January–March •
January 11 – (
Tenbun 15, 20th day of the 12th month):
Ashikaga Yoshifushi becomes 13th Shōgun of the
Ashikaga shogunate. •
January 13 –
Jeremias I of Constantinople, Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church dies. •
January 18 –
Blasco Núñez Vela first Spanish
Viceroy of Peru fights with
Gonzalo Pizarro at the
Battle of Iñaquito and is killed. •
February 12 – The
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico, one of the largest in the world, with over four million Catholics, is created •
February 15 –
Martin Luther delivers his final sermon, three days before his death about "obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory," •
March 1 – Scottish Protestant reformer
George Wishart, arrested on January 19, is burned at the stake at
St Andrews on orders of Cardinal
David Beaton of the Roman Catholic church, after being found guilty of
heresy. Cardinal Beaton is assassinated less than three months later. •
March 8 – King
John III of Portugal issues an order for
Portuguese India (at
Goa) to forbid
Hinduism, destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the public celebration of Hindu feasts, expel Hindu priests and severely punish those who created any Hindu images in Portuguese possessions in India.
April–June •
April 8 – The
Council of Trent, by a vote of 24 to 15, with 16 abstentions, issues the
Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis for the scripture considered to be canon by the Roman Catholic Church. The decree recites that if anyone declines to receive all parts of the Vulgate edition of the Bible, they are in contempt of the Church and should be excommunicated. and approves the 4th century
Vulgate of
Jerome as its official Bible •
April 13 –
Alice Glaston, age 11, becomes the youngest girl ever to be legally executed in England (though
John Dean, age 8, is executed on February 23, 1629) •
April 17 –
Dionysius II, the Eastern Orthodox
Metropolitan of Nicomedia, is elected as the Patriarch of Constantinople to succeed Jeremias. •
April 18 –
Hermann of Wied, the German Archbishop of Cologne, is excommunicated by
Pope Paul III after his conversion to Protestantism. •
April 20 – The
Siege of Diu begins as the
Gujarat Sultanate, led by
Mahmud Shah III attacks the Portuguese colonial fortress at Diu. Reinforcements arrive on July 19 and Governor Castro arrives with 3,000 soldiers on November 7. The keeper of the King's Ports and Galley siege lasts until November 10 and ends with a Portuguese victory •
April 24 – The first government body to administer England's Royal Navy, the
Keeper of the King's Ports and Galleys, is created by order of King Henry VIII. •
May 1 – Sir
John Alan is dismissed from his post as
Lord Chancellor of Ireland by England's
Privy Council after accusations of corruption and promoting discord are made by the Lord Deputy,
Anthony St Leger. Alan is later reinstated in 1548. •
May 16 – Writing from
Portuguese India, Jesuit missionary
Francis Xavier asks
King João III of Portugal, proposing what will become the
Goa Inquisition of 1561. •
May 19 – The
Siege of Kawagoe Castle ends in defeat for the
Uesugi clan, in their attempt to regain
Kawagoe Castle from the
Late Hōjō clan in
Japan. •
May 28 –
Edward Whitchurch and
Richard Grafton are granted the exclusive right to publish
prayer books for the
Church of England by order of King Henry VIII. •
May 29 –
David Beaton, the Roman Catholic
Archbishop of St Andrews and the only Scottish cardinal, is assassinated at
St Andrews Castle by William Kirkcaldy and Norman Leslie in retaliation for the March 28 execution of Protestant preacher
George Wishart. •
June 7 – The Treaty of Ardres (also known as the Treaty of Camp) is signed, resulting in peace between the kingdoms of
England and
France and ending the
Italian War of 1542–1546. •
June 17 – The
Council of Trent approves its second decree on Roman Catholic doctrine,
Decretum de Pecatto Originali, regarding
original sin, declaring that excommunication should be applied to any person who denies the teaching that the sins of Adam in the Garden of Eden condemned all of humanity, or that Christian baptism remits the guilt of original sin.
