First złoty '' featuring the
Polish white eagle, minted in
Toruń The first form of tangible currency in Poland was the
denarius (
denar), which began circulating in the 10th century. During this period, Polish coinage had a single
face value and was minted from
bullion (primarily silver, but also compounded with copper and other precious metals). The standard unit of
mass used at the time was the
grzywna rather than the
pound, with one grzywna being equivalent to 240 denars. From the 1300s to the mid-16th century, the
Prague groschen (or groat) dominated the market and its high supply reduced the demand for a national currency across
Central Europe. Certain cities and autonomous regions of the Polish Kingdom held the privilege of minting their own currency, for instance the
shilling (
szeląg) in the
Duchy of Prussia, which Poland co-adopted in 1526. Initially, the term "złoty" () was used in the 14th and 15th centuries for a number of
foreign gold coins, most notably
Venetian ducats,
florins and
guldens. In 1496, the
Sejm parliament debated on the creation of a domestic currency and approved the złoty, which until then acted as a
unit of account. An exchange rate of 30 grosz was imposed for one gold piece, which remained the traditional subdivision until the 19th century. , 1766 The Polish monetary system remained complex and intricate from the 16th to 18th centuries until a
monetary reform enacted by
Stanisław II Augustus which removed all other monetary units except the złoty, which was divided into 30 groszy. Polish currency was then linked to that of the
Holy Roman Empire by setting the
Conventionsthaler = 8 złoty = 23.3856 g fine silver and the
North German thaler = 6 złoty = 17.5392 g silver (hence 2.9232 g silver in a złoty). Radical changes to the currency were made during the
Kościuszko Uprising. The
second partition of the vast
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth resulted in the loss of approximately of land and precipitated an economic collapse. The widespread shortage of funds to finance the defense of remaining territories forced the insurrectionist government to look for alternatives. In June 1794,
Tadeusz Kościuszko began printing paper money and issuing first Polish
banknotes as a substitute for coinage, which could not be minted in required quantities. Talar banknotes were also issued. In 1813, while
Zamość was under siege, the town authorities issued 6 grosz and 2 złoty coins. Following the 1815
Congress of Vienna, Austrian and Russian sectors of partitioned Poland continued to use the złoty for some time, while the
German sector replaced the
talar and
złoty with the
Prussian thaler and later, the
German gold mark. On 19 November O.S. (1 December N.S.) 1815, the law regarding the monetary system of Congress Poland (in Russia) was passed, which pegged the złoty at 15 kopecks (0.15 Imperial
roubles, or almost 2.7 g fine silver) and the groszy at kopeck, and with silver 1, 2, 5 and 10 złotych coins issued from 1816 to 1855. At the time of the 1830
November Uprising, the insurrectionists issued their own "rebel money" – golden ducats and silver coins in the denomination of 2 and 5 złoty, with the revolutionary coat of arms, and the copper 3 and 10 grosz. These coins continued to be traded long after the uprising was quelled. As a consequence of the uprising, the rubel became the sole legal tender of
Congress Poland from 1842, although coins marked as złoty in parallel with ruble were minted in Warsaw until 1865 and remained legal until 1890. In 1892, the
Austro-Hungarian krone was introduced in
Austrian Galicia. Between 1835 and 1846, the
Free City of Kraków also used its own independent currency, the
Kraków złoty (minted in
Vienna), which remained legal until 1857. During
World War I, the rouble and krone were replaced by the
Polish marka, a currency initially equivalent to the
German mark. The marka remained in use after Poland regained its independence in 1918, but was extremely unstable, disrupted the whole
economy, and triggered
galloping inflation.
Second złoty from 1936. The złoty was reintroduced by the
Minister of Finance,
Władysław Grabski, in April 1924. It replaced the marka at a rate of 1 złoty to 1,800,000 marks and was subdivided into 100 grosz rather than the traditional 30 grosz. Following its inauguration, the second złoty was pegged to the
United States dollar through a stabilization loan provided by the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The budget deficit ballooned and out-of-control inflation ensued. The złoty began to stabilise in 1926 (chiefly due to significant exports of coal), and was re-set on the dollar-złoty rate 50% higher than in 1924. Up until 1933, the złoty was freely exchanged into gold and foreign currency. Based on these developments, the Polish government made the decision to adopt the
gold standard and maintain it for a significant period to attract global investors. Under the occupation during
World War II, the Germans created an Emissary Bank (
Bank Emisyjny) in
Kraków, as Polish bank officials fled to
Paris in France. It started operating on 8 April 1940, and in May, old banknotes from 1924 to 1939 were overstamped by the new entity. Money exchange was limited per individual; the limits varied according to the status of the person. The fixed exchange rate was 2 złoty per 1
Reichsmark. A new issue of notes appeared in the years 1940–1941. On 15 January 1945, the
National Bank of Poland was formed, and a new printing plant opened in
Łódź. The series II and III notes were designed by Ryszard Kleczewski and
Wacław Borowski. The first three series were taken out of circulation in line with legislation signed on 28 October 1950, covering the introduction of a new złoty with a revived coinage system.
Third złoty (PLZ) In 1950, the third złoty () was introduced, replacing all notes issued up to 1948 at a rate of one hundred to one, while all bank assets were re-denominated in the ratio 100:3. The new banknotes were dated 1948, while the new coins were dated 1949. Initially, by law with effect from 1950, 1 złoty was worth 0.222168
grams of pure gold. The banknotes were issued in denominations ranging from 10 zlotych to 5 million zlotych.
Fourth złoty (PLN) After the fall of
communism in 1989 and resulting
hyperinflation in 1990, the złoty was again
redenominated. On 11 May 1994, a redenomination project from the
NBP was approved; the act allowing the project to come into force was ratified on 7 July 1994. Thus, on 1 January 1995, the PLN was introduced at a rate of 1 PLN to 10,000 PLZ. Between 2013 and 2014, the banknotes received additional security features. The design does not differ greatly from the original 1994 series, but is distinguishable by the added white-coloured field with a watermark on the obverse. The updated notes also possess randomly arranged dotting, which are part of the
EURion constellation. On 10 February 2017, a 500-złotych banknote with the likeness of
John III Sobieski began circulating. On 2 October 2019, the commemorative
19 złotych note was released. In 2021, Adam Glapiński, president of the National Bank of Poland, announced that a 1,000-złotych note would be introduced in the near future, but the project was cancelled in 2024.
Future of the złoty One of the conditions of Poland joining the
European Union in May 2004 obliges the country to eventually adopt the euro, though not at any specific date and only after Poland meets the necessary
stability criteria; serious discussions regarding joining the
Eurozone have ensued. An amendment to Article 227 of the
Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which cedes the exclusive right to issue money to the Bank of Poland, will be required. Public opinion remains skeptical about adopting the euro; a 1 January 2026 opinion poll found that 72% of respondents disapprove of adopting euro. As of the beginning of 2026, Poland has not yet begun the process of switching to the euro. ==Banknotes==