MarketNASA Astronaut Corps
Company Profile

NASA Astronaut Corps

The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions. It is based at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

History
The first American astronaut candidates were selected by NASA in 1959, for its Project Mercury with the objective of orbiting astronauts around the Earth in single-man capsules. The military services were asked to provide a list of military test pilots who met specific qualifications. After stringent screening, NASA announced its selection of the "Mercury Seven" as its first astronauts. Since then, NASA has selected 22 more groups of astronauts, opening the corps to civilians, scientists, doctors, engineers, and schoolteachers. As of the 2009 Astronaut Class, 61% of the astronauts selected by NASA have come from military service. NASA selects candidates from a diverse pool of applicants with a wide variety of backgrounds. From the thousands of applications received, only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. Including the "Original Seven", 339 candidates have been selected to date. ==Organization==
Organization
The Astronaut Corps is based at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, although members may be assigned to other locations based on mission requirements, e.g. Soyuz training at Star City, Russia. The Chief of the Astronaut Office is the most senior leadership position for active astronauts in the Corps. The Chief Astronaut serves as head of the Corps and is the principal adviser to the NASA Administrator on astronaut training and operations. The first Chief Astronaut was Deke Slayton, appointed in 1962. The current Chief Astronaut is Scott Tingle. Salary Salaries for newly hired civilian astronauts are based on the federal government's General Schedule pay scale for grades GS-11 through GS-14. The astronaut's grade is based on the astronaut's academic achievements and experience. Astronauts can be promoted up to grade GS-15. As of 2023, astronauts based at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, earn between $79,766 (GS-11 step 1) and $183,500 (GS-15 step 6 and above). As of the new astronaut candidate class announcement of 2024, astronaut candidates will be removed from the GS pay scale and be paid on an AD 'Administratively Determined" scale. Military astronauts are detailed to the Johnson Space Center and remain on active duty for pay, benefits, leave, and similar military matters. ==Qualifications==
Qualifications
There are no age restrictions for the NASA Astronaut Corps. Astronaut candidates have ranged between the ages of 26 and 46, with the average age being 34. Candidates must be U.S. citizens to apply for the program. There are three broad categories of qualifications: education, work experience, and medical. Candidates must have a master's degree from an accredited institution in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics. The degree must be followed by at least two to three years of related, progressively responsible, professional experience (graduate work or studies) or at least 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for experience, such as a doctoral degree (which counts as the two years experience). Teaching experience, including experience at the K–12 levels, is considered to be qualifying experience. Candidates must have the ability to pass the NASA long-duration space flight physical, which includes the following specific requirements: • Distant and near visual acuity: Must be correctable to 20/20, each eye separately (corrective lenses such as glasses are allowed) • The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK and LASIK, are allowed, providing at least one year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects. • Blood pressure not to exceed 140/90 measured in a sitting position • Standing height between and ==Members==
