Archaeological investigations between 1984 and 1991 have revealed a much earlier origin of the site than had previously been believed. There is evidence for five distinct churches at Waltham.
First church at Waltham (7th century) Traces of the flint rubble foundations of a 7th-century wooden church have been found under the
choir of the present building; an associated burial has been
radiocarbon dated to between 590 and 690. A proposed date of
circa 610 would place its construction in the reign of
Sæberht of Essex, who was noted for his church-building activities. Other finds included a 7th-century
Kentish jewellery book-clasp depicting eagles grasping a fish.
Second church (8th century) During the reign of King
Offa of Mercia, whose rule extended to the
Kingdom of Essex in the late 8th century, a building of
Barnack stone was constructed around the earlier wooden church. It was half the length of the present building, and was a
porticus-type church with chambers along each side of the
nave. It was intended as a
minster serving several communities in the area.
Legend of the Holy Cross At the beginning of the 11th century, the church and manor of Waltham were held by an Anglo-Danish
thegn called
Tovi the Proud. A legend, recorded in the 12th-century
De Inventione Sanctœ Crucis Nostrœ ("The Discovery of our Holy Cross") or "Waltham Chronicle", relates that, in about 1016, the blacksmith at another estate belonging to Tovi, at
Montacute near
Glastonbury, found a large black flint (or marble)
crucifix buried at the top of a hill, after a dream. Tovi had the cross loaded onto an
ox-cart, but the oxen would only go in one direction and continued every day until they reached Waltham, a journey of some 150 miles. This
Holy Rood or Cross was installed at the church and soon became the subject of pilgrimage. Tovi is said to have rebuilt the church, but modern evidence suggests that he probably retained the 8th-century fabric of the building.
Third church (King Harold's foundation) After Tovi's death, his son fell into debt and the estate passed to King
Edward the Confessor. He then gave it to
Harold Godwinson (later King Harold II), who rebuilt, refounded and richly endowed the church, which was dedicated in 1060; a legend says that this was because in his childhood, he had been miraculously cured of paralysis by the Holy Cross. The new church was placed under the control of a
dean and a
college of twelve married
priests. Evidence suggests that stone and some of the foundations of the previous church were re-used for the new building, which had a nave the same length as the present one,
aisles, a large
transept and a small eastern
apse.
Fourth church (Norman) Starting in about 1090, Harold's building was demolished and a new church with crossing tower and transepts was begun in the
Norman style. It reused the Saxon foundations and some of the stonework, with additional stone from
Reigate,
Kent and
Caen in
Normandy. The church was cruciform, with a tower at the
crossing and two smaller towers at the west end. The nave had typically massive Norman pillars with incised decoration and semi-circular arches supporting a
triforium and
clerestory above. A long eastern chapel may have housed the Holy Cross. The rebuilding, which had started at the eastern end, was completed by about 1150. Although there is a marked stylistic resemblance to
Durham Cathedral, a recent study of the features of the church and comparison with other sites has concluded that the
master mason at Waltham was trained in
East Anglia. This construction is mainly the fabric that has survived to the present.
Fifth church (the Augustinian Abbey) In 1177, the abbey was re-founded once more, this time as an
Augustinian priory with 16 canons, by
Henry II as part of his penance for the murder of
Thomas Becket. The rebuilding, in the
Early English style, made the abbey far more extensive than the original Norman establishment, as can be seen today from traces in the abbey grounds. Those parts of the Norman church east of the Norman crossing were demolished, and a new church, with its own nave, a second pair of transepts and a further tower at the new crossing, were constructed. The Norman nave was retained as a parish church, divided from the new work by a screen. The whole building was now longer than
Winchester Cathedral. A
cloister was built to the north of the new nave. A short passage that led into the cloister still exists; this, and a fourteenth-century gatehouse, are the only surviving monastic buildings. In 1184, Henry raised the status of the church to an abbey; he appointed an
abbot and the number of canons was increased to 24. The completed abbey was finally re-dedicated on 30 September 1242, by
William de Raley,
Bishop of Norwich. The Holy Cross attracted many pilgrims and the Abbey became a popular place for overnight stays for kings and other notables hunting in
Waltham Forest.
Henry VIII was a frequent visitor and is said to have had a house or lodge at Romeland, adjacent to the abbey. During their summer progress of 1532, Henry and Queen
Anne Boleyn stayed at Waltham Abbey for five days.
The Dissolution Waltham was the last abbey in England to be
dissolved. On 23 March 1540, the last abbot, Robert Fuller, surrendered the abbey and its estates to Henry's commissioners, the annual income from which was valued at £1,079, 12 shillings and one penny. In return, the abbot received a generous pension in the form of estates with an annual income of £200; the
prior received an annuity of £20 and sixteen canons each received between £5 and £10 depending on seniority.
Thomas Tallis, who had taken up a post as a senior "singing-man" (often interpreted as
choir master) in the autumn of 1538, was awarded 20 shillings in outstanding wages and 20 shillings "reward". Tallis went on from Waltham to a post in the choir at
Canterbury Cathedral. The Holy Cross disappeared without trace at this time. King Henry suggested Waltham as one of the new cathedrals for the
Church of England, but this proposal was not implemented. In 1541, the king leased the manor of Waltham to Sir
Anthony Denny, a prominent member of the
Privy chamber and a confidant of the king. When Denny died in 1549, his estates passed to his widow Joan and in 1553 she bought the manor of Waltham outright; she died in the same year. The manor then passed to her son Henry, who died in 1574 leaving two sons; the elder Robert, died in 1576 and was succeeded by
Edward Denny, who became Baron Denny of Waltham in 1604 and
Earl of Norwich in 1626. Edward reused the stones from the demolished Gothic choir and chancel (the fifth church) for the sumptuous Abbey House which he built to the north of the churchyard; the Norman remnant of the nave continued in use as the town's
parish church.
Later architectural history In 1553, In 1859, the architect
William Burges was appointed to undertake a restoration of the site and a refurbishment of the interior. The restoration was extensive; the removal of pews and galleries from the south and west sides, a new ceiling (painted with signs of the
zodiac as at
Peterborough Cathedral), a new chancel and significant re-building. The designs were exhibited at the
Royal Academy. Work was completed by 1876. In the view of Burges's biographer,
J. Mordaunt Crook, "(Burges's interior) meets the
Middle Ages as an equal." The architectural historian
Nikolaus Pevsner said that Burges's remodelling was carried out "with all the robust ugliness which that architect liked". The revised 2007, edition of his book takes a more sympathetic view, describing Burges' work as "pioneering (and) powerful". Further, more sensitive, restoration was undertaken in 1964. The Abbey's stained glass includes early work by
Edward Burne-Jones in the rose window and lancets of the east wall, and
Archibald Keightley Nicholson in the Lady Chapel. The Lady Chapel has three windows by Nicholson, depicting the
Annunciation, the
Nativity and the
Presentation of Christ in the Temple. Work on a fourth – intended to depict the
Epiphany – was interrupted by the Second World War and never resumed. In April 1941, a 500 kg German
parachute mine exploded in a field nearby at Romeland, destroying most of the windows on the north side of the church. In March 1945, a
V-2 rocket landed in Highbridge Street, destroying the "Bellringers Window" in the tower; a detailed hand-tinted photograph of the window, discovered in 2007, may eventually allow the window to be recreated. In 2003 the church was attacked by a man armed with two small axes, resulting in an estimated £200,000 worth of damage. == King Harold's tomb ==