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Baden-Baden

Baden-Baden is a spa town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, at the north-western border of the Black Forest mountain range on the small river Oos, ten kilometres east of the Rhine, the France–Germany border, and forty kilometres north-east of Strasbourg, France.

Name
The springs at Baden-Baden were known to the Romans as "'" ("The Waters") and "'" ("Aurelia-of-the-Waters") after M. Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus. In modern German, "" is a noun meaning "bathing", but "Baden", the original name of the town, derives from an earlier plural form of ' ("bath"). (Modern German uses the plural form '.) As with the English placename "Bath", other Badens are at hot springs throughout Central Europe. The current doubled name arose to distinguish it from the others, ==Geography==
Geography
Baden-Baden lies in a valley of the Northern Black Forest in southwestern Germany. The western districts lie within the Upper Rhine Plain. The highest mountain of Baden-Baden is the Badener Höhe (), which is part of the Black Forest National Park. The old town lies on the side of a hill on the right bank of the Oos. Since the 19th century, the principal resorts have been located on the other side of the river. There are 29 natural springs in the area, varying in temperature from . The water is rich in salt and flows from artesian wells under Florentine Hill at a rate of 341 litres (90 gallons) per minute and is conveyed through pipes to the town's baths. ==History==
History
Roman settlement at Baden-Baden has been dated as far back as the emperor Hadrian, but on dubious authority. The known ruins of the Roman bath were rediscovered just below the New Castle in 1847 and date to the reign of Caracalla (AD 210s), who visited the area to relieve his arthritic aches. The facilities were used by the Roman garrison in Strasbourg. The town fell into ruin but its church was first constructed in the 7th century. By 1112, it was the seat of the Margraviate of Baden. The Lichtenthal Convent (') was founded in 1254. The margraves initially used Hohenbaden Castle (the Old Castle, '), whose ruins still occupy the summit above the town, but they completed and moved to the New Castle ('''') in 1479. The Margraviate was divided in 1535, with Baden-Baden becoming the capital of the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, while the other portion became the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach. The Baden-Baden witch trials, an investigating encompassing the entire territory and resulting in hundreds of verdicts, took place in 1627–1631. Baden suffered severely during the Thirty Years' War, particularly at the hands of the French, who plundered it in 1643. They returned to occupy the city in 1688 at the onset of the Nine Years' War, burning it to the ground the next year. The margravine Sibylla rebuilt the New Castle in 1697, but the margrave Louis William removed his seat to Rastatt in 1706. The Stiftskirche was rebuilt in 1753 and houses the tombs of several of the margraves. The town began its recovery in the late 18th century, serving as a refuge for émigrés from the French Revolution. The town was frequented during the Second Congress of Rastatt in 1797–99 and became popular after the visit of the Prussian queen in the early 19th century. She came for medicinal reasons, as the waters were recommended for gout, rheumatism, paralysis, neuralgia, skin disorders, and stones. The Ducal government subsequently subsidized the resort's development. The town became a meeting place for the nobility and prosperous upper middle classes, who visited the hot springs and the town's other amenities: luxury hotels, the Spielbank Casino, horse races, and the gardens of the Lichtentaler Allee. Guests included Queen Victoria, Wilhelm I, and Berlioz. A Russian Orthodox church was also subsequently erected. The casino was closed for a time in the 1870s. Just before the First World War, the town was receiving visitors each year. During the Second World War, 3.1% of the houses in Baden-Baden were completely destroyed by bombs and 125 civilians were killed. 5.8% of the houses were heavily damaged by bombs. Lichtenthal, a residential area in the southwest of the town, was hit by bombs and Saint Bonifatius Church was severely damaged on 11 March 1943. Balg, a residential area in the northeast of Baden-Baden, was hit by bombs on 17 December 1944. On 30 December 1944 one third of the buildings of Oos (i.e. about 300 houses), a residential area in the north of the town, was destroyed or heavily damaged by bombs and Saint Dionysius Church was severely damaged as well. On 2 January 1945 the railway station of Oos and various barracks on Schwarzwald Road were heavily damaged by bombs. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French occupation forces in Germany as well as of the Südwestfunk, one of Germany's large public broadcasting stations, which is now part of Südwestrundfunk. From 23 to 28 September 1981, the 11th Olympic Congress took place in Baden-Baden's ''''. The town was later awarded the designation Olympic town. The Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, Germany's largest opera and concert house, opened in 1998. CFB Baden-Soellingen, a military airfield built in the 1950s in the Upper Rhine Plain, west of downtown Baden-Baden, was converted into a civil airport in the 1990s. Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport, or Baden Airpark is now the second-largest airport in Baden-Württemberg by number of passengers. ==Climate==