Members
Active astronauts , the corps has 38 "active" astronauts consisting of 14 women and 24 men. The highest number of active astronauts at one time was in 2000 when there were 149. All of the current astronaut corps are from the classes of 1996 (Group 16) or later. Missions in italics are scheduled and subject to change. There are also "international active astronauts", who are assigned to duties at the Johnson Space Center, and who were selected by their home agency to train as part of an NASA Astronaut Group and serve alongside their NASA counterparts. While the international astronauts go through training with the NASA Astronaut Corps, they are not considered members of the corps. Management astronauts , the corps has 11 "management" astronauts who remain NASA employees but are no longer eligible for flight assignment. The management astronauts included personnel chosen to join the corps as early as 1992 (Group 14) and as recently as 2009 (Group 20). Astronaut candidates The term "Astronaut Candidate" (informally "ASCAN") refers to individuals who have been selected by NASA as candidates for the NASA Astronaut Corps and are currently undergoing a candidacy training program at the Johnson Space Center. The most recent class of astronaut candidates was selected in 2025. Only three astronaut candidates have resigned before completing training: Brian O'Leary and Anthony Llewellyn, both from the 1967 Selection Group, and Robb Kulin of the 2017 group. O'Leary resigned in April 1968 after additional Apollo missions were cancelled, Llewellyn resigned in August 1968 after failing to qualify as a jet pilot, and Kulin resigned in August 2018 for unspecified personal reasons. Another astronaut candidate, Stephen Thorne, died in an airplane accident before he could finish astronaut training. Former members Selection as an astronaut candidate and subsequent promotion to astronaut does not guarantee the individual will eventually fly in space. Some have voluntarily resigned or been medically disqualified after becoming astronauts before being selected for flights. Civilian candidates are expected to remain with the corps for at least five years after initial training; military candidates are assigned for specific tours. After these time limits, members of the Astronaut Corps may resign or retire at any time. Three members of the Astronaut Corps (Gus Grissom, Edward White, and Roger B. Chaffee) were killed during a ground test accident while preparing for the Apollo 1 mission. Fourteen were killed during spaceflight on Space Shuttle missions STS-51-L and STS-107. Another four (Elliot See, Charles Bassett, Theodore Freeman, and Clifton Williams) were killed in T-38 plane crashes during training for spaceflight during the Gemini and Apollo programs. Another was killed in a 1967 automobile accident, and another died in a 1991 commercial airliner crash while traveling on NASA business. Two members of the corps have been involuntarily dismissed: Lisa Nowak and William Oefelein. Both were returned to service with the US Navy. AJames AdamsonSTS-28, STS-43Thomas AkersSTS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79Buzz AldrinGemini 12, Apollo 11Andrew AllenSTS-46, STS-62, STS-75Joseph AllenSTS-5, STS-51-AScott AltmanSTS-90, STS-106, STS-109, STS-125William AndersApollo 8Clayton AndersonSTS-117/STS-120 (Expedition 15), STS-131Michael AndersonSTS-89, STS-107Dominic AntonelliSTS-119, STS-132Jerome