (30679389523) (cropped).jpg|Yoshinori Ohsumi File:Kenzo Tange 1981.jpg|Kenzo Tange File:YoichiroNambu.jpg|Yoichiro Nambu File:Kiyoshi Ito cropped 3 Kiyosi Ito.jpg|Kiyoshi Ito File:Teiji Takagi photographed by Ken Domon.jpg|Teiji Takagi File:Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg|Ei-ichi Negishi Nine Nobel-awarded scientists have earned degrees from UTokyo: six in physics (Leo Esaki, Masatoshi Koshiba, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Yoichiro Nambu, Takaaki Kajita and Syukuro Manabe), one in chemistry (Ei-ichi Negishi) and two in Physiology or Medicine (Yoshinori Ohsumi and Satoshi Ōmura). Additionally, Kunihiko Kodaira won a Fields Medal, Masaki Kashiwara won an Abel Prize, both often called the 'Nobel Prize for mathematics'. Four architects educated at the Faculty of Engineering have received the Pritzker Architecture Prize: Kenzo Tange, Arata Isozaki, Toyo Ito and Fumihiko Maki. Other UTokyo-educated scientists, engineers, and mathematicians include Kiyoshi Ito, known for his work in probability theory; Hantaro Nagaoka, a pioneer in atomic theory; Yoshio Nishina, who made significant contributions to particle physics; and Teiji Takagi, known for his work in number theory. Yoji Totsuka was an influential figure in neutrino physics. Kikunae Ikeda is credited with discovering umami. Kitasato Shibasaburō discovered the infectious agent of bubonic plague, and Kazuhiko Nishijima contributed to the discovery of the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. Hirotugu Akaike developed the Akaike Information Criterion, and Hideo Shima was the chief engineer behind the development of the Shinkansen bullet train. Yuzuru Hiraga was the chief engineer at the Imperial Japanese Navy, then the third-strongest in the world, and Takamine Jōkichi was the first to isolate adrenaline. Akira Fujishima discovered the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide, and Tosio Kato made notable contributions to functional analysis. Kenkichi Iwasawa is known for his influence on algebraic number theory. Shun'ichi Amari invented and formulated the recurrent neural network (RNN) for learning. Business, economics and finance File:Kiichiro Toyoda.jpg|Kiichiro Toyoda, founder of Toyota File:Namihei Odaira Portrait c1910.png|Namihei Odaira, founder of Hitachi File:Iwasaki Koyata.jpg|Baron Koyata Iwasaki, longest-serving head of Mitsubishi File:Aikawa Yosuke.jpg|Yoshisuke Ayukawa, founder of the Nissan Group File:Keizo Shibusawa.jpg|Viscount Keizo Shibusawa, governor of BoJ File:Kazuo Ueda 20230410meeting01.jpg|Kazuo Ueda, governor of BoJ since 2023 File:Hirofumi Uzawa.jpg|Hirofumi Uzawa, mathematical economist File:Nobuhiro Kiyotaki cropped 1 Nobuhiro Kiyotaki 202011.jpg|Nobuhiro Kiyotaki, New Keynesian economist Kiichiro Toyoda, an alumnus of the Faculty of Engineering, founded Toyota Motor, the largest car manufacturer in the world and the largest company in Japan by both market capitalisation and revenue. Another UTokyo-educated engineer, Yoshisuke Ayukawa, founded the Nissan Group (zaibatsu), from which some of Japan's largest companies, such as Nissan, Isuzu, NEC, and SOMPO Holdings, spun off. Baron Koyata Iwasaki, a member of the founding Iwasaki family of Mitsubishi, was the longest-serving and last head of the group before it was split up by order of the Allied Occupation Forces after the Second World War. Under his leadership, the group's business evolved significantly, and he founded companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Nikon. Hiromasa Ezoe, as an educational psychology student at UTokyo in 1961, established Recruit Holdings, the largest human resources company in Japan, which also runs worldwide businesses including Indeed and Glassdoor. UTokyo alumni have held chief executive positions at numerous influential Japanese companies; as of April 2024, companies under the leadership of a UTokyo alumnus include Sony (Kenichiro Yoshida), MUFG (Hironori Kamezawa) and Mitsubishi Corp (Katsuya Nakanishi ja]). More than half of the governors of the Bank of Japan, the central bank of Japan, have been UTokyo alumni, including the incumbent governor Kazuo Ueda, who previously taught at UTokyo. Literature, arts and humanities File:Natsume Soseki photo.jpg|Soseki Natsume File:Akutagawa Ryunosuke.jpg|Ryunosuke Akutagawa File:Junichiro Tanizaki 01.jpg|Junichiro Tanizaki File:Osamu Dazai.jpg|Osamu Dazai File:Yukio Mishima 2.jpg|Yukio Mishima File:Kinema-Junpo-1967-January-Special-3.jpg|Kobo Abe File:Yasunari Kawabata 1968 cropped2.jpg|Yasunari Kawabata File:K oe.jpg|Kenzaburo Oe Many notable literary figures have attended the University of Tokyo, two of whom received the Nobel Prize in Literature: Yasunari Kawabata (Known for The Dancing Girl of Izu, Snow Country and The Old Capital) and Kenzaburo Oe (A Personal Matter, The Silent Cry and Death by Water). Other notable UTokyo-educated writers include: Soseki Natsume (I Am a Cat, Botchan, Sanshiro and Kokoro), Ōgai Mori, Ryunosuke Akutagawa, Junichiro Tanizaki, Naoya Shiga, Osamu Dazai, Yukio Mishima, Kobo