Climate
The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is precipitation year round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate). The Baden-Baden weather station has recorded the following extreme values: • Highest Temperature on 25 July 2019. • Lowest Temperature on 10 February 1956. • Wettest Year in 1965. • Driest Year in 1959. • Highest Daily Precipitation: on 28 October 1998. • Earliest Snowfall: 28 October 2012. • Latest Snowfall: 28 April 1981. {{Weather box {{Cite web ==Lord Mayors==
Lord Mayors
• 1907–1929: Reinhard Fieser • 1929–1934: Hermann Elfner • 1934–1945: Hans Schwedhelm (when he was not in office because of military service, mayor Kurt Bürkle was in office) • April 1945 – May 1945: Ludwig Schmitt • May 1945 – January 1946: Karl Beck • January 1946 – September 1946: Eddy Schacht • 1946–1969: Ernst Schlapper (CDU) (1888–1976) • 1969–1990: Walter Carlein (CDU) (1922–2011) • 1990–1998: Ulrich Wendt (CDU) • 1998–2006: Sigrun Lang (independent) • 2006–2014: Wolfgang Gerstner (born 1955), (CDU) • 2014–2022: Margret Mergen (born 1961), (CDU) • 2022–present: Dietmar Späth (independent) == Tourism ==
Tourism
Baden-Baden is a German spa town. The city offers many options for sports enthusiasts; Sights include: • The ', whose ' ("Spa Garden") hosts the annual Baden-Baden Summer Nights, featuring live classical music concerts • Casino • Friedrichsbad • Caracalla Spa • Lichtentaler Allee park and gardens • Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden (State Art Gallery) • Museum Frieder Burda built by Richard Meier for one of Germany's most extensive collections of modern art • Fabergé Museum • Museum der Kunst und Technik des 19. Jahrhunderts (Lichtentaler Allee 8), covering the technology of the 19th century • Kunstmuseum Gehrke-Remund, which exhibits the work of Frida Kahlo • '''', Johannes Brahms's residence, which has been preserved as a museum • Hohenbaden Castle or Old Castle, a ruin since the 16th century • New Castle (''''), the former residence of the margraves and grand dukes of Baden, now a historical museum • Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, the second-largest festival hall in Europe • Ruins of Roman baths, excavated in 1847 • '''', a church including the tombs of fourteen margraves of Baden • Paradise (''''), an Italian-style Renaissance garden with many trick fountains • Mount Merkur, including the Merkurbergbahn funicular railway and observation towerFremersberg Tower • Sturdza Chapel on the Michaelsberg, a neoclassical chapel with a gilded dome designed by Leo von Klenze which was erected over the tomb of prince Michel Sturdza's son == Transport ==
Transport
Road The main road link is autobahn A5 between Basel and Frankfurt via Freiburg, Karlsruhe and Mannheim, which is 10 km away from the inner city. There are two stations providing intercity bus services: one next to the main railway station and one at the airport. Railway Baden-Baden has three stations, Baden-Baden station being the most important of them. Air Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport is an airport located near Baden-Baden that also serves the city of Karlsruhe. It is Baden-Württemberg's second-largest airport after Stuttgart Airport, and the 18th-largest in Germany with 1,110,500 passengers as of 2016 and mostly serves low-cost and leisure flights. ==Image gallery==
Image gallery
File:Baden-Baden - Altstadt.jpg|Old town ('''') File:View of Baden-baden.jpeg|Florentine Hill ('), with the New Castle (top right), the Caracalla Spa (lower right), and the ' (lower left) File:Stiftskirche von Baden-Baden.jpg|Baden-Baden's parish church ('''') File:Baden-Baden 10-2015 img37 Pump house.jpg|The '''' File:Brenners.jpg|Brenner's Park Hotel File:Baden-Baden Russische Kirche 01-gje.jpg|The Russian Orthodox Church ('''') File:Baden-Baden-Stourdza-Kapelle-01-gje.jpg|Sturdza Chapel File:Baden-Baden-Roemerplatz-32-Friedrichsbad-Neues Schloss-Kloster vom Heiligen Grab-2022-gje.jpg|The ', New Castle, and Abbey School (') File:Baden-Baden Kurmuschel.jpg|The Spa Shell, an open-air concert venue File:Baden-Baden 10-2015 img39 Museum Frieder Burda.jpg|Museum Frieder Burda File:Baden-Baden-Lichtentaler Allee-516-Spaziergaenger-2012-gje.jpg|Lichtentaler Allee File:Baden-Baden-Kunsthalle-22-Burdamuseum-Joan Miro-Femme 1970-2007-gje.jpg|Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden File:Baden-Baden-Faberge-Museum-04-2021-gje.jpg|Fabergé Museum File:Baden-Baden-Museum19-02-Baden in Schoenheit-2020-gje.jpg|Museum der Kunst und Technik des 19. Jahrhunderts File:Baden-Baden-Brahmshaus-40-Wohnzimmer-2017-gje.jpg|Brahmshaus File:Baden-Baden-Festspielhaus-Alter Bahnhof-72-Suedecke-gje.jpg|Festspielhaus Baden-Baden File:Baden-Baden-Merkurturm-20-2014-gje.jpg|Mount Merkur, tower File:Baden-Baden-vom Korbmattfelsen-54-Fremersberg-2021-gje.jpg|Fremersberg Tower File:Hohenbaden hb.JPG|The Old Castle File:Baden-Baden-Kurhaus-27-2021-gje.jpg|The '''' and Casino ==Twin towns – sister cities==
