David IV

The epithet (), which is translated as (in the sense of "built completely"), , or , first appears as the sobriquet of David in the charter issued in the name of "King of Kings Bagrat" in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th- and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti. Epigraphic data also provide evidence for the early use of David's other epithet, the Great (, ). Retrospectively, David the Builder has been variously referred to as David II, III, and IV, reflecting substantial variation in the ordinals assigned to the Georgian Bagratids, especially in the early period of their history, as the numbering of successive rulers moves between the many branches of the family. Scholars in Georgia favor David IV, == Early life and accession to the throne ==

Born in 1073 in Kutaisi, David was the only son of King George II of Georgia and his wife, Queen Helen. He was likely educated by George of Chqondidi, a member of the royal court. David grew up during a period marked by war and devastation, caused by the ravages of the Seljuks and by the numerous defeats suffered by his father at the hands of these invaders. In response to this situation, significant opposition arose against George II, leading to a transfer of power in favor of the young David; George of Chqondidi is believed to have been among the opposition leaders. during the accession of David IV. The Life of David, King of Kings does not describe the details of the transition of power between George II and his son. Historian Nodar Asatiani characterizes the event as a "palace revolution" involving several dignitaries that occurred in 1089. Other historians instead describe it as pressure that compelled George II to abdicate, rather than a direct coup. A contemporary chronicler merely notes that David's succession occurred through a coronation performed by his father. This has led several Kartvelologists, including Cyril Toumanoff, to propose a period of co-rule between George II and David IV, lasting at least until 1112. Meanwhile, frescoes discovered in the Ateni Sioni Church depict George II in monastic attire, which would suggest forced abdication. Although an 18th-century historical tradition established by Vakhushti of Kartli—and later followed by Marie-Félicité Brosset—maintains that David succeeded his father only upon George's death, surviving documents indicate that George II lived until around 1112. Although he retained the royal title until his death, he played no significant political role, real power having passed on to David. Moreover, David himself had been a co-ruler with his father sometime before his becoming a king-regant in 1089; a document of 1085 mentions David as "king and sebastos", the latter being a Byzantine title. The accession of David IV was welcomed by several factions within the kingdom as a sign of liberation for Georgia, then suffering politically, economically, culturally, and even religiously. Expressions such as a coronation "from God" appear in contemporary narratives. The Georgian Chronicles recount: == Revival of the kingdom ==

Challenges facing the new king When David IV ascended the throne at the age of sixteen, he inherited a kingdom drastically reduced from its early eleventh-century extent. Once stretching from Shirvan to the eastern coast of the Black Sea, Georgia now consisted largely of Abkhazia and Kartli. Repeated seasonal incursions by Turkish forces since the 1080s had devastated the country's economy and compelled Georgia to accept Seljuk suzerainty and pay tribute to the invaders. Within the kingdom, the foundations of the Georgian state—rooted in Orthodoxy and centralized royal authority—had weakened to the point that the supposedly unified kingdom stood on the verge of collapse. Historians often compare the challenge facing the young David IV to that faced by David III of Tao and by Ioane Marushidze during the first political unification of the country. To restore the Georgia of Bagrat III, David IV was required to leverage both favorable international circumstances and his own political and military strength. His accomplishments are traditionally divided into three major phases: the internal reform of the state (1089–1103), the reconquest of lost territories (1107–1118), and the securing of external safety (1120–1125). End of the Turkish devastations at its height, upon the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092. The first step David IV took to restore the Georgian economy was to end the Turkish raids in Georgia. Since 1080, when the emir Ahmed captured Kutaisi, the Kingdom of Georgia had been forced to accept Seljuk suzerainty and to pay an annual tribute. Despite these concessions, Muslim forces continued their seasonal devastations, and several nomadic Turkic tribes settled in Georgia at the expense of the local population, contributing to the collapse of the Georgian feudal system. Contemporary historiography reports that by the time David the Builder ascended the throne, the Georgian countryside had been nearly depopulated, with inhabitants