January–March •
January 18 –
Lima, now the capital of
Peru, is founded by
Francisco Pizarro, as
Ciudad de los Reyes. •
January 21 – The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534
Affaire des Placards are burned to death in front of the Cathedral of
Notre-Dame de Paris and witnessed by a large crowd that includes
King François and the
visiting Ottoman diplomats. •
February 27 –
George Joye publishes his
Apologye in
Antwerp, to clear his name from the accusations of
William Tyndale. •
March 10 –
Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the
Galápagos Islands, when blown off course
en route to
Peru. •
March 23 –
English forces under
William Skeffington storm
Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of
Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, after a siege that began on March 16. Skeffington shows little mercy to the 25 surviving defenders, and has them decapitated in front of the castle two days after the surrender. •
March 29 – (
Tenbun 4, 26th day of 2nd month)
Go-Nara, who has ruled since
1526 is formally installed as the 105th
Emperor of Japan April–June •
April 11 – The
visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from
Marseille, six months after having arrived from
Istanbul in October.
Jean de La Forêt, the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to
Tunis. •
April 20 – While King
Gustav Vasa of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the
Vädersol, appears in the sky over the Swedish capital of
Stockholm, and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the
vädersol is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the
Protestant reformation and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop
Olaus Petri commissions
Urban Larsson to document the event in a painting, the
Vädersolstavlan. •
May 4 – The first of the English
Carthusian Martyrs of London,
John Houghton of London,
Robert Lawrence of
Beauvale, and
Augustine Webster of
Axholme are executed at
Tyburn after refusing to sign the English
Oath of Supremacy. The three will be canonized 435 years later on October 25, 1970, as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of May 4. •
May 10 – In
Amsterdam, a small troop of
Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the
burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels. In another incident this year in Amsterdam, seven men and five women walk nude in the streets; and Anabaptists rebel in other cities of the Netherlands. •
May 19 – French explorer
Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and
Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage). •
May 20 –
William Tyndale is arrested in
Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation, and imprisoned in
Vilvoorde. •
June 1 – The
Conquest of Tunis by
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of
Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the
Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred. •
June 8 –
Battle of Bornholm: Combined
Swedish and
Danish fleets defeat the
Hanseatic navy. •
June 22 – Cardinal
John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester, is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King
Henry VIII of England. •
June 24 –
Münster Rebellion: The
Anabaptist state of
Münster is conquered and disbanded.
July–September •
July 3 –
Diego de Almagro leaves the recently conquered
Inca capital of
Cuzco to lead
an expedition to Chile. •
July 6 –
Sir Thomas More, author of
Utopia and one time
Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King
Henry VIII as head of the
English Church, and separate from the
Roman Catholic Church. •
July 15 –
Archdeacon Charles Reynolds (cleric), envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King
Henry VIII for heresy. •
August 17 –
Pope Paul III issues a
papal bull,
Sublimis Deus, to appoint a commission of five cardinals and three bishops to carry out a reform of the city of Rome and the Roman Curia, with unlimited powers to uproot and punish all spiritual and secular transgressions, abuses, and errors. •
September 13 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the first person to pass through the new
Porta Nuova in
Palermo, celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of
Tunis.
October–December •
October 2 –
Jacques Cartier reaches the island in the
Saint Lawrence River, that eventually becomes
Montreal. •
October 4 – The first complete English-language
Bible is printed in
Antwerp, with translations by
William Tyndale and
Myles Coverdale. •
November 1 – Eighteen days after the death of
Francesco II Sforza,
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V claims the
Duchy of Milan as his inheritance under Sforza's will.
King François of France disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to
war between France and the Empire. •
November 14 – • Spanish colonial administrator
Antonio de Mendoza is appointed as the first
Viceroy of New Spain, with jurisdiction on behalf of King Carlos of Spain over a large area of what is now
Mexico and the southwestern United States, from California to Louisiana, the state of Florida, most of Central America and the Caribbean, the northern parts of South America, the Philippines and Guam. • Voters in the
Republic of Geneva approve the merger of the city's seven charitable establishments into a single entity, the
Hôpital général •
November 30 –
Jakob Hutter, leader of the
Hutterites is arrested along with his wife in
Klausen in the
Tyrol region on the Italian side of the
Alps. The two are taken to the prison at the fortress in
Bronzolo. •
December 4 – The
Consejo de i Diexe, governing body for the
Republic of Venice, votes to replace the republic's treasury, made of wood, with the
Zecca a structure that has stone vaults, and invites architects to submit designs. •
December 28 –
James Atkenhead, the envoy of Scotland's King James V, leaves Scotland to travel to France to evaluate
Mary of Bourbon, daughter of
Charles, Duke of Vendôme, as a prospective queen consort. After the evaluation, and a personal visit by King James to France, the Scottish monarch decides to return to his plan to marry
Madeline of Valois, daughter of King Francois of France. •
December –
Manco Inca Yupanqui, nominally
Sapa Inca, is imprisoned by the Spanish
Conquistadors of Peru.
Date unknown •
Mughal Emperor Humayun gives battle to
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. • Spanish forces abandon the
second attempted conquest of Yucatán. • The
earliest (partially) preserved printed book in
Estonian, a
Catechism with a translation by Johann Koell from the
Middle Low German Lutheran text of Simon Wanradt, is printed by
Hans Lufft in
Wittenberg, for use in
Tallinn. •
Suleiman the Magnificent begins the rebuilding of the walls around
Jerusalem. == Births ==