January–March •
January 23 –
Thirty Years' War:
Sweden and
France sign the
Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany. •
February 5 – Puritan leader
Roger Williams arrives in
Boston. •
February 16 – The
Reval Gymnasium is founded in
Tallinn,
Estonia, by Swedish king
Gustavus II Adolphus. •
February 20 – A fire breaks out in
Westminster Hall, but is put out before it can cause serious destruction. •
March 7 –
Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the
Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now
Angola) dies after a reign of five years. •
March 10 –
Al Walid ben Zidan becomes the new
Sultan of Morocco upon the death of
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II. •
March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of
Magdeburg by the
Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.
April–June •
April 13 –
Thirty Years' War:
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of
Frankfurt an der Oder. •
May 18 – In
Dorchester, Boston,
John Winthrop takes the oath of office, and becomes the first
Governor of Massachusetts. •
May 20 –
Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, the
Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor, under the command of
Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly sacks the Protestant German city of
Magdeburg, and
massacres over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the
Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion. •
May 28 –
William Claiborne sails from England to establish a trading post on
Kent Island, the first English settlement in
Maryland. •
May 30 •
Thirty Years' War:
Bavaria and France sign the
Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long. •
Gazette de France, the first weekly French newspaper, is published. •
June 17 – The death in childbirth of
Mumtaz Mahal at
Burhanpur causes her husband
Shah Jahan to commission the
Taj Mahal at
Agra, as a
mausoleum for her. Construction is started in
1632, and finished in
1653. •
June 19 –
War of the Mantuan Succession: The
Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession. •
June 20 –
Algerian pirates
sack Baltimore, County Cork, in Ireland.
July–September •
July 9 –
Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia. •
July 16 – The city of
Würzburg is taken by
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, putting an end to the
Würzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for
witchcraft. •
July 22 –
Thirty Years' War –
Battle of Werben:
Tilly defeats
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively. •
August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between
Hesse-Cassel and
Sweden. •
August 29 – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.)
Abd Allah ibn Hasan,
Emir of Mecca, abdicates in favor of two successors, his son
Muhammad ibn Abd Allah and his great-nephew
Zayd ibn Muhsin. •
August –
Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies,
Tilly is forced to send his army into the
Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from
John George, Elector of Saxony and
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. •
September 11 –
Thirty Years' War: As a result of
Tilly's invasion,
John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony. •
September 12 –
Eighty Years' War –
Battle of Albrolhos: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral
Antonio de Oquendo, defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of
Brazil. •
September 13–
Eighty Years' War –
Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands. •
September 17 –
Thirty Years' War –
Battle of Breitenfeld:
Tilly's Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the
Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.
October–December •
October 10 –
Thirty Years' War: A
Saxon army takes over
Prague. •
November 15 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of
Bohemia. •
November 21 – In
Venice, a special mass celebrates the end of the
two years of bubonic plague that had killed thousands of people. •
November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality. •
December 16 – A
volcanic eruption of
Mount Vesuvius at
Pompeii occurs, for the first time in several centuries. •
December 23 –
Thirty Years' War:
Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of
Mainz, without any resistance.
Date unknown • Publication of •
Moses Amyraut's
Traite des Religions. •
Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke. == Births ==