July–September •
July 4 – After the death of
Martin Luther, the leaders of the Lutheran
Schmalkaldic League German states (Saxony, Hesse, the Palatinate, Württemberg, Pomerania and Anhalt-Köthen) gather at
Ichtershausen as the guests of Saxon Elector John Frederick I in order to make plans to defend against the Roman Catholic forces of the
Holy Roman Empire. •
July 8 –
the Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland for
Mary, Queen of Scots recaptures
Dumbarton Castle from England after a 20-day siege. •
July 10 – The Schmalkaldic War begins with an attack by the Protestant German states against the town of
Füssen, a village of the
Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg in
Bavaria. •
July 20 –
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, imposes a
Reichsacht declaring Schmalkadic leaders
John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and
Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse to be outlaws, and directs
Maurice, Duke of Saxony to enforce it. •
August 20 –
Claude d'Annebault,
Admiral of France, arrives in England to negotiate English approval of the Treaty of Ardres to end the
Italian War of 1542–1546. •
August 24 –
Mircea the Shepherd, ruler of the
Principality of Wallachia (now
Romania) stages a surprise attack in the
Battle of Periș and decimates the members of the Wallachian nobility (
boyars) who oppose his rule. •
August 28 – In the Imperial counterattack in the
Schmalkaldic War, the Holy Roman Empire army attacks
Frankfurt, the German stronghold of the
Schmalkaldic League, but is forced to retreat after a two-day siege. •
September 3 –
Ilie II Rareș becomes the new
Prince of Moldavia upon the death of his father
Petru IV Rareș, in the Moldavian capital,
Suceava. •
September 8 – The first Protestant Huguenot church in
France, established by Pierre LeClerc and Etienne Mangin at
Meaux from
Paris, is seized by the French Army and
its 60 members are arrested. Ten women are released and 50 others put on trial for heresy. LeClerc, Mangin and 12 others are burned at the stake on October 8. •
September 23 –
Pier Luigi Farnese, already the
Duke of Parma and Piacenza, is given control of the Italian cities of
Camerino and
Nepi by after a donation to the
Papal States, ruled by
Pope Paul III. •
September 27 –
San Salvador, now the capital of the Central American nation of
El Salvador, is re-established in a new location at the Valle de Las Hamacas. Until 1545, the colonial capital had been at the
Ciudad Vieja, further northewest, near
Suchitoto.
October—December •
October 8 –
The Fourteen of Meaux, French Huguenots found guilty of heresy for practicing the Protestant faith and rejecting Catholicim, are burned at the stake in front of the ruins of the first
Reformed Church of France. •
October 17 – Irish noble
James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, the chief opponent of the policies of
Sir Anthony St Leger, England's
Lord Deputy of Ireland up until April 1, is fatally poisoned after being invited to the
Ely Palace near
London. Ormond dies 11 days later, and no investigation is carried out by the Crown as to whether St Leger is involved. St Leger becomes the Lord Deputy again less than three weeks after Ormond's death. •
October 28 – (4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME) A second campaign begins in the
Toungoo–Mrauk-U War in what is now the Asian nation of
Myanmar, as King
Tabinshwehti of
Burma starts an invasion of the
Kingdom of Mrauk U (led by
Min Bin) in the
Arakan Mountains. King Tabinshwehti dispatches 19,000 troops, 400 horses, and 60 elephants, with 4,000 invading by land and the other 15,000 being transported on a fleet of 800 war boats, 500 armored war boats, and 100 cargo boats through the Bay of Bengal to the coast of Mrauk U. •
November 4 –
Christ Church, Oxford, is refounded as a college by
Henry VIII of England under this name. •
November 8 – (5 Cimi 19 Xul, Mayan calendar) An uprising by the
Maya civilization against the Spanish colonial administrators of
New Spain begins in the Yucatan area of
Mexico, with simultaneous attacks at
Mérida,
Valladolid, and
Bacalar. The attack comes from seven Mayan provinces on the Gulf of Mexico,
Cupul,
Cochuah,
Sotuta,
Tases,
Uaymil,
Chetumal, and
Chikinchel. The rebellion is suppressed by March and the instigators are arrested and executed. •
November 10 – The European colonists defending the city of
Diu in
Portuguese India defeat the
six-month siege that had been started by the
Gujarat Sultanate on April 20. The Portuguese victory comes three days after the arrival of 3,000 troops and 38 ships. •
November 14 – The Treaty of Prague is signed between
King Ferdinand of Bohemia and
Maurice, Elector of Saxony with Ferdinand agreeing not to give shelter in Bohemia to John Ferdinand I, the former Elector of Saxony, who is under an Imperial ban. •
December 12 –
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and the
Lord High Treasurer of England since 1522 is arrested along with his eldest son,
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and both are imprisoned in the
Tower of London. The Earl of Surrey is executed for treason on January 19; the Duke of Norfolk is sentenced to death, but before the sentence can be carried out, King Henry VIII passes away and Norfolk remains in the Tower until being pardoned in 1553. •
December 18 – A truce is agreed to between the Kingdom of Scotland (led by
the Regent Arran) and the "Catilians", a group of Scottish Protestants who have been holding
St Andrews Castle since their May 29 assassination of Cardinal
David Beaton. With England's King Henry VIII threatening an invasion to protect the Protestant Castilians, the parties agree that no action will be taken until the Pope can consider whether to absolve the Protestants of murder, and that if the Pope grants the absolution, the Protestants will be allowed to surrender on good terms. •
December 19 –
Trinity College, Cambridge, is founded by Henry VIII of England. •
December 30 – Less than a month before his death, King Henry VIII of England revises his last will and testament and designates his preference for the line of succession to the throne. The first four people on the list serve as monarchs at different times, starting with
Edward VI (1547-1553),
Mary I (1553-1558) and
Elizabeth I (1558-1603). The fourth in the line of succession,
Lady Jane Grey, reigns for nine days after the death of Edward before Mary assumes the throne.
Date unknown •
Katharina von Bora flees to
Magdeburg. •
Michelangelo is made chief architect of
St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. • The
Spanish conquest of Yucatán is interrupted by an uprising of the Eastern Provinces of the completed in November, but the conquest is completed by March of 1548. == Births ==