AptSTS-37, STS-47, STS-59, STS-79Lee ArchambaultSTS-117, STS-119Neil ArmstrongGemini 8, Apollo 11Richard ArnoldSTS-119, Soyuz MS-08 (Expedition 55/56) • Jeffrey AshbySTS-93, STS-100, STS-112Serena Auñón-ChancellorSoyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57) BJames BagianSTS-29, STS-40Ellen BakerSTS-34, STS-50, STS-71Michael BakerSTS-43, STS-52, STS-68, STS-81Daniel BarrySTS-72, STS-96, STS-105Charles BassettAlan BeanApollo 12, Skylab 3Robert BehnkenSTS-123, STS-130, SpaceX Demo-2 (Expedition 63) • John BlahaSTS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/STS-81 (Mir EO-22) • Michael BloomfieldSTS-86, STS-97, STS-110Guion BlufordSTS-8, STS-61-A, STS-39, STS-53Karol BobkoSTS-6, STS-51-D, STS-51-JCharles BoldenSTS-61-C, STS-31, STS-45, STS-60Frank BormanGemini 7, Apollo 8Kenneth BowersoxSTS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82, STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1 (Expedition 6) • Charles BradySTS-78Vance BrandApollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS-41B, STS-35Daniel BrandensteinSTS-8, STS-51-G, STS-32, STS-49Roy BridgesSTS-51-FCurtis BrownSTS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95, STS-103David BrownSTS-107Mark BrownSTS-28, STS-48James BuchliSTS-51-C, STS-61-A, STS-29, STS-48John BullDaniel BurbankSTS-106, STS-115, Soyuz TMA-22 (Expedition 29/30) • Daniel BurschSTS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108/STS-111 (Expedition 4) CRobert CabanaSTS-41, STS-53, STS-65, STS-88Yvonne CagleFernando CaldeiroCharles CamardaSTS-114Kenneth CameronSTS-37, STS-56, STS-74Duane CareySTS-109Scott CarpenterMercury-Atlas 7Gerald CarrSkylab 4Sonny CarterSTS-33John CasperSTS-36, STS-54, STS-62, STS-77Christopher CassidySTS-127, Soyuz TMA-08M (Expedition 35/36), Soyuz MS-16 (Expedition 62/63) • Josh A. CassadaSpaceX Crew-5 (Expedition 68) • Gene CernanGemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo 17Roger ChaffeeApollo 1Gregory ChamitoffSTS-124/STS-126 (Expedition 17/18), STS-134Franklin Chang-DiazSTS-61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75, STS-91, STS-111Philip ChapmanKalpana ChawlaSTS-87, STS-107Leroy ChiaoSTS-65, STS-72, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-5 (Expedition 10) • Kevin ChiltonSTS-49, STS-59, STS-76Laurel ClarkSTS-107Mary CleaveSTS-61-B, STS-30Michael CliffordSTS-53, STS-59, STS-76Michael CoatsSTS-41-D, STS-29, STS-39Kenneth CockrellSTS-56, STS-69, STS-80, STS-98, STS-111Catherine ColemanSTS-73, STS-93, Soyuz TMA-20 (Expedition 26/27) • Eileen CollinsSTS-63, STS-84, STS-93, STS-114Michael CollinsGemini 10, Apollo 11Pete ConradGemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, Skylab 2Gordon CooperMercury-Atlas 9, Gemini 5Richard CoveySTS-51-I, STS-26, STS-38, STS-61Timothy CreamerSoyuz TMA-17 (Expedition 22/23) • John CreightonSTS-51-G, STS-36, STS-48Robert CrippenSTS-1, STS-7, STS-41-C, STS-41-GFrank CulbertsonSTS-38, STS-51, STS-105/STS-108 (Expedition 3) • Walter CunninghamApollo 7Robert CurbeamSTS-85, STS-98, STS-116Nancy CurrieSTS-57, STS-70, STS-88, STS-109 DJan DavisSTS-47, STS-60, STS-85Alvin DrewSTS-118, STS-133Brian DuffySTS-45, STS-57, STS-72, STS-92Charles DukeApollo 16Bonnie DunbarSTS-61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71, STS-89James DuttonSTS-131 EJoe EdwardsSTS-89Donn EiseleApollo 7Anthony EnglandSTS-51-FJoe EngleApproach and Landing Tests, STS-2, STS-51IJeanette EppsSpaceX Crew-8 (Expedition 70/71/72) • Ronald EvansApollo 17 FJohn FabianSTS-7, STS-51-GChristopher FergusonSTS-115, STS-126, STS-135Andrew J. FeustelSTS-125, STS-134, Soyuz MS-08 (Expedition 55/56) • Jack FischerSoyuz MS-04 (Expedition 