having taken refuge in local citadels. To drive the Turcomans from his territories, David began by reorganizing an army whose morale had been shattered by repeated defeats. He created small military detachments composed of minor nobles and peasants drawn from royal estates. Soon, dozens of such units had been formed, and a new strategy—centered on surprise attacks against Muslim encampments—was developed. In a short time, the king succeeded not only in stopping the Seljuk incursions but also in launching counterattacks against the Turcoman nomads. A truce was soon concluded between the Georgians and the Turks. Under its terms, David IV agreed to pay faithfully the tribute established during his father's reign in exchange for a complete cessation of Seljuk raids. Nonetheless, some Turkish units continued their incursions and were subsequently destroyed by Georgian forces, while Turcoman groups settled in the countryside were gradually expelled, allowing Georgians to return to their villages. As a result, living conditions slowly improved, the national economy revived, and the population began to increase once again. Cessation of tribute to the Seljuks The death of Malik-Shah I and the onset of the First Crusade, which forced the Seljuks to concentrate on defending Syria and Palestine while leaving the Caucasus largely unattended, enabled David IV to cease paying tribute to the Seljuks in 1099. He subsequently began repopulating the depopulated and devastated regions and undertook the restoration of cities and the reorganization of the army. This amounted to a declaration of war, but the Seljuk sultan did not respond. Consolidation of royal authority coin after recovering and securing the fortresses of the Great Caucasus, but leaving behind George of Chqondidi, who died during the negotiations in Alania. crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script. The many Kipchak families settled in colonial establishments in Shida Kartli, where a large part of the Georgian population had been exterminated by the Seljuks in the 1080s, but also in Hereti and in the north of Georgian Armenia, with the aim of reinforcing the borders. They were also accompanied by Alanian, Avars and Kurdish mercenaries. They soon adopted Christianity, learned the Georgian language, changed their nomadic habits and became sedentary, gradually mixing with the Georgians. The central government then asked each family to provide at least one soldier for the Georgian army. However, the Kipchaks, who were hardly accustomed to a sedentary life and loyal to a single person, found themselves in a new landscape that they took to be hostile. Thus, until his death, David IV survived several assassination attempts and coups d'état organised by certain Kipchak groups. But this did little to improve the situation of the new arrivals and, thanks to these negotiations, the reform of the army was completed and Georgian troops now number almost 60,000. In addition to this alliance between the Kipchaks and Georgia, David IV the Builder established deeper relations with the other peoples of the North Caucasus. He created a sphere of cultural influence in the North Caucasus, established Orthodoxy there by sponsoring the construction of Georgian churches among the local peoples, and developed the local economies by helping to found urban communities and introducing the Georgian feudal system to the region. Georgian culture also became an integral part of local organised societies, with Georgian social terminology being introduced. Politically, David IV decided to strengthen the influence of his kingdom in the North Caucasus by making the regional sovereigns his vassals and controlling the routes leading from South Caucasus to North Caucasus via the Great Caucasus mountain range. He fortified the Djvari and Darial crossings and set up Georgian trading posts on the road to Derbent, whose sovereign swore allegiance to the King of Georgia. Relations with the Byzantine Empire of Saint George and David IV at Saint Catherine's Monastery. Since the creation of the Kingdom of Georgia and its beginnings as a regional power in the Caucasus under the reign of Bagrat III, the Byzantine Empire and Georgia have clashed on several occasions, both diplomatically and militarily, notably over the province of Tao-Klarjeti. In addition to several wars between the two countries, each of these states interfered in the internal affairs of the other by openly or secretly supporting candidates to the throne, usurpers, or, in the case of the Byzantine strategy, rebellious nobles against the power of the king. Despite several peace proposals over the years, it was not until the Battle of Manzikert between the Byzantines and the Seljuks that the Byzantines and the Kingdom of Georgia allied themselves against the Turkish Muslims. However, this alliance had little political impact due to the considerable weakening of the Byzantine Empire in the face of the Seljuks, to whom Georgia had to submit. However, the liberation of the Caucasus from Turkish suzerainty in the 1090s changed the