Colonial conflicts War had been an integral part of the life and culture of the
Māori, even prior to European contact. The
Musket Wars continued this trend and dominated the first years of European trade and settlement. Conflicts between Māori and the British began in 1843 and peaked with the
Invasion of the Waikato in the mid-1860s. After Imperial troops withdrew, settlers continued the campaign. During these
New Zealand Wars, colonial forces played a central role. The Army traces its military traditions to the earliest militias formed in New Zealand, with local volunteer forces being established in the early 1840s. These volunteer militias were disbanded with the Militia Ordinance of 1845, replaced with compulsory militias units. Compulsory militia units were active until 1872, when the Taranaki Militia was disbanded. No further compulsory militias were raised after that year, though provisions for them remained in law until 1950. The New Zealand Army sent ten contingents in total (including the
4th New Zealand Contingent), of which the first six were raised and instructed by Lieutenant Colonel
Joseph Henry Banks, who led the 6th Contingent into battle. These were mounted riflemen, and the first contingents had to pay to go, providing their own horses, equipment and weapons. in
WWI The Defence Act 1909, which displaced the old
volunteer system, remodelled the defences of the dominion on a territorial basis, embodying the principles of universal service between certain ages. It provided for a territorial force, or fighting strength, fully equipped for modern requirements, of thirty thousand men. These troops, with the territorial reserve, formed the first line; and the second line comprised rifle clubs and training sections. Under the terms of the Act, every male, unless physically unfit, was required to take his share of the defence of the dominion. The Act provided for the gradual military training of every male from the age of 14 to 25, after which he was required to serve in the reserve up to the age of thirty. From the age of 12 to 14, every boy at school performed a certain amount of military training, and, on leaving, was transferred to the senior cadets, with whom he remained, undergoing training, until 18 years of age, when he joined the territorials. After serving in the territorials until 25 (or less if earlier reliefs were recommended), and in the reserve until 30, a discharge was granted; but the man remained liable under the Militia Act to be called up, until he reached the age of 55. As a result of Lord Kitchener's visit to New Zealand in 1910, slight alterations were made—chiefly affecting the general and administrative staffs, and which included the establishment of the
New Zealand Staff Corps—and the scheme was set in motion in January, 1911. Major-General Sir Alexander Godley, of the Imperial General Staff, was engaged as commandant.
First World War Following the outbreak of the
First World War, New Zealand raised the initially all volunteer
New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) for service overseas. A smaller expeditionary force, the
Samoa Expeditionary Force, was tasked to occupy
German Samoa, which it achieved without resistance. The NZEF would be sent to Egypt and would participate in the
Gallipoli Campaign under the
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). The
New Zealand Division was then formed which fought on the Western Front and the
New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade fought in Palestine. After Major General Godley departed with the NZEF in October 1914, Major General
Alfred William Robin commanded New Zealand Military Forces at home throughout the war, as commandant. The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914–1918, excluding those in British and other dominion forces, was 100,000, from a population of just over a million. Forty-two percent of men of military age served in the NZEF. 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war—a 58 percent casualty rate. Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and 507 died whilst training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918. New Zealand had one of the highest casualty—and death—rates per capita of any country involved in the war.
Second World War During the
Second World War, the
2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (I.E.
2nd Division) fought in
Greece,
Crete, the
Western Desert campaign and the
Italian campaign. Among its units was the famed 28th
Māori Battalion. Following Japan's entry into the war,
3rd Division, 2 NZEF IP (in Pacific) saw action in the Pacific, seizing a number of islands from the Japanese. New Zealanders contributed to various Allied special forces units, such as the original
Long Range Desert Group in North Africa and
Z Force in the Pacific.As part of the preparations for the possible outbreak of war in the Pacific, the defensive forces stationed in New Zealand were expanded in late 1941. On 1 November, three new
brigade headquarters were raised (taking the total in the New Zealand Army to seven), and three divisional headquarters were established to coordinate the units located in the Northern, Central and Southern Military Districts. The division in the
Northern Military District was designated the Northern Division, and comprised the
1st and
12th Brigade Groups. Northern Division later became
1st Division.