52/53) • Anna FisherSTS-51-AWilliam FisherSTS-51-IMichael FoaleSTS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/STS-86 (Mir EO-23/24), STS-103, Soyuz TMA-3 (Expedition 8) • Kevin FordSTS-128, Soyuz TMA-06M (Expedition 33/34) • Michael ForemanSTS-123, STS-129Patrick ForresterSTS-105, STS-117, STS-128Michael FossumSTS-121, STS-124, Soyuz TMA-02M (Expedition 28/29) • Theodore FreemanStephen FrickSTS-110, STS-122C. Gordon FullertonApproach and Landing Tests, STS-3, STS-51-F GRonald GaranSTS-124, Soyuz TMA-21 (Expedition 27/28) • Dale GardnerSTS-8, STS-51-AGuy GardnerSTS-27, STS-35Owen GarriottSkylab 3, STS-9Charles GemarSTS-38, STS-48, STS-62Michael GernhardtSTS-69, STS-83, STS-94, STS-104Edward GibsonSkylab 4Robert GibsonSTS-41-B, STS-61-C, STS-27, STS-47, STS-71Edward GivensJohn GlennMercury-Atlas 6, STS-95Linda GodwinSTS-37, STS-59, STS-76, STS-108Michael GoodSTS-125, STS-132Richard GordonGemini 11, Apollo 12Dominic GorieSTS-91, STS-99, STS-108, STS-123Ronald GrabeSTS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57Duane GravelineFrederick GregorySTS-51-B, STS-33, STS-44William GregorySTS-67S. David GriggsSTS-51-DGus GrissomMercury-Redstone 4, Gemini 3, Apollo 1John GrunsfeldSTS-67, STS-81, STS-103, STS-109, STS-125Sidney GutierrezSTS-40, STS-59 HNick HagueSoyuz MS-10, Soyuz MS-12 (Expedition 59/60), SpaceX Crew-9 (Expedition 72) • Fred HaiseApollo 13, Approach and Landing TestsJames HalsellSTS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101Kenneth HamSTS-124, STS-132Blaine HammondSTS-39, STS-64Gregory HarbaughSTS-39, STS-54, STS-71, STS-82Bernard HarrisSTS-55, STS-63Terry HartSTS-41-CHenry HartsfieldSTS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-AFrederick HauckSTS-7, STS-51-A, STS-26Steven HawleySTS-41-D, STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-82, STS-93Susan HelmsSTS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, STS-102/STS-105 (Expedition 2) • Karl HenizeSTS-51-FTerence HenricksSTS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78Jose HernandezSTS-128John HerringtonSTS-113Richard HiebSTS-39, STS-49, STS-65Joan HigginbothamSTS-116David HilmersSTS-51-J, STS-26, STS-36, STS-42Kathryn HireSTS-90, STS-130Charles HobaughSTS-104, STS-118, STS-129Jeffrey HoffmanSTS-51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61, STS-75Donald HolmquestMichael HopkinsSoyuz TMA-10M (Expedition 37/38), SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65) • Scott HorowitzSTS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105Douglas HurleySTS-127, STS-135, SpaceX Demo-2 (Expedition 63) • Rick HusbandSTS-96, STS-107 IJames IrwinApollo 15Marsha IvinsSTS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81, STS-98 JMae JemisonSTS-47Tamara JerniganSTS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80, STS-96Brent JettSTS-72, STS-81, STS-97, STS-115Gregory C. JohnsonSTS-125Gregory H. JohnsonSTS-123, STS-134Thomas JonesSTS-59, STS-68, STS-80, STS-98 KJanet KavandiSTS-91, STS-99, STS-104James KellySTS-102, STS-114Mark KellySTS-108, STS-121, STS-124, STS-134Scott KellySTS-103, STS-118, Soyuz TMA-01M (Expedition 25/26), Soyuz TMA-16M/Soyuz TMA-18M (ISS year-long mission: Expedition 43/44/45/46) • Joseph KerwinSkylab 2Shane KimbroughSTS-126, Soyuz MS-02 (Expedition 49/50), SpaceX Crew-2 (Expedition 65/66) • Timothy KopraSTS-127/STS-128 (Expedition 20), Soyuz TMA-19M (Expedition 46/47) • Kevin KregelSTS-70, STS-78, STS-87, STS-99 LWendy LawrenceSTS-67, STS-86, STS-91, STS-114Mark LeeSTS-30, STS-47, STS-64, STS-82David LeestmaSTS-41-G, STS-28, STS-45William LenoirSTS-5Don LindSTS-51-BSteven LindseySTS-87, STS-95, STS-104, STS-121, STS-133Jerry LinengerSTS-64, STS-81/STS-84 (Mir EO-22/23) • Richard LinnehanSTS-78, STS-90, STS-109, STS-123Paul LockhartSTS-111, STS-113Michael Lopez-AlegriaSTS-73, STS-92, STS-113, Soyuz TMA-9 (Expedition 14) • Christopher LoriaJohn LoungeSTS-51-I, STS-26, STS-35Jack LousmaSkylab 3, STS-3Jim LovellGemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, Apollo 13G. David LowSTS-32, STS-43, STS-57Edward LuSTS-84, STS-104, Soyuz TMA-2 (Expedition 7) • Shannon LucidSTS-51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/STS-79 (Mir EO-21/22) MSandra MagnusSTS-112, STS-126/STS-119 (Expedition 18), STS-135Thomas MarshburnSTS-127, Soyuz TMA-07M (Expedition 34/35), SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67) • Michael MassiminoSTS-109, STS-125Richard MastracchioSTS-106, STS-118, STS-131, Soyuz TMA-11M (Expedition 38/39) • Ken MattinglyApollo 16, STS-4, STS-51-CMegan McArthurSTS-125, SpaceX Crew-2 (Expedition 65/66) • William McArthurSTS-58, STS-74, STS-92, Soyuz TMA-7 (Expedition 12) • Jon McBrideSTS-41-GBruce McCandlessSTS-41-B, STS-31William McCoolSTS-107Michael McCulleySTS-34James McDivittGemini 4, Apollo 9Donald McMonagleSTS-39, STS-54, STS-66Ronald McNairSTS-41-B, STS-51-LCarl MeadeSTS-38, STS-50, STS-64Bruce MelnickSTS-41, STS-49Pamela MelroySTS-92, STS-112, STS-120Leland MelvinSTS-122, STS-129Dorothy Metcalf-LindenburgerSTS-131Curt MichelEdgar MitchellApollo 14Barbara MorganSTS-118Lee MorinSTS-110Mike MullaneSTS-41-D, STS-27, STS-36Story MusgraveSTS-6, STS-51F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61, STS-80 NSteven NagelSTS-51-G, STS-61-A, STS-37, STS-55George NelsonSTS-41-C, STS-51-D, STS-26Bill NelsonSTS-61-CJames NewmanSTS-51, STS-69, STS-88, STS-109Carlos NoriegaSTS-84, STS-97Lisa NowakSTS-121Karen NybergSTS-124, Soyuz TMA-09M (Expedition 36/37) OEllen OchoaSTS-56, STS-66, STS-96, STS-110Bryan O'ConnorSTS-61-B, STS-40William OefeleinSTS-116John OlivasSTS-117, STS-128Ellison OnizukaSTS-51-C, STS-51-LStephen OswaldSTS-42, STS-56, STS-67Robert OvermyerSTS-5, STS-51-B PScott ParazynskiSTS-66, STS-86, STS-95, STS-100, STS-120Robert ParkerSTS-9, STS-35Nicholas PatrickSTS-116, STS-130Donald PetersonSTS-6John PhillipsSTS-100, Soyuz TMA-6 (Expedition 11), STS-119William PogueSkylab 4Alan PoindexterSTS-122, STS-131Mark PolanskySTS-98, STS-116, STS-127Charles PrecourtSTS-55, STS-71, STS-84, STS-91 RWilliam ReaddySTS-42, STS-51, STS-79Kenneth ReightlerSTS-48, STS-60James ReillySTS-89, STS-104, STS-117Garrett ReismanSTS-123/STS-124 (Expedition 16/17), STS-132Judith ResnikSTS-41-D, STS-51-LPaul RichardsSTS-102Richard RichardsSTS-28, STS-41, STS-50, STS-64Sally RideSTS-7, STS-41-GPatricia RobertsonStephen RobinsonSTS-85, STS-95, STS-114, STS-130Kent RomingerSTS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96, STS-100Stuart RoosaApollo 14Jerry RossSTS-61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88, STS-110Kathleen RubinsSoyuz MS-01 (Expedition 48/49), Soyuz MS-17 (Expedition 63/64) • Mario RuncoSTS-44, STS-54, STS-77 SRobert SatcherSTS-129Wally SchirraMercury-Atlas 8, Gemini 6A, Apollo 7Harrison SchmittApollo 17Russell SchweickartApollo 9Francis ScobeeSTS-41-C, STS-51-LDavid ScottGemini 8, Apollo 9, Apollo 15Winston ScottSTS-72, STS-87Richard SearfossSTS-58, STS-76, STS-90Margaret Rhea SeddonSTS-51-D, STS-40, STS-58Elliot SeeRonald SegaSTS-60, STS-76Piers SellersSTS-112, STS-121, STS-132Brewster ShawSTS-9, STS-61-B, STS-28Alan ShepardMercury-Redstone 3, Apollo 14William ShepherdSTS-27, STS-41, STS-52, Soyuz TM-31/STS-102 (Expedition 1) • Loren ShriverSTS-51-C, STS-31, STS-46Deke SlaytonApollo-Soyuz Test ProjectMichael SmithSTS-51-LSteven SmithSTS-68, STS-82, STS-103, STS-110Sherwood SpringSTS-61-BRobert