course of events and led David IV to adopt a new policy towards Byzantium. This involved a combination of closer cooperation, while at the same time putting itself on the same political footing as the Empire and opposing the Byzantines on certain issues. Bilateral relations were resumed with the agreement between Byzantium and David IV, according to which the noble rebels against the Georgian king were sent to prison in Greece. At the same time, David definitively renounced Byzantium's political influence in Georgia by renouncing the Byzantine title of Panhypersebastos, a title created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos for the closest allies of the imperial family. Finally, from the reign of David the Builder, Byzantium and Georgia clashed spiritually, with King David assuming the title of 'ruler of East and West', thus claiming to have a greater influence than Byzantium in Orthodoxy. Despite these signs, relations between Byzantium and Georgia also reached good levels. The marriage of David IV's daughter, Kata, to an imperial prince in 1116 is particularly notable. Some Georgian historians also note the help provided by Georgian agents accompanying Princess Kata's retinue in the seizure of power by John II Komnenos in 1118. As a result, from the beginning of John II's reign, relations between the two countries improved considerably, and the Georgian chronicles refer to the two monarchs as 'brothers'. And, despite the competition in the religious sphere, the Byzantines and Georgians cooperated culturally for a certain period, and we can thus see religious buildings constructed through bilateral efforts, such as the major renovation of the Mokvi Cathedral. ==Military campaigns==

The reconquest of lost territories under David IV's reign. David IV the Builder considered the security of the Caucasus and, therefore, the liberation of the region from the Seljuks to be the main goal of his reign. It was for this reason that, well before the start of the main negotiations with the Kipchaks, he already began to fight against the Turkish presence in Caucasus in 1110. Up until that year, the Turks had occupied the towns of Tbilisi and Rustavi, the regions of Samshvilde and Agarani and Armenia, where hundreds of Muslim settlers arrived every year during the harvest period. The Georgians, led by George of Chqondidi, his nephew Theodore, governor of Trialeti, Abuleti and Ivane I Orbeli, retaliated against the Turkish settlement and recaptured the town of Samshvilde without a major battle, adding it to the royal domains. Following this capture, the Seljuks left a large part of their occupied territories, allowing Georgian troops to capture . In response to this double defeat, Sultan Muhammad I Tapar sent a large army of 100,000 soldiers to invade Georgia in 1110. Knowing that the Turkish troops were approaching, David IV left his residence at Nacharmagevi with a personal guard of just 1,500 and set out to meet the invaders during the night. The two armies, clearly unequal, clashed the next day at the Battle of Trialeti in a fierce battle that ended in a decisive victory for Georgia. The Georgian Chronicles recount that, not believing in such a simple victory, the king stayed on until the following day, waiting for another Seljuk retaliation, and only then realised the Seljuk defeat. The situation developed only slightly over the next five years. But in 1115, George of Chqondidi, who commanded the Georgian forces while David IV was in Mukhrani, captured Rustavi, one of the strong Turkish strongholds in southern Georgia. The Turks were then forced to leave their winter quarters, while the king personally took charge of detachments organising seasonal expeditions against the Muslim occupiers. In February 1116, David IV managed to trap the Seljuks, inflicting considerable losses on them on the Chorokhi and capturing Tao-Klarjeti and the many riches left there by the Turks. The conflict soon took on a regional dimension with the opening of a new front in Eastern South Caucasus. In 1117, the Georgians led by Crown Prince Demetrius invaded Shirvan after capturing the fortress of Gishi, which had been in the hands of rebellious nobles. Demetrius fought 'marvellous battles' in the region and captured the fortress of Kaladzori, before returning home with many captives and much wealth. The Georgian army's first notable defeat came in 1118, when General was killed by the Turks in Javakheti. Despite this loss, however, David IV refused to listen to his nobles' advice to retreat and managed to avenge Beshken's death by defeating the Seljuks at the Battle of Rakhsi and massacred the Seljuk garrisons on Araxes in April 1118. The reforming sovereign's successes did not stop there. Still in 1118, the Armenian towns of Lori and Agarak were captured by David IV, marking the beginning of the conquest of Armenia by medieval Georgia, while the Agarani region was recaptured in July of the same year, after just one day of fighting. It was after this victory at Agarani that David IV and George of Chqondidi travelled to North