January–March •
January 2 – The
University of Würzburg is refounded. •
January 15 –
Russia cedes its conquered areas in
Livonia (Northern
Latvia and Southern
Estonia), to the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. •
February 10 –
François, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by
William the Silent. •
February 24 (Julian) (March 6 Gregorian) –
Pope Gregory XIII proclaims the
Gregorian calendar, to come into effect in October. Under the order, the date on the Julian calendar will be advanced by 10 days in order to synchronize the calendar date back to the equinoxes and solstices, since the gap has been increasing by one day every 100 years since the
6th century and is 10 days off schedule. •
March 9 –
Scryer Edward Kelley arrives at
John Dee's house in London. They practice angelic magic together and Dee develops the
Enochian language. •
March – The
New Testament of the
Douai Bible, the translation into
English by
Father Gregory Martin from
Latin of the New Testament, for use in the Roman Catholic Church, is published. Martin had started his work on October 16, 1578.
April–June •
April 2 –
1582 Ancuancu earthquake: Ancuancu (in modern-day
La Paz Department,
Bolivia) is struck by an earthquake that reportedly buries all of the inhabitants, except for one chief, who reportedly loses the ability to speak. On the place where the village had stood, the Jacha Kalla (
Achocalla) valley is formed as a result of the earthquake. •
April 3 –
Battle of Temmokuzan: Unable to reverse the collapse of
Takeda clan,
Takeda Katsuyori and his household commit suicide. •
April 14 – King
James VI of
Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College, which becomes the
University of Edinburgh. •
April 16 –
Spanish conquistador
Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of
Salta,
Argentina. •
April 17 –
Siege of Takamatsu: In Japan,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi departs from the
Himeji Castle in the modern-day
Hyōgo Prefecture and begins his march westward with 20,000 soldiers to the
Bitchū Province in the modern-day
Okayama Prefecture. Along the way, he stops at the
Kameyama Castle where he makes a rendezvous with the
Ukita clan and 10,000 additional forces before proceeding toward the Takamatsu Castle. •
May 17 – The
Siege of Takamatsu begins as Hideyoshi attacks the forces of
Shimizu Muneharu, who has twice as many soldiers. Hideyoshi orders an engineering project to block the Ashimori River and divert its waters to flood Takamatsu Castle. •
June 23 – After learning of the assassination of his commander, Oda Nobunaga,
Shimizu Muneharu surrenders Takamatsu Castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and, in return for the pledge that the castle's defenders will be spared, commits the ritual suicide of
seppuku.
July–September •
July 2 –
Battle of Yamazaki: Counterattacking forces led by
Toyotomi Hideyoshi decisively defeat
Akechi Mitsuhide's smaller army; Akechi is killed while retreating to his domain. •
July 26 –
Battle of Ponta Delgada (
War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral
Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from
France,
England, supporters of the
Portuguese claimant
António, Prior of Crato, and the
Dutch Republic, under
Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the
Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of
galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland. •
August 23 –
Raid of Ruthven in
Scotland:
Presbyterian nobles led by
William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie kidnap
King James VI of Scotland, the kingdom's 16-year-old ruler, while he is hunting in
Perthshire. The Earl of Gowrie imprisons the King at Ruthven Castle as part of a coup d'etat to reform the Scottish government. •
September 28 – Ruthven and his co-conspirators arrange for
John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell, heir to former regent
James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to be installed as
Scotland's regent. Douglas had been executed in 1581 for the 1567 murder of
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and father of King James VI, who is imprisoned at Ruthven's castle.
October–December in Japanese •
October 4 (Julian) (October 14 Gregorian) – The
Julian calendar is discarded at the end of the day in Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain as
Pope Gregory XIII implements the
Gregorian calendar. In the nations where the calendar is accepted, Thursday, October 4 is followed the next day by Friday,
October 15. The Qashliq fortress will be torn down and a new town,
Tobolsk will be built further up the
Irtysh river. •
November 29 – Ten years before he begins writing his first known plays,
William Shakespeare, 18 years old, marries pregnant 26-year-old
Anne Hathaway in England. •
December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) –
France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the
Gregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday,
December 20.
Date unknown • The temple complex of
Kumbum is founded in
Tibet. • In
Ming dynasty China: •
Jesuit Matteo Ricci is allowed to enter the country. • The earliest reference is made to the publishing of private
newspapers in
Beijing. • The sultanate of
Morocco begins to press southward, in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade. • The
Cagayan battles in the Philippines, the only recorded clashes between Spanish regular soldiers and
samurai warriors. == Births ==