Khalaj language

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages spoken by the Turkic peoples. While initially thought to be closely related to Azerbaijani, linguistic studies, particularly those done by Gerhard Doerfer, led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. Evidence for the reassignment includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts found in Proto-Turkic (PT), word-initial *h, and the lack of the sound change *d > y characteristic of Oghuz languages. The conservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties. For example, in Khalaj, the word for 'foot' is hadaq, while the cognate word in nearby Oghuz languages is ayaq (compare Turkish ). Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj people are the descendants of the Arghu Turks. Ethnologue and ISO formerly listed a Northwestern Iranian language named "Khalaj" with the same population figure as the Turkic language. The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious. ==Geographical distribution==

Khalaj is spoken mainly in Markazi Province in Iran distributed throughout a number of villages from Qom to Ashtian and Tafresh. Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968, and 20,000 in 1978. Ethnologue reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000; however, in 2018 Khalaj poet and researcher Ali Asghar Jamrasi estimated the number of speakers to be 19,000. Dialects The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. Within the dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns. The linguistic difference between the most distant dialects is not smaller (or even bigger) than Kazan Tatar and Bashkir or between Rumelian Turkish and Azerbaijani. ==Phonology==

Consonants Vowels Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. qán 'blood'), half-long (e.g. bàş 'head') and short (e.g. hat 'horse'). However, Alexis Manaster Ramer challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had the same three-way contrast. Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling diphthongs, as in 'arm'. ==Grammar==

Morphology Nouns Nouns in Khalaj might receive a plural marker or possessive marker. Cases in Khalaj include genitive, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, and equative. Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. A table of basic case endings is provided below: The equative can also be expressed by the words täkin, täki (compare to Uzbek -dek) and other forms. Verbs Verbs in Khalaj are inflected for voice, tense, aspect, and negation. Verbs consist of long strings of morphemes in the following array: :Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense/Aspect + Agreement Due to Persian influence, Khalaj has, like Qashqai, lost converb constructions of the form ''''. Syntax Khalaj employs subject–object–verb word order. Adjectives precede nouns. ==Vocabulary==

The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from Persian. Words from neighboring Turkic languages (namely Azerbaijani), have also made their way into Khalaj. For example, Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for "80" and "90" with Persian terms. ==Examples==

Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, transliterated by Doerfer: A piece of folk poetry by Abdullah Vasheqani, transcribed in the Common Turkic alphabet and translated into English by Hasan Güzel: ;Khalaj Vaşqan baluqum xeleç teq var tilim canumda yiter baluqum o tilim til o baluqumu dunyalan teyişmem Vaşqan turpaqum o xeleç teq tilim ;English Vasheqan my village, Khalaj my language Better than my life, my language and village I wouldn’t change my language and village for the world Vasheqan is my land, and Khalaj is my language ==References==