Caucasus, realising that despite the encouraging signs of a total defeat for the Seljuk forces, the Georgian army would have to be considerably strengthened to achieve this goal. The royal administration, now headed by Simon of Chqondidi since the death of George, devoted the year 1119 exclusively to establishing a new strategy against the Turks, while establishing Kipchak mercenaries on Georgian territory, before launching a new offensive at the beginning of 1120. Battles to drive out the Turks King David IV used to go to Abkhazia, and the Turks wintered near the banks of the Mtkvari. The Turks had been watching David IV and were following his tracks. David IV went to Geguti, then went from there to Khupati and thus gave the Turks the confidence to return. Learning that he was away, they camped at Botora. The Turks were many, and they set up camps to spend the winter. On February 14, David IV suddenly attacked the Turks and completely destroyed them at the Battle of Botora. Only a few of them managed to get on their horses and flee. In the battle the Georgians captured many Turks and took much booty. Only two months later, David IV again led his troops to intervene in Shirvan: after capturing the city of Qabala and returning to Georgia with large loads of gold, he returned to the region on May 7, 1120, and ravaged the country from Arbia-lizhatat to Khishtalanti and Kurdevan. At the same time, David IV managed to convince his vassal of Derbent to invade Shirvan, and a war between the two parties soon broke out. In November, the Derbentians killed Shirvanshah Afridun I in combat, giving the king of Georgia the opportunity to place his own son-in-law and vassal, Manuchihr III, in Shirvan. At the same time, David the Builder led short but effective campaigns in the southeast and notably took the Turkish bastions of Arsharunik and Sevgelamej. Taking advantage of the climatic conditions which had until then worked against them, the Turks in turn organized a large-scale offensive against Georgia in winter 1120–21. Indeed, at that time, David IV resided in Abkhazia in his winter home, and the Turkish strategy therefore lay in a rapid invasion of central and eastern Georgia. Soon, Seljuk forces occupied much of Kartli, as far as the Greater Caucasus. However, King David, having learned of the situation in the rest of his kingdom, rushed out of Abkhazia and ordered his soldiers to dig a passage through Likhi Range, which was then impassable and thus separating eastern Georgia from its part Western. The Georgian troops attacked Khunan and engaged in bloody combat until the spring, and all the Turkish forces were expelled or massacred in March 1121. But the Seljuks did not stop there. Knowing that the flooding of the Mtkvari made crossing the river almost impossible at this time of year, the Seljuks soon returned to their positions south of the river and occupied Barda. But once again, David IV, accompanied by a personal guard of Kipchaks, crossed the river towards Khunan and organized military incursions against the Turks stationed at Barda and Arabia in June. The Muslims, according to Georgian historiography, were then "reduced to the brink" by a long series of costly defeats for more than ten years. Battle of Didgori Shortly after the double defeat of Barda and Arabia, the Turkish settlers of South Caucasus and the Muslim merchants of Ganja, Tbilisi, and Dmanisi sent representatives to the Seljuk Sultan of Iraq Mahmud II (r. 1118–1131), formally requesting military support against the Georgian forces. The Muslim monarch, fed up with the victories won by an increasingly powerful Christian kingdom while the Crusaders already found themselves powerful enemies of the Turks in the west, then declared jihad (holy war of Islam) against Georgia and unifies a large Turkish army with detachments formed by the Seljuks of Turks coming from all over the Middle East (from Damascus and Aleppo to Caucasus) with: Tughril a Seljuk cadet who governs Azerbaijan and Arran from Nakhchivan, Arab forces of the Mazyadid emir Dubays ibn Sadaka, troops led by Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq from Aleppo, and garrisons from Ganja and Armenia, with the aim of invade the Kingdom of Georgia. Mahmud II also appointed General Ilghazi, famous for his battles against the Europeans in the Holy Land and having concluded a temporary truce with the crusading Latins, as commander of these massive Muslim troops, whose numbers rose, according to the sources, from 200,000 to 400,000 or even 600,000 soldiers. Having learned of jihad through Mahmud II's declaration, David IV understood that the defeat of such an army would lead to the total liberation of the Caucasus and, therefore, the completion of the political goal of the Georgian ruler. In turn, he assembled a large army, composed of 40,000 Georgians, 15,000 Kipchaks, and 5,000 Alans (60,000 troops in total), to which was added a detachment of 200 to 1,000 Crusaders from Western Europe. The king decided to let the Turks penetrate into Georgia proper, with the idea of benefiting from the local