.
Visigoths, Carolingians and Muslims In the 4th century, the Romans are replaced by the
Visigoths in dominating the region. Unlike the Romans, the Visigoths did not have good relations with the Vascones. Pamplona was the
diocese of the Visigothic Church and, judging by the
Necropolis found, Visigoths lived there, although the bad relationship with the Vascones generated some controversy about their presence in the city.
Muslims were present in the 8th and 9th centuries.
Jimeno of Pamplona (Motmine Alacra in the Arab chronicles) took the city for the
Emirate of Cordoba a few years later (781?). In 806 the Pamplona aristocracy organized against emirate rule and integrated the region into the
Carolingian Empire of
Louis the Pious. This Navarrese
Marca Hispanica was a county of four or five thousand
square kilometers that must have had no more than one count, Velasco al-Yalasqí. it was short-lived since in 816 all the Marches in the western part of the northern Pyrenees were extinguished. of
Íñigo Arista (781-852), the first
king of Pamplona. Kingdom of Navarre vassal of the emirate The
Kingdom of Pamplona, the predecessor of the future
Kingdom of Navarre, which would only be formally established centuries later, appeared in the 810s, and the first king of Pamplona is considered to have been
Íñigo Arista, grandson of Jimeno. Although enjoying relative independence and being officially Christian, the Kingdom of Navarre was a vassal state of the Emirate of Cordoba and was founded with the support of the powerful
muladi family of the
Banu Qasi, lords of Ribera Navarre, the southernmost part of Navarre. The Arab chronicles refer to the first "kings" of Pamplona as "lord, count, or prince of the Vascones," (
bashkunish) which means they were not recognized as kings, given the smallness of the territory and the fact that it had only one ecclesiastical district. Submission to the emirate was ensured by sporadic punitive expeditions that did not aim at permanent occupation. The initial territory of the Kingdom of Navarro was approximately 5,000 km2 and had as its borders the peaks of the western Pyrenees and the outer Pamplona mountains. In 824, after quelling the revolts of the
Gascony nobility, the Carolingians sent troops and two counts to Pamplona to restore Carolingian sovereignty. On their return from the mission, they were surprised and captured in the Pyrenees by "perfidious Montagnards" Vascones, in what is considered the "second battle of Roncevaux Pass". Count Eblo was sent to
Córdoba as a trophy and Count Aznar was set free because he was Gascon and therefore considered consanguineous. another widely contested event. However, it is known that he is designated
Rex Ibericus by Abbot Oliva and
Sancio rege Navarriae Hispaniarum by Rodulfus Glaber, which supports the thesis of many historians who present him as the first great Christian king of the Iberian Peninsula. Although his empire was divided after his death, fulfilling his will, the Kingdom of Navarre inherited by his son
Garcia Sanches III was much more extensive than in his grandfather's time and than it would ever be in the future. The Jews of Pamplona had an independent court system which enforced the Jewish system of
halacha, or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity.
Kingdom of Navarre Sancho VI's renaming of the kingdom was part of the strategy to assert sovereignty over the entire territory of Navarre, disputed with the neighboring kingdoms of
Aragon and, especially, with Castile. Conflicts with these kingdoms were constant during Sancho VI's reign.
