The
Critchley light car, made by the
Daimler Motor Company in 1899, had a transverse engine with
belt drive to the rear axle. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder
DKW F1 series of cars, which first appeared in 1931. During WWII, transverse engines were developed for armored vehicles, with the Soviet
T-44 and
T-54/T-55 tanks being equipped with transverse engines to save space within the hull. The T-54/55 eventually became the most produced tank in history.
Postwar use After the
Second World War,
Saab used the configuration in their first model, the
Saab 92, in 1947. The arrangement was also used for
Borgward's
Goliath and
Hansa brand cars. The
East German-built
Trabant, which appeared in 1957, also had a transversely mounted two stroke engine, and this design was kept until the end of production, in 1991. However, it was with
Alec Issigonis's
Mini, introduced by the
British Motor Corporation in 1959, that the design gained acclaim. Issigonis incorporated the car's
transmission into the engine's
sump, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only wide. While previous DKW and Saab cars used small, unrefined
air-cooled two-stroke engines with poor performance, the gearbox-in-sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four-cylinder water-cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini, providing strong performance for a car of its size. Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout (the entire drivetrain only took up 20% of the car's length), this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car. This design reached its peak starting with
Dante Giacosa's elaboration of it for
Fiat. He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the
differential off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily. The
half shafts from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, which would have made the car's steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same. Giacosa's layout was first used in the
Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the popular
Fiat 128. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. This layout, still in use today, also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design. The
Lamborghini Miura used a transverse mid-mounted
4.0-litre V12. This configuration was unheard of in 1965, but became more common in the following decades, with cars such as the
Lancia Montecarlo,
Noble M12,
Toyota MR2,
Pontiac Fiero, and
first-generation Honda NSX using such a powertrain design. The
Land Rover LR2 Freelander, along with all Volvo models from 1998 on (including V8 models), employ a transversely-mounted engine in order to increase passenger space inside the vehicle. This has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact, due to more longitudinal engine compartment space being created. The result is a larger front
crumple zone. Transverse engines have been widely used in buses. In the United States, they were offered in the early 1930s by
Twin Coach and used with limited success in Dwight Austin's Pickwick Nite-Coach. Transverse bus engines first appeared widely in the
Yellow Coach 719, using Dwight Austin's V-drive; they continued in common use until the 1990s, though shorter V-configuration engines in a longitudinal "T-drive" configuration became common in the 1960s. Transverse engines were used in the British
Leyland Atlantean, in many transit buses, and in nearly all modern
double decker buses. They have been widely used by
Scania,
MAN,
Volvo and
Renault's bus divisions. ==Position placement of transverse engines==