geography, and finally intercepted the enemy on the roads linking Trialeti to interior Kartli. The two armies met near the town of Manglisi, at the foot of Mount Didgori, on August 12, 1121. According to the French knight and historian Walter the Chancellor, before heading off to battle, King David inspired his army with these words: The king personally launches the attack, rushing his troops towards the attackers with a ferocity comparable to that of a "rambling monster". From the first attack, the Muslims were forced to retreat despite their numerical superiority, allowing the Georgians to multiply such attacks. Soon, these maneuvers bring the enemy to such a degree of excitement and disorientation that they make him lose composure. At this moment, David IV launched a new attack, which turned into a coup de grace for the Muslim allies on the battlefield: suddenly, the vigor of the enemy army collapsed in the middle of the fight. The genius of Georgian strategy then defeated the power of numbers, bringing a decisive defeat to the Seljuk Empire and its influence in the Caucasus. Testimonies report in various chronicles, both Christian and Muslim, that Saint George personally led the Georgian forces against the invader. Among the many commanders of the invading troops, only General Ilghazi and his son-in-law, Dubays, managed to escape. This victory at the Battle of Didgori had an important repercussion on the fate of the Crusades, whose leaders were then seeking crucial aid against the Turks, and stories, sometimes exaggerated, of Didgori's victory were told in the royal courts of the West as a new hope against Muslim power. Relations with the Middle East In addition to Europe, David IV established relations with the Middle East. This is how he maintained close relations with the Crusader forces, particularly with King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (r. 1100–1118), with whom he exchanged numerous gifts as a sign of support. In addition, as stated above, a battalion of Latins composed of 200 to 1,000 men participated during the Battle of Didgori. Some sources also speak of the participation of Georgian auxiliary forces in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099. The historian Prince Ioane of Georgia even reports a secret visit by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem to the Georgian royal court. The existence of a powerful Kingdom of Georgia is also felt in the Arab world, where the Georgian monarch's kindness to his Muslim subjects and his knowledge of the Quran are renowned. A coin with the Arabic inscription "King of Kings David, the Sword of the Messiah" then circulated throughout the Middle East. == Last years ==

Liberation of Tbilisi .|left|310x310px The defeat of the Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Didgori in August 1121 allowed David IV to liberate the Caucasus from Muslim domination dating back several centuries. Georgia's enemies found themselves decisively defeated, preventing them from retaliating against the northern Christian advance, while the Crusades raged in the west of the Turkic world. However, there remains a last Islamic enclave within the Georgian kingdom, an enclave having lost all relations with other Muslim states since the start of King David's conquests. This corresponds to the Emirate of Tbilisi, which had been occupied by the Arabs for almost five centuries, and contains the regions of Tbilisi and Dmanisi. Already in June 1121, David IV had besieged the city of Tbilisi but was content with a formal allegiance with an annual tribute, in view of the upcoming war against the Turkish invaders. Once the Seljuks were defeated, the sovereign focused on capturing Tbilisi from the beginning of 1122. After a short siege, the king, probably accompanied by General Ivane Orbeli, took the city in February and entered it to rid it of the Muslim elite. According to Arab historiography, David IV carried out a pillage on the first day of the conquest, devastating the mosques and other signs of the Islamization of the Georgian city, but soon calmed down. and, in the words of the 15th-century Arab historian Badr al-Din al-Ayni, "respected the feelings of Muslims more than Muslim rulers had done before." Following the capture of the city, the king transferred the capital from Kutaisi to Tbilisi, thus restoring the latter to the status it had before the Arab conquest of the 7th century. The recovery of Tbilisi guarantees a cultural renewal in the city, whose Christian religious buildings are being enlarged. David the Builder also built several noble palaces and cultural centers, including an important palace built especially to serve as a place of study and inspiration for Muslim poets. However, the situation in the city has not calmed down. During the following years, several bloody clashes between Muslims and Christians occurred, and even the royal power failed to calm inter-religious dissensions. At the same time, David IV decided to preserve some of the institutions of the former emirate of Tbilisi. Thus, the post of emir was