Abe, Shōyō Tsubouchi, Shinichi Hoshi, Kōyō Ozaki, Jun Takami, Motojiro Kaijii, Shūichi Katō, Kunio Kishida, Hideo Kobayashi, Shigeharu Nakano, Hyakken Uchida, Makoto Oda, Tatsuo Hori, Mari Yonehara and Atsushi Nakajima. Shiki Masaoka is known as the initiator of modern haiku poetry and one of the most celebrated poets in Japanese history. Other notable UTokyo-educated poets include Mokichi Saito, Nobutsuna Sasaki, Makoto Ōoka, Hōsai Ozaki, Saneatsu Mushanokōji and Tatsuji Miyoshi. Isao Takahata co-founded Studio Ghibli with Hayao Miyazaki and directed animation films including Grave of the Fireflies, Pom Poko, and The Tale of the Princess Kaguya. Together with Miyazaki, he created animation films such as Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Laputa: Castle in the Sky. Yoji Yamada directed the film series Otoko wa Tsurai yo and the Samurai Trilogy (The Twilight Samurai, The Hidden Blade and Love and Honor). Koichi Sugiyama is known for composing the music for Dragon Quest, along with several other famous video games, anime, films, television shows, and pop songs. Wowaka is considered to be a pioneer in the vocaloid music industry, especially Hatsune Miku. Kunio Yanagita made significant contributions to the preservation and studies of Japanese folklore. Yanagi Sōetsu initiated the mingei (folk craft) movement, and his contributions made the idea of finding beauty in everyday utilitarian crafts popular. Nam June Paik, a Korean-American media artist, is considered to be the founder of video art. Other notable alumni and affiliates File:Princess Masako, the present Empress of Japan.jpg|Masako, Empress of Japan File:Prince Mikasa Takahito wearing Sokutai.jpg|Takahito, Prince Mikasa File:Birendra Bir Bikram Shah c. 1967 (restoration).jpg|Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, King of Nepal File:Tokugawa Iemasa as the president of the house of peers.jpg|Duke Iemasa Tokugawa, 17th head of the Tokugawa clan File:Tokugawa Yoshichika 01.jpg|Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa, botanist File:Chie Nakane cropped Chie Nakane 19951212.jpg|Chie Nakane, Social Anthropologist File:Yahiko Mishima and Paul Zerling 1912.jpg|Yahiko Mishima (left), first Japanese national to compete in the Olympics File:Kanō Jigorō 1936.jpg|Kanō Jigorō, founder of Judo Masako, Empress of Japan, attended UTokyo after finishing her first degree overseas, although she did not earn a degree from the university. The university's other recent connections with the Imperial family include Takahito, Prince Mikasa, younger brother of Emperor Hirohito, who studied archaeology; Fujimaro, Marquess of Tsukuba, a younger son of Kikumaro, Prince Yamashina, who studied Japanese literature. Additionally, Crown Prince Fumihito, and his daughter Princess Mako both worked at the University Museum at different times. King Birendra of Nepal also attended UTokyo but did not earn a degree. UTokyo was a preferred educational institution for members of the Japanese aristocracy before any form of peerage, with the exception of the Imperial family, was prohibited with the 1947 constitution. Duke Iemasa Tokugawa, 17th head of the House of Tokugawa, studied law at the university and led a career as a diplomat. Other members of the clan who attended the university include Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa, who became active as a botanist and patron of arts and sciences later in his life, and Earl Muneyoshi Tokugawa, who was the primary promoter of forestation movements in Japan. Earl Yoriyasu Arima studied agriculture and later served as the Minister of Agriculture. The Arima Kinen, the world's largest betting horse race, was named in his honour. Marquess Yoshi Hijikata, with his strong communist sympathies, fled to Soviet Russia and was deprived of his title on account of this. Another communist sympathiser among UTokyo's alumni, Hotsumi Ozaki, played a central role in Soviet espionage with Richard Sorge and was executed for high treason in 1944. Chie Nakane, a social anthropologist, was one of the first nineteen female students matriculated at UTokyo in 1947, and she later became the first female professor in the university's history. Hidesaburo Ueno, an agricultural scientist who studied and worked at the Faculty of Agriculture, is best known as the owner of the devoted dog Hachiko, who continued to wait for him for more than 9 years. Although the university is not particularly noted for athletics today, beginning with Yahiko Mishima, the first-ever Japanese Olympian who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, 33 UTokyo students and alumni have competed in the Olympics. Kusuo Kitamura, later a senior bureaucrat at the Ministry of Labour, won a gold medal in the Men's 1500 metre freestyle swimming in the 1932 Summer Olympics. Judo, now an Olympic sport, was created by Jigoro Kano in 1882, the year he graduated from UTokyo. He was also the central figure in Japan's successful bid to host the 1940 Summer Olympic Games, which had to be cancelled due to the Second World War. == See also ==