4th Division was established in the Central Military District (with
2nd and 7th brigades), and
5th in the south (with 3rd, 10th and 11th brigades). The forces stationed in New Zealand were considerably reduced as the threat of invasion passed. During early 1943, each of the three home defence divisions were cut from 22,358 to 11,530 men. The non-divisional units suffered even greater reductions. The New Zealand government ordered a general stand-down of the defensive forces in the country on 28 June, which led to further reductions in the strength of units and a lower state of readiness. By the end of the year, almost all of the Territorial Force personnel had been demobilised (though they retained their uniforms and equipment), and only 44 soldiers were posted to the three divisional and seven brigade headquarters. The war situation continued to improve, and the 4th Division, along with the other two divisions and almost all the remaining Territorial Force units, was disbanded on 1 April 1944. The 6th New Zealand Division was also briefly formed as a deception formation by renaming the NZ camp at
Maadi in southern
Cairo, the New Zealanders' base area in Egypt, in 1942. In addition, the
1st Army Tank Brigade (New Zealand) was also active for a time.
Cold War Post-War Following the Second World War, attention focused on preparing a third Expeditionary Force potentially for service against the Soviets.
Compulsory military training was introduced to man the force, which was initially division-sized. The New Zealand Army Act 1950 reformed the country's land forces into the New Zealand Army. The division was alternatively known as '3NZEF'.
Korean War The Army's first combat after the Second World War was in the
Korean War, which began with North Korea's invasion of the South on 25 June 1950. After some debate, on 26 July 1950, the
New Zealand government announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with the
United Nations Command in Korea. The idea was opposed initially by
Chief of the General Staff, Major-General
Keith Lindsay Stewart, who did not believe the force would be large enough to be self-sufficient. His opposition was overruled and the government raised what was known as
Kayforce, a total of 1,044 men selected from among volunteers.
16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand. The force arrived at
Pusan on New Year's Eve, and on 21 January, joined the British
27th Infantry Brigade representing the
1st Commonwealth Division, along with Australian, Canadian, and Indian forces. The New Zealanders immediately saw combat and spent the next two and a half years taking part in the operations which led the
United Nations forces back to and over the 38th Parallel, later recapturing
Seoul in the process. The majority of Kayforce had returned to New Zealand by 1955, though it was not until 1957 that the last New Zealand soldiers had left Korea. In all, about 4700 men served with Kayforce. In 1957, the
9th Coast Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery, was reduced to a
cadre along with the other coastal artillery regiments (
10th and
11th). Personnel were gradually run down until there was only a single supervisory District Gunner. All three were disbanded in 1967.
Irregular warfare Through the 1950s, New Zealand Army forces were deployed to the
Malayan Emergency, and the
Confrontation with Indonesia. A
Special Air Service squadron was raised for this commitment, but most forces came from the New Zealand infantry battalion in the Malaysia–Singapore area. The battalion was committed to the
Far East Strategic Reserve. The 1957 national government defence review directed the discontinuation of coastal defence training, and the approximately 1000 personnel of the 9th, 10th, and 11th coastal regiments
Royal New Zealand Artillery had their compulsory military training obligation removed. A small cadre of regulars remained, but as Henderson, Green, and Cook say, 'the coastal artillery had quietly died.' All the fixed guns were dismantled and sold for scrap by the early 1960s. After 1945, the
Valentine tanks in service were eventually replaced by about ten
M41 Walker Bulldogs, supplemented by a small number of
Centurion tanks. Eventually, both were superseded by
FV101 Scorpion armoured reconnaissance vehicles.
Vietnam War New Zealand sent troops to the
Vietnam War in 1964 because of
Cold War concerns and alliance considerations. Initial contributions were a New Zealand team of non-combat army engineers in 1964 followed by a battery from the Royal New Zealand Artillery in 1965 which served initially with the Americans until the formation of the
1st Australian Task Force in 1966. Thereafter, the battery served with the task force until 1971. Two Companies of
New Zealand infantry, Whisky Company and Victor Company, served with the 1st Australian Task Force from 1967 until 1971. Some also served with the Australian and New Zealand Army Training teams until 1972. NZ SAS arrived in 1968 and served with the Australian SAS until the Australian and New Zealand troop withdrawal in 1971. Members from various branches of the NZ Army also served with U.S and Australian air and cavalry detachments as well as in intelligence, medical, and engineering. In all, 3850 military personnel from all military branches of service served in Vietnam. New Zealand infantry accounted for approximately 1600 and the New Zealand artillery battery accounted for approximately 750.
Peacekeeping operations The New Zealand Division was disbanded in 1961, as succeeding governments reduced the force, first to two brigades, and then a single one. This one-brigade force became, in the 1980s, the Integrated Expansion Force, to be formed by producing three composite battalions from the six Territorial Force infantry regiments. In 1978, a national museum for the Army, the
QEII Army Memorial Museum, was built at
Waiouru, the Army's main training base in the central
North Island. After the 1983 Defence Review, the Army's command structure was adjusted to distinguish more clearly the separate roles of operations and base support training. There was an internal reorganisation within the Army General Staff, and New Zealand Land Forces Command in Takapuna was split into a Land Force Command and a Support Command.