retained, but as governor of the city, until the 18th century. Despite this conquest, the Muslim enclave, whose territory was greatly reduced after the loss of its administrative center, persisted within the Georgian kingdom. David IV finally decides to put an end to the existence of this State, just after having "settled the affairs of the country". In March 1124, he managed to attack the last Muslim stronghold in Georgia, Dmanisi, which he took after a short fight, thus completing the unification of Georgia. Conquest of Shirvan The resumption of Tbilisi by David the Builder ebuilder therefore established the kingdom of Georgia as the supreme protector of Christianity in the Caucasus and the Georgians now tried to assert their domination by trying to reduce the Muslim presence in the same region, this one being considered an ally of the Seljuk Empire. This is the case with Shirvan, whose sovereign, already defeated several times by Georgian troops, remained too independent of Georgian power and was forcibly replaced by a son-in-law of David IV, Manuchihr III, in 1120. The Turks, alarmed by the situation in the Caucasus, then decided to respond militarily. Sultan Mahmud II soon resumed the war against Georgia, despite his defeat at the Battle of Didgori a year earlier. In November 1122, he began his invasion of Shirvan and captured Tabriz, before reaching the local capital, Shamakhi, the following spring. Mahmud then captured the regional sovereign Manuchihr III and sent a letter to the king of the Georgians saying: "You are the king of the forests, and you never go down to the plains. Now I have taken Shirvanshah, and I demand Kharaj [tribute] from him. If you wish, send me suitable presents; if not, come and see me in all haste. Following this provocation, the Christian monarch called in all his troops and assembled an army of 50,000 men, most of them Kipchaks. The Seljuk sultan locked himself in Shamakhi after learning of the arrival of the Georgian troops, prompting David IV to halt his advance, deeming it disrespectful to pursue a retreating army. Mahmud II then offered the king the opportunity to regain control of his vassal province if he would let him leave in peace, but the monarch categorically refused and resumed his march towards the Shirvan capital after defeating an army of 4,000 Seljuks led by the Atabeg of Arran. Once he had laid siege to Shamakhi, the Seljuk left the city in a hurry via the commune's excrement drainage system. In June 1123, a month after the defeat of the Seljuks, David IV invaded Shirvan, starting by capturing the town of Gulistan. He soon dethroned his own son-in-law, establishing him in Georgia and directly annexing the region. This act allows Georgia to reach its greatest extent since the beginning of its history. Indeed, for the first time, Georgia extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and from the Greater Caucasus to Northern Armenia. Georgian power on Caucasus The resumption of Tbilisi and the conquest of Shirvan not only completed the long process of the unification of Georgia which began at the end of the 10th century, but henceforth gave the kingdom a regional reputation as protector of Christianity and brought different peoples of South Caucasus to ask for help from David IV against the Muslim forces. This fact further encourages the Georgian monarch, one of whose plans is to secure the entire Caucasus by establishing Georgian domination there, with a view to effective defense against the Turks. As seen above, the North Caucasus was already under the cultural and political influence of the Kingdom of Georgia at the start of the Georgian–Seljuk wars, while Derbent becomes a more or less faithful vassal of Georgia and Shirvan is forced to submit. The conflict against the Crusaders in the Middle East was also one of the main factors breaking the backbone of Turkish power. This, therefore, allowed the king of Georgia to continue his momentum towards the south after the capture of Dmanisi, in particular towards the historic territories of Armenia. In May 1124, Georgian troops led by David the Builder entered southern Transcaucasia and, within a few days, captured many Armenian strongholds, such as the fortresses of Gagni, Teronakal, Kavazani, Norbed, Manasgonmni, and Talinjakari. The following month, the king, after returning to Georgia proper, resumed his journey and crossed the Javakheti, Kola, Carnipola, and the Basiani and destroyed all Seljuk installations there, before reaching the town of Speri, in Tao-Klarjeti. After this offensive, he continued his way into Tao-Klarjeti and burned Oltisi after taking Bouïatha-Qour. Having learned of the liberation of the Christian cities by the king of Georgia, the nobility of the ancient Armenian capital, Ani, sent representatives to David IV on August 20, 1124, to the source of the Bojana. Indeed, Ani had been in Muslim hands since its capture by Alp Arslan in 1064, and a forced Islamization of the city had taken place since the sale of Ani to the Shaddadids, to the discontent of the local Christian population. The