Haplogroup T-M184

Haplogroup_K = ~45,000–50,000 years ago", "Region": "South or Southeast Asia" "Descendants" "LT (K1)"~40,000–45,000 years ago", "Region": "South Asia / Iranian Plateau", " Descendants": L~25,000–30,000 years ago", "Region": "South Asia, Dravidians, Indus Valley", "Notes": "Possibly linked to pre-Neolithic South Asian populations | "T": ~25,000–30,000 years ago", | "Region": "South Asia,", "Notes": "Later spread into the Levant, Mediterranean, and Africa" ;Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184). • T1 (L206) • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662) • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454) • T1a1a (L208/Page2) • T1a1a1 (CTS11451) • T1a1a2 (Y16897) • T1a1a2a (Z19963) • T1a2 (L131) • T1a2a (PH141/Y13244) • T1a2b (L446) • T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 ) • T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798) • T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614) • T2 (PH110) == Distribution ==

Overview As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2. The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T1* carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206. Haplogroup T is found at exceptionally high levels amongst the Dir and Isaaq in Somaliland, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. it is also found at relatively high levels in specific populations in other parts of the world especially amongst Arabs from UAE in South Eastern Arabia T-M184 spikes at 19% on FTDNA. These include Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; Somalilander clans: Isaaq and Dir, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; ; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians and Iraqi Jews in the Middle East. T is a rather rare haplogroup, displaying a global frequency of around 1% (King et al., 2007), but nonetheless it is found at quite high frequencies in Sephardic Levites (23%) and Sephardic Israelis (13%; Behar et al., 2004). The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea. T1 (T*) T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Palestine to the Jordan Valley. The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread to northeastern Anatolia, from the Levant and Mesopotamia at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia. Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%). Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%). The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco. Greeks from the Fatsa (originally "Φάτσα") reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa. T1a1a (L208) This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. The Isaaq clans and dir is T-L208, they found in Somaliland, Djibouti, Somalia and Somali Ethiopia. T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*) One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a). Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together. Possible cases from older research ==Modern geographical distribution==

Northern Asia Europe With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl, 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera, 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano, 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia, 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania, 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella, 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba, 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia, 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza, 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov, 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese, 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania, 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro, 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche, 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area, 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium, 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina), 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%). According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup. Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T. Middle East and Caucasus Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf. There are also unconfirmed reports of T-M70+ amongst 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan, 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan, 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga, 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine, 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz, 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir, 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village, South Asia T1a-M70 in India has been considered to be of West Eurasian origin. Central Asia & East Asia Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning (China), and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak. Americas (post-colonisation) ==Ancient DNA==

Abel Beth Maacah Abel Beth Maacah 2201 was a man with Y-DNA T-CTS2860 who lived between 1014 - 836 BCE during the Levant Iron Age and was found in the region now known as Abel Beth Maacah, Metula, Israel. At the Iron Age layer which also produces a Yahwistic inscription on a pottery jar from the biblical site of Abel-beth-maachah, which bears a faint Hebrew inscription of the name "Benayau". I2201 from Agranat-Tamir et al 2020. Ancient Egypt Egyptian mummy 2516 was a man who lived between 798 - 591 BCE during the Third Intermediate Age and was found in the region now known as Egypt. He is wearing a curly wig, a shabti made of multicoloured wood and a multicoloured wesekh-collar. There is an inscription, encircling the entire body in horizontal lines, with the text of Chapter VI of the Book of the Dead. The Ancient Egyptian was under T-Y6671, the saharan offshoot of T-L208 ultimately derived from T-M70. The finding was by Wurst et al 2024. Ancient Nubia Multiple Nubians from Kulubnarti site were found to be of the Haplogroup T lineage (T-Y6671), same as the ancient Egyptian clade. The Kulubnarti Nubians had ~43% Nilotic-related ancestry (individual variation between ~36–54%) with the remaining ancestry consistent with being introduced through Egypt and ultimately deriving from an ancestry pool like that found in the Bronze and Iron Age Levant. It is hypothesized "T" lineage originated or evolved in the Levant, and became Saharan Pastoralists via their spread into Africa during the Neolithic. T-Y6671 is associated with this spread. This falls in line perfectly when considering the Levantine-like DNA that the Nubians harbor in concomitance to T-Y6671. The Nubian samples include I6328, I6340 & I19140. These Nubians lived during 700 - 990 CE and were found in "R and S Cemeteries", where E & J haplogroup was buried amongst these "T" individuals. The finding is presented by Sirak et al. Neolithic North Africans During the Neolithic Era a new ancestry from the Levant appears in the Maghreb, coinciding with the arrival of pastoralism in the region, and all three ancestries blend together during the Late Neolithic. This places Haplogroup T as a pastoralist lineage, and due to its circumstances, is associated with Levantine expansion,spreading Afro-Asiatic languages, eventually morphing into Saharan Pastoralists and spreading Afro-Asiatic languages. Sample SKH003 and SKH002 were Neolithic local Northwest African (Maghrebis) and differentiated from older Northwest Africans exactly due to an influx of Levantine PPNB ancestry. This ancestry was introduced with this new Y-chromosome haplogroup (T-M70), and is very clearly a Male dominated migration, as only Y-chromosome lineages were replaced, and no mtdna was introduced. Unlike the earlier expansion of Anatolian Neolithic / Early European farmer dna, which were maternally lead migrations. "Because this Neolithic Levantine ancestry has not been observed on the European side of the Mediterranean during the Neolithic, it probably represents an independent expansion of people from the Levant into North Africa." Peki'in Cave, Israel A 2018 study conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Zagros area ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation," the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.". The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains MTDNA blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region". Alalakh Amorite city-state One individual from Alalakh who lived circa 2014-1781 BC, belonged to haplogroup T-CTS11451 (T1a1a). ==Notable haplogroup members==

Elite endurance runners Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T. According to further studies, House of Khalifa The ruling family of the Kingdom of Bahrain is the House of Khalifa (Arabic: آل خليفة, romanized: Āl Khalīfah) is confirmed West Asian Y-DNA Haplogroup T-L206 subclade of P77*. The house belongs to the Utab tribe, which is part of the larger Anizah tribal confederation, that migrated from Central Arabia to Kuwait and then ruled all of Qatar. In 1999, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Emir of Bahrain and proclaimed himself the King of Bahrain in 2002. The T-FT364053 haplogroup of the house was determined by DNA testing of descendants in the T-Arab Y DNA Haplogroup Project on Family Tree DNA and other Arab world projects. Thomas Jefferson A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is American President Thomas Jefferson (most distant known ancestor "MDKA" is Samuel Jefferson, Born 11 October 1607 in Pettistree, Suffolk, England). The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years. Jefferson's paternal family traced back Wales, where T is incredibly rare, as it is less than <1% throughout Britain. A couple of British males with the Jefferson surname have been found with the third president's type of T, reinforcing the likelihood that his immediate paternal ancestry was British. Family Tree DNA, found that the Jefferson T patrilineage belongs to T-BY78550 a subclade of T-PF7444 which is likely of MENA Middle Eastern North African Origins. Spencer Wells who led The Genographic Project places his origin to Canaan == Phylogenetic tree ==

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Original research publications The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. α and β γ δ ε ζ η Y-DNA backbone tree == Notes ==