War of the boroughs died. In addition to the Kingdom of Navarre, Sancho III also held the counties of Castile,
Aragon and
Ribagorza From the beginning of the 10th century until 1423, Pamplona was not a homogeneous city, but a set of three
boroughs whose inhabitants mixed little or not at all often clashed, and had to have walls to defend themselves from each other. The first of these burghs, Navarrería, was created by Sancho III at the beginning of the 10th century to counteract the depopulation that the city was suffering. At the beginning of the following century, the bishop promoted the creation of a second village, San Cernin, which was officially recognized in 1129 by King
Alfonso the Battler, who granted it a
foral very similar to that of
Jaca, placing it under royal protection. The third borough, the
población de San Nicolás is contemporary and neighboring to the burgo of San Cernin, with which conflicts were frequent. Only the borough of Navarrería was inhabited exclusively by natives (Vascones), the inhabitants of the two other boroughs being originally
Frankish, although in Navarrería there was some ethnic heterogeneity. All the boroughs were under the authority of the bishop, but had distinct administration and privileges. This structure caused frequent disagreements and confrontations from 1213 onwards, which would culminate in the destruction of Navarrería (Navarrería War) and the massacre of its population in September 1276 with the support of
French troops, to the point that the land of the borough was left virtually abandoned for 50 years. Later, when repopulation took place, confrontations began again, which would only end with the "Privilege of the Union", the treaty promoted and granted by
Charles III on 8 September 1423, which finally united the city and determined the destruction of the walls that separated the boroughs from each other. (1421-1461), in an Aragonese
codex. The war, though long, was not intense but had serious consequences for the economy of the kingdom. There was almost no fighting, the military actions consisting of expeditions, more or less passive
sieges, destruction of crops and other acts of sabotage. The war had countless adventures and changes of allies on both sides, foreign and domestic. The plans of the great regional powers had a great influence on events, and a series of intertwined plots ensued, involving revolts in
Catalonia, the desire of John II's second wife
Juana Enríquez to make her son
Ferdinand II king of a unified Spain, and also the kings of
France Louis XI and
Louis XII, either directly or through the influential
Foix family. The main Navarre factions were the two rival groups of Agramontes and Beaumontes nobles. At the beginning of the war, the latter, led by Luís de Beaumont, second Count of Lerín sided with Charles and was the predominant party in Pamplona. Charles died in 1461, but the dispute for the succession continued between his sisters
Eleanor of Navarre, married to the Frenchman
Gaston IV, Count of Foix, and
Blanche II, former wife of Henry IV of Castile. Branca was imprisoned by her father in 1461 and would eventually be poisoned to death by a lady of Eleanor in 1464. Eleanor took over the government of the kingdom under her father's tutelage, but in 1468 father and daughter fell out, causing another revolt in Pamplona at the beginning of which the bishop is murdered. This time the Agramontese sided with Eleanor and the Beaumontese sided with John. of the Foix dynasty of Navarre Although there were several agreements, in practice never fulfilled, between Eleanor and her stepmother Juana Enríquez, Eleanor was never recognized as a queen or heir. Even before his father's death, Ferdinand II began to meddle more and more in Navarrese politics, declaring himself "by the grace of God, king of Navarre, Castile, León, Portugal, Sicily and firstborn of Aragon" in the peace agreement he promoted in 1476 between the Agramontese and the Beaumontese. After the death of John II on 20 February 1479,
Eleanor was proclaimed queen as Eleanor I on 1 March, but died 15 days later, having designated as her heir her grandson,
Francis Phoebus, a minor, whom she advised allying with the French king.
Magdalena of Valois, Francis' mother, assumed the regency.
Catholic Monarchs of Spain pressed for the marriage of their son and heir John to Francis' sister, Catherine of Foix, which never took place. With Francis' untimely death, Catherine assumed the throne of Navarre in 1483 and married the following year to the Frenchman
John III of Navarre. The maneuvers of Ferdinand II prevented Catherine's official coronation until 1494. Furthermore, under the pretext of deterring French influence in Navarre, Ferdinand takes military control of the kingdom, both by the presence of Castilian troops and by placing the alcaldeans and Garrisons of the Navarrese fortresses under his orders. Despite promises to withdraw the Castilian troops, they would only leave when another revolt took place in 1507, during which the Count of Lerín, leader of the Beaumontese, who had meanwhile become supporters of the Castilians, was also expelled. Although the expulsion of the Count of Lerín marked the end of the civil war, the conflicts did not end and would eventually lead to the conquest of Navarre by Ferdinand II with the support of the Beaumontese. ==
Early Modern Period ==