representatives then offered the monarch the surrender of the city. Taking this opportunity in hand, David summoned all his armies and entered Armenia with 60,000 men to take the city. Without a single fight, the Armenian population of Ani opened the gates to the Georgians, who captured Emir Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr (r. 1118-1124) and exiled him and his family to Abkhazia. The region was then left to the governance of the Meskhetian nobility, to General Abuleti and his son Ivane. Armenian families (including many dispossessed nobles) subsequently established themselves in Georgia proper and the royal power built the city of Gori for them. Northern Armenia was thus annexed and incorporated into the Kingdom of Georgia, increasing the power of David IV in the region. Georgia's conquest of Northeast Armenia finally completed the ultimate project of securing South Caucasus against the Turkish threat. For the first time, the entire Caucasus is unified culturally, spiritually, and politically under a single scepter: Georgia. The written tradition relates the borders of the Georgian world of the time, describing it as going from "Nicopsia to Derbent and from Alania to Aragats", i.e., from one sea to the other, and from the North Caucasus to Armenia. The deliverance of North-Eastern Armenia in fact guarantees this power, reflected in the official title of the Georgian king: "King of Kings, of the Abkhazians, Iberians, Ranis, Kakhetians, Armenians, of Shaki, Alania and the Rus, Sword of the Messiah, emperor (basileus) of all the East, the invincible, servant and defender of God, the Orthodox king. Despite his advanced age, David IV continued his military actions during the last years of his reign. For example, in April 1124, he took the town of Chabran after an attack against his vassal of Emirate of Derbent. Still in the region, after having defeated a North Caucasian army composed of Kurds, Lezgins and anti-Georgian Kipchaks, he captured the citadels of Ghasanni and Khozaond, during an obscure campaign north of the Caspian Sea. Another military campaign was organized in September in Shirvan, under obscure circumstances. The king managed to recover Shamakhi and took the citadel of Bigrit, before strengthening his power in Hereti and Kakheti by leaving strong garrisons of soldiers there. In January 1125, shortly before his death, David once again faced Muslim attackers, led by the Emir Ibrahim ibn-Suleiman. The latter, accompanied by Emir Davout ibn-Soukman of Hantzit, however, failed to defeat the kingdom of Georgia and the Christian sovereign managed to massacre the invaders after five days of battle. Death and burial Death File:Gelati Monastery (181).jpg|thumb|The "Tomb of David IV" at Gelati reads:Ⴕ ႤႱႤႠႰႱႢႠႬႱႠႱႭႤႬႤ ႡႤႪႨႹ[ႫႨ] [ႭႩႨႭႩႤ] [ႤႱႤ]ႫႧႬႠ ႥႱႠႵႠႣႠႥႤႫႩჃႣႰႭႫႤ Subsequently, David IV began planning a new large-scale campaign for the coming spring. However, the weakness caused by his illness and his age prevented him from continuing this project, and he was forced to let his Mtsignobartukhutsesi Simon of Chqondidi take care of the affairs of the country. The long reign of thirty-four years of David IV the Builder ended abruptly on January 24, 1125. The king died in his capital Tbilisi, after appointing his eldest son Demetrius as successor, transmitting to him the Georgian royal attributes, consisting of a crown of precious stones, a scimitar, and purple kneepads and sleeves. The king was buried, following his request, in the Gelati Monastery. His tomb is placed, again according to his will, at the main entrance of this religious building that he had built, so that anyone coming to his beloved Gelati Academy steps on his tomb first. Burial A tombstone at the entrance of Gelati monastery, bearing a Georgian inscription in the asomtavruli script, has traditionally been considered to be that of David IV. Although there are no clear and reliable indications that David was indeed buried in Gelati and that the present epitaph is his, this popular belief had already been established by the mid-19th century, as evidenced by the French scholar Marie-Félicité Brosset who published his study of Georgian history between 1848 and 1858. The epitaph, modeled on the Psalm 131 (132), 14, reads: "Christ! This is my resting place for eternity. It pleases me; here I shall dwell." ==Personal life==

fresco of King David, 16th century The Georgian Chronicles are an important source not only for the course of David IV's reign, the Builder, but also on the private life of the Christian king, reporting his activities and personality. According to these, David IV is a very pious king following Christian traditions. David IV spends his time studying, criticizing, and learning several episodes from the Bible. According to his biographer, David IV learned to live according to the Christian religion from an early age and continued to do so throughout his life. David himself composed, c. 1120, "Hymns of Repentance" (გალობანი სინანულისანი, galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms, with each hymn having its own intricate and subtle stanza form. Despite their Christianity, the cult of the Mother of God, and the king's emotional repentance for his sins, David sees himself to be similar to the Biblical David, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks. It seems that he read both Persian poetry and the Qur'an. At the time of David the Builder, there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academy Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, e.g. the academy of Ikalto. ==Family==