Land Force Command, which from then on comprised 1st Task Force in the North Island and the 3rd Task Force in the South Island, assumed responsibility for operational forces, Territorial Force manpower management and collective training.
Support Command which from then on comprised three elements, the Army Training Group in Waiouru, the Force Maintenance Group (FMG) based in Linton, and Base Area Wellington (BAW) based in Trentham, assumed responsibility for individual training, third line logistics and base support. Headquarters Land Force Command remained at Takapuna, and Headquarters Support Command was moved to Palmerston North. The Army was prepared to field a Ready Reaction Force which was a battalion group based on 2/1 RNZIR; the Integrated Expansion Force (17 units) brigade sized, which would be able to follow up 90 days after mobilisation; and a Force Maintenance Group of 19 units to provide logistical support to both forces. The battalion in South East Asia, designated 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment by that time, was brought home in 1989. In the late 1980s, Exercise Golden Fleece was held in the North Island. It was the largest exercise for a long period. During the later part of the 20th century, New Zealand personnel served in a large number of UN and other peacekeeping deployments including: •
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization for over 50 years in the Middle East •
Operation Agila in Rhodesia •
Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai • Cambodia where members of the
Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals (RNZSigs) were attached to the Australian Force Communications Unit (FCU) of the
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. • The
New Zealand Supply Contingent Somalia of the larger
United Nations Operation in Somalia I and
United Nations Operation in Somalia II until March 1994. • United Nations Accelerated Demining Programme (ADP) in Mozambique •
United Nations Angola Verification Mission II in Angola •
United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia • The Endeavour Peace Accord,
Bougainville In 1994, the Army was granted a status of
iwidom as "Ngāti
Tūmatauenga" with the blessings of the
Māori Queen Te Atairangikaahu and surrounding tribes of the base in Waiouru: Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Maniapoto and Ngāti Tuhoe.
Afghanistan, and Iraq. NZDF forces have also been involved in international Peacekeeping actions such as
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (2003–2015),
United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (2003–),
United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre in Southern Lebanon (2007–2008), and
United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (2011.) In 2003, the New Zealand government decided to replace its existing fleet of
M113 armoured personnel carriers, purchased in the 1960s, with the Canadian-built
NZLAV, and the M113s were decommissioned by the end of 2004. An agreement made to sell the M113s via an Australian weapons dealer in February 2006 had to be cancelled when the US State Department refused permission for New Zealand to sell the M113s under a contract made when the vehicles were initially purchased. The replacement of the M113s with the General Motors LAV III (
NZLAV) led to a review in 2001 on the purchase decision-making by New Zealand's auditor-general. The review found shortcomings in the defence acquisition process, but not in the eventual vehicle selection. In 2010, the government said it would look at the possibility of selling 35 LAVs, around a third of the fleet, as being surplus to requirements. On 4 September 2010, in the aftermath of the
2010 Canterbury earthquake, the New Zealand Defence Force deployed to the worst affected areas of Christchurch to aid in relief efforts and assist NZ police in enforcing a night time curfew at the request of Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker and Prime Minister John Key. and
New Zealand greet each other at the Ukraine Security Consultative Group at
Ramstein Air Base, Germany, April 26, 2022. On the 21st of March, 2022, New Zealand announced that it would provide NZ$5 million for the purpose of non-lethal military equipment through
NATO to
Ukraine, following the
Russian invasion of Ukraine. In addition, several surplus army equipment was donated, including 473
Enhanced Combat Helmets, 1,066 body armour plates and 571 flak vests and webbing. On the 11th of April this was followed by dispatching 50 troops to
Germany,
Belgium and the
United Kingdom, primarily for logistics and intelligence purposes as a partner of
NATO. On the 23rd May 2022 it was announced that the Army was to send 30 soldiers to the United Kingdom to assist in training Ukrainian forces on the
L119 light gun as part of
Operation Interflex. This was in addition to providing 40 gun sights and ammunition for training purposes. It was announced that further analysts were sent to the United Kingdom on the 27th of June 2022. On the 15th of August, the NZDF announced it would send 120 army instructors to the United Kingdom, for the purposes of training basic infantry. The training is based on an expedited variant of the British Army's basic soldier course, covering weapon handling, combat first aid, operational law and other soldier skills. At no point were New Zealand forces deployed within Ukraine itself. ==Structure==