SpringerSTS-29, STS-38Thomas P. StaffordGemini 6A, Gemini 9A, Apollo 10, Apollo-Soyuz Test ProjectHeidemarie Stefanyshyn-PiperSTS-115, STS-126Robert StewartSTS-41-B, STS-51-JSusan Still-KilrainSTS-83, STS-94Nicole StottSTS-128/STS-129 (Expedition 20/21), STS-133Frederick SturckowSTS-88, STS-105, STS-117, STS-128Kathryn SullivanSTS-41-G, STS-31, STS-45Steven SwansonSTS-117, STS-119, Soyuz TMA-12M (Expedition 39/40) • Jack SwigertApollo 13 TDaniel TaniSTS-108, STS-120/STS-122 (Expedition 16) • Norman ThagardSTS-7, STS-51-B, STS-30, STS-42, Soyuz TM-21/STS-71 (Mir EO-18) • Joseph TannerSTS-66, STS-82, STS-97, STS-115Andy ThomasSTS-77, STS-89/STS-91 (Mir EO-24/25), STS-102, STS-114Donald ThomasSTS-65, STS-70, STS-83, STS-94Kathryn ThorntonSTS-33, STS-49, STS-61, STS-73William ThorntonSTS-8, STS-51-BPierre ThuotSTS-36, STS-49, STS-62Richard TrulyApproach and Landing Tests, STS-2, STS-8 VJames Van HoftenSTS-41-C, STS-51-ICharles VeachSTS-39, STS-52Terry VirtsSTS-130, Soyuz TMA-15M (Expedition 42/43) • James VossSTS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101, STS-102/STS-105 (Expedition 2) • Janice VossSTS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94, STS-99 WRex WalheimSTS-110, STS-122, STS-135David WalkerSTS-51-A, STS-30, STS-53, STS-69Shannon Walker - Soyuz TMA-19 (Expedition 24/25), SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65) • Carl WalzSTS-51, STS-65, STS-79, STS-108/STS-111 (Expedition 4) • Mary WeberSTS-70, STS-101Paul WeitzSkylab 2, STS-6James WetherbeeSTS-32, STS-52, STS-63, STS-86, STS-102, STS-113Ed WhiteGemini 4, Apollo 1Peggy WhitsonSTS-111/STS-113 (Expedition 5), Soyuz TMA-11 (Expedition 16), Soyuz MS-03/MS-04 (Expedition 50/51/52) • Terrence WilcuttSTS-68, STS-79, STS-89, STS-106Clifton WilliamsDonald WilliamsSTS-51-D, STS-34Sunita WilliamsSTS-116/STS-117 (Expedition 14/15), Soyuz TMA-05M (Expedition 32/33), Boeing Crew Flight Test/SpaceX Crew-9 (Expedition 71/72) • Jeffrey WilliamsSTS-101, Soyuz TMA-8 (Expedition 13), Soyuz TMA-16 (Expedition 21/22), Soyuz TMA-20M (Expedition 47/48) • Barry E. WilmoreSTS-129, Soyuz TMA-14M (Expedition 41/42), Boeing Crew Flight Test/SpaceX Crew-9 (Expedition 71/72) • Peter WisoffSTS-57, STS-68, STS-81, STS-92David WolfSTS-58, STS-86/STS-89 (Mir EO-24), STS-112, STS-127Neil WoodwardAlfred WordenApollo 15 YJohn YoungGemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1, STS-9 ZGeorge ZamkaSTS-120, STS-130 ==Selection groups==
Selection groups
• 1959 Group 1 – "The Mercury Seven" • 1962 Group 2 – "The New Nine" • 1963 Group 3 – "The Fourteen" • 1965 Group 4 – "The Scientists" • 1966 Group 5 – "The Original 19" • 1967 Group 6 – "The Excess Eleven (XS-11)" • 1969 Group 7 – USAF MOL Transfer, no official nickname (astronauts selected from the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program) • 1978 Group 8 – "Thirty-Five New Guys (TFNG)" (class included first female candidates) • 1980 Group 9 – "19+80" • 1984 Group 10 – "The Maggots" • 1985 Group 11 – no official nickname • 1987 Group 12 – "The GAFFers" • 1990 Group 13 – "The Hairballs" • 1992 Group 14 – "The Hogs" • 1994 Group 15 – "The Flying Escargot" • 1996 Group 16 – "The Sardines" (largest class to date, 35 NASA candidates and nine international astronauts) • 1998 Group 17 – "The Penguins" • 2000 Group 18 – "The Bugs" • 2004 Group 19 – "The Peacocks" • 2009 Group 20 – "The Chumps" • 2013 Group 21 – "The 8-Balls" (first class with equal share men and women candidates) • 2017 Group 22 – "The Turtles" • 2021 Group 23 – "The Flies" • 2025 Group 24 – "The Platypi" (first class with majority women candidates) == See also ==
tickerdossier.comtickerdossier.substack.com