sent this book to Holy Mount Sinai and who uses it pray for me" Document from Saint Catherine's Monastery, 12th century Marriages David IV is reported to have had two wives. His first, an unnamed Armenian woman, is mentioned by Matthew of Edessa as the mother of his eldest son Demetrius; some historians, such as Cyril Toumanoff, suggest she was called Rusudan and mothered most of his children, though she does not appear in Georgian records and may have been repudiated c. 1107. His second wife, Gurandukht, daughter of the Kipchak leader Otrok (Atraka), is the only consort named in Georgian sources. Their marriage, concluded before c. 1118, secured the alliance and settlement of the Kipchaks in Georgia. Issue The Life of King of Kings David lists four children of David IV: • Demetrius I of Georgia (c. 1093–1156) King of Georgia (). • Princess Tamar (died after 1161), who married Manuchihr III of Shirvan, founded the monastery of Tigva, and later became a nun. • Princess Kata, married into the Byzantine imperial family c. 1116. Her husband's identity is uncertain; candidates include Isaac Komnenos, Alexios Bryennios, or Alexios Komnenos. • Prince Vakhtang (1118–1138), born by Gurandukht. Other possible children include: • Giorgi, mentioned ambiguously in Vardan Areveltsi's chronicle. • Rusudan, who married into the royal house of Alania. According to Vakhushti and modern genealogists, she became the mother or grandmother of the Alan prince Jadaron, father of David Soslan, the consort of Queen Tamar. • Zurab, cited in an 18th-century Georgian chronology published by Ekvtime Takaishvili in 1912. Taqaishvili later argued "Zurab" may have been an epithet of Demetrius rather than a distinct son. ==Legacy==

Georgian historiography today portrays David IV as a king who few Georgian sovereigns can match. In fact, the majority of current historians agree to qualify David as the most prestigious Georgian monarch in history and make his reign the beginning of the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia, an era which completed only under the reign of Rusudan (r. 1223–1245). According to his contemporary biographer, his actions earned him the title of Builder upon his death. It is notably celebrated by the poet Ioane Shavteli in his cycle of praise Abdulmesiani, jointly with Tamar. David the Builder occupies a special place among the kings of the Georgian Golden Age in the period of the defense against the Seljuks. The "Order of David the Builder" is given to regular citizens, military, and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy. The sovereigns succeeding David IV had great respect for him and his actions allowed him to maintain an international reputation for several decades: for example, while King Bagrat V (r. 1360–1395) was held captive by Timur, he offered the Turco-Mongol emir a coat of mail of precious work having belonged to David the Builder, following which Timur, appreciating this present, frees the king and makes him his favorite. More recently, the memory of David IV was revived in 1995 during the inauguration speech of Eduard Shevardnadze, who cited him with other kings as the builder of the Georgian nation. Furthermore, President Mikheil Saakashvili states that his role model is King David IV; in commemoration of the country's national unity, Saakashvili organized an inauguration ceremony in the Gelati Cathedral, where he was blessed by the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II in January 2004. The airport at Kutaisi is known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport. The National Defence Academy is named after him. David IV of Georgia has several monuments, buildings, and streets named after him across Georgia. The Russian-Georgian sculptor Merab Berdzenishvili built an important monument to David the Builder, which he offered to the municipality of Tbilisi. In addition, a university named after the former king was opened in 1991. One can also find an important avenue in the Georgian capital named after David IV of Georgia. A military decoration is finally dedicated to the Georgian king. Furthermore, David IV of Georgia is considered a saint by the Orthodox Churches as well as by Western faiths. However, he was never canonized, and his sanctification resulted from a historical and popular process. Cited as the protector of the Georgian nation, he is celebrated on January 24 in the West and January 26 in the East. Many churches currently bear his name, including a Georgian church dedicated in 2009 in Pennsylvania (United States). ==See also==