Twin towns – sister cities
Baden-Baden is twinned with: • Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic • Menton, France • Moncalieri, Italy • Sochi, Russia (suspended) • Yalta, Ukraine == Artistic depiction ==
Artistic depiction
Baden featured in Turgenev's Smoke. Dostoyevsky wrote The Gambler while compulsively gambling at the town's casino. The novel Summer in Baden-Baden by Leonid Tsypkin is inspired by Dostoyevsky's visit to this resort. The 1975 film The Romantic Englishwoman was filmed on location in Baden-Baden, featuring the Brenner's Park Hotel particularly prominently. The 1997 Bollywood movie Dil To Pagal Hai was also shot in the town. Baden-Baden is the subject of a pop song by Finnish songwriter Chisu of how the economic woes of Finland could be solved by selling bottled tears to Europe (specifically Baden-Baden). == Notable people ==
Notable people
, 1961 Public service and commerce Friedrich, Freiherr von Zoller (1762–1821), Bavarian lieutenant-general who fought in the Napoleonic WarsEmil Kessler (1813–1867), entrepreneur, founder of the Maschinenfabrik EsslingenColonel Francis Mahler (1826–1863), officer in the Union Army during the American Civil WarRichard Enderlin (1843–1930), Union Army, Medal of Honor recipient for rescuing a fallen comrade during the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil WarWilliam Hespeler (1830–1921), German-Canadian businessman, immigration agent and a member of the Legislative Assembly of ManitobaFrancis Pigou (1832–1916), Anglican priest • Sir William Des Vœux (1834–1909), British colonial governor, Governor of Fiji (1880–1885), Governor of Newfoundland (1886–1887) and Governor of Hong Kong (1887–1891) • Wilhelm Brückner (1884–1954), officer and chief adjutant of Adolf HitlerRudolf Höss (1900–1947), Nazi, SS commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, executed for war crimes • Leopold Gutterer (1902–1996), Nazi state secretary in the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and PropagandaFelix Gilbert (1905–1991), German-American historian • Fritz Suhren (1908–1950), SS Nazi concentration camp commandant executed for war crimes • Kai Whittaker (born 1985), German CDU politician, member of the Bundestag since 2013 The arts Anna Zerr (1822–1881), German operatic soprano • Eugene Armbruster (1865–1943), New York City photographer, illustrator, writer, and historian • Paul Nikolaus Cossmann (1869–1942 in Theresienstadt), German journalist • Hermine Finck (1872–1932), opera singer • Édouard Risler (1873–1929), French pianist • Reinhold Schneider (1903–1958), writer • Franz Zureich (1904–1992), painter • Antoinette Bower (born 1932), British-American actress • Tony Marshall (1938–2023), pop and opera singer • Heinz Bosl (1946–1975), German ballet dancer • Elmar Hörig (born 1949), radio and television presenter • Robert HP Platz (born 1951), composer and conductor • Sabine von Maydell (born 1955), actress and author • Marc Trillard (born 1955), French writer • Andreas Heinecke (born 1955), social entrepreneur and creator of Dialogue in the DarkJean-Marc Rochette (born 1956), French painter, illustrator and comics creator. • Tobias A. Schliessler (born 1958), German cinematographer • Ann-Marie MacDonald (born 1958), Canadian playwright, novelist, actress and broadcast host • Stefan Anton Reck (born 1960), German orchestra conductor and painter • Birgit Stauch (born 1961), German sculptor, works in bronzes, sculptures, sketches and portraits. • Florian Ballhaus (born 1965), German cinematographer • Alexandra Kamp (born 1966), German model and actress, grew up in Baden-Baden. AristocracyPhilip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1559–1588), Margrave of Baden-Baden, 1571 to 1588 • William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1593–1677), regent of Baden-Baden, 1621 and 1677 • Ferdinand Maximilian of Baden-Baden (1625–1669), father of the "Türkenlouis" Louis William, Margrave of Baden-BadenPrince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929), last heir of the Grand Duchy of Baden, a German prince, general and politician • Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell (1886–1957), British physicist • Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949), Prince of Monaco from 1922 to 1949 Science Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916), psychologist and sociologist, eponym of the Müller-Lyer illusionJoseph Vollmer (1871–1955), automobile designer, engineer and pioneering tank designer • Alfred Kühn (1885–1968), zoologist and geneticist • Erich Friedrich Schmidt (1897–1964), German and American-naturalized archaeologist • Wolfgang Krull (1899–1971), mathematician Sport Marco Grimm (born 1972), football player, 334 pro appearances • Frank Moser (born 1976), German professional tennis player • Magdalena Schnurr (born 1992